home Audience 12 Copper-containing pharmaceutical preparations for people. Copper - a large medical encyclopedia

Copper-containing pharmaceutical preparations for people. Copper - a large medical encyclopedia

Copper is one of the trace elements whose role and metabolism in the human body have been studied quite well. In total, the human body contains approximately 150 mg of copper. The metal is absorbed in the small intestine and then enters the liver. Copper is found in the blood (in red blood cells), the brain, and the lens of the eye. The main depot of the microelement in the human body is the liver. The mineral is excreted from the body in feces, and in very small quantities in urine.

The role of copper in the human body

Biological role copper is diverse. First of all, the mineral is part of vital enzymes that perform complex functions in the body.

Copper is the main component of the enzyme cytochrome oxidase, which carries out cellular respiration in all organs and tissues. The mineral is integral component vitamins and hormones, pigment substances. Copper influences the synthesis of sex hormones, normalizes work endocrine system, activates insulin.

The biogenic role of copper is to participate in hematopoietic processes. The trace element is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the body and increases the speed of blood circulation.

Copper is involved in the synthesis of collagen and elastin and maintains skin turgor. Without it, connective tissue loses its elasticity, and bones and cartilage lose elasticity.

Copper is also important for nerve tissue, it is part of special shells nerve cells(myelin), insulating nerve fibers.

Copper is actively involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates: it activates the oxidation of glucose and slows down the destruction of glycogen in the liver.

Copper also plays a role in the immune system important. Metal neutralizes microorganism toxins and prolongs the effect antibacterial drugs, reduces inflammatory reactions.

Copper is involved in the synthesis of melanin, providing pigmentation to hair and skin. Copper deficiency leads to pigmentation disorders and early graying.

Copper deficiency

A lack of copper leads to the following consequences for the body:

delayed growth and development;
low hemoglobin level, hypochromic anemia;
skin diseases (dermatoses);
atherosclerosis;
osteoporosis;
loss of appetite, weight loss, exhaustion;
varicose veins;
decreased immune function of the body;
change in hair color (sharp graying), baldness.

There are many reasons for copper deficiency in the body. A deficiency of the element is caused by hereditary diseases - fermentopathy (insufficient production of copper-containing enzyme substances). In children, copper deficiency leads to early complementary feeding, replacement breast milk cow Common cause Lack of the mineral leads to diseases of the liver, kidneys, and intestines. Strict diets and vegetarianism can also lead to copper deficiency in the body. Taking corticosteroids, antacids, medications containing zinc, and some other medications can also cause copper deficiency.

A natural competitor of copper is zinc. Its excess in the body leads to impaired absorption of copper.

Sources of copper for humans

A balanced diet is the key to providing the body with many minerals, including copper. Great content Copper is found in offal (liver is especially rich in the element). High amounts of copper are found in nuts and legumes. To replenish copper reserves, it is useful to eat buckwheat and oatmeal.

Excess copper

It is impossible to get with food toxic dose copper Metal poisoning usually occurs at work, when consuming tap water (many old houses used copper water pipes, and they are still sometimes used today), using copper utensils, hemodialysis sessions, and overdose of copper-containing drugs. Excessive copper levels may occur in women with long-term use contraceptives.

In everyday life, copper poisoning is observed when using copper-containing preparations for treatment. garden plants. Wilson-Konovalov hereditary disease is also the cause of excess copper in the body.

Symptoms of excess copper are as follows:

metallic taste in the mouth, vomiting, diarrhea;
neurological disorders;
liver failure;
kidney pathology;
jaundice;
atherosclerosis;
muscle pain.

Excessive copper content in the body contributes to the development of pathologies such as: Alzheimer's disease, ischemic disease hearts, schizophrenia, diabetes and some others.

Drugs to compensate for copper deficiency

In practice, copper deficiency is more common, which can be compensated for by proper intake of vitamin and mineral preparations containing copper. These include:

Vitrum. Vitamin-mineral complex contains 2 mg of copper;
Supradin. Vitamin complex in addition mineral elements also contains 1 mg copper;
Alphabet Classic – contains 1 mg of copper;
Complivit - copper concentration is 0.75 mg.

It is necessary to take medications containing copper only on the recommendation of a specialist.

COPPER (Cuprum, Cu) - chemical element Group I of the periodic table of D.I. Mendeleev, is an essential microelement necessary for the normal functioning of humans, all animals and plants. M. - important component metalloproteins (see), regulating the redox reactions of the processes of cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and assimilation of molecular nitrogen. Violation of M. metabolism in the human body can cause the development serious illnesses(microcytic and hypochromic anemia, diseases of the nervous system, etc.). Copper sulfate is used in medicine as a medicine; in addition, in biol, and honey. research uses the isotopes 64 Cu, 66 Cu and 67 Cu. In conditions of industrial production of M. or contacts with its derivatives, it represents a significant occupational hazard.

Food products of plant and animal origin contain different amounts of M. So, for example, wheat grains contain 5.6-16.7, and tea leaves - 15 mcg/kg M. Sheep skeletal muscles contain 1.5 mg/kg kg, cattle - 0.8 mg/kg, pigs - 0.7 mg/kg, in the liver of the same animals 80, 60 and 9 mg/kg M, respectively.

Particularly rich in M. are nuts, mushrooms, soybeans, coffee, and animal liver.

The atomic number of M. is 29, the atomic weight (mass) is 63.546. M. is a soft, viscous, red metal. M.'s density is 8.96 g-cm 3, t° bp 2600°, t° pl 1083°. M- can be in a mono-, di- and less commonly trivalent state, forming respectively monovalent (for example, Cu 2 O - cuprous oxide) and divalent, the most common (for example, CuO - copper oxide) compounds. Trivalent compounds M. (Cu 2 O 3) are also known. M compounds are highly soluble in water and organic solvents (isoamyl alcohol, hexanol, benzene), but M compounds containing sulfur form insoluble M sulfides.

Thanks to its physical-chemical properties of M. in metabolic processes occupies one of the leading places. By gaining or losing an electron (as the valence changes), the metal ion can serve as both a donor and an acceptor of electrons in redox reactions. In addition, metal ions, compared to ions of other metals, interact more actively with amino acids, nucleotides, nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes, forming stable complexes (see Complex compounds). In most copper-containing metalloproteins, the metal ions are attached so firmly that they are not removed even during dialysis and can only be removed if the protein structure is damaged or if they are replaced with a compound that forms an even stronger bond.

M. is part of the structure or composition active center many metalloproteins of plants and animals: chloroplast plastocyanin, polyphenoloxidases, laccase, ascorbate oxidase, galactose oxidase, amino oxidases, ceruloplasmin, cytochrome oxidase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase, hemocyanin, tyrosine iodinase, and is also found in other proteins whose function is body has not been definitively established. The M content in metalloproteins ranges from 0.2% to 0.8%, with one to eight M atoms per protein molecule, and even up to 250 atoms in hemocyanin.

Qualitative and quantitative determination of M. in biological materials requires compliance with the rules of “metal sterility,” i.e., high chemical properties. cleanliness of glassware and reagents, which should not contain even traces of M., since in the tissues and liquids of plants and animals M. is present in quantities less than in distilled water. Therefore, specially prepared deionized (“copper-free”) water is used to prepare reagents and wash dishes. M. is extracted from the test material with specific complexing reagents that interact with M. (diethyldithiocarbamate, dithizone, cuproin, batocuproin, cuprizone), and spectrophotometric quantitative determination of M. is carried out in an aqueous or organic medium at 420-610 nm (see Spectrophotometry). To determine metals, methods have also been developed: atomic absorption spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, electrometric titration (see Potentiometric titration), and emission spectrography, which make it possible to detect trace amounts of not only metals, but also other metals in biological objects.

Biological significance of copper

Biol, and honey. M.'s value is extremely high. The need for metal (as well as for other metals) for living organisms is strictly defined and genetically determined. Both insufficient and excessive intake of M. into the body leads to disruption of vital functions.

The body of an adult contains 100-150 mg of M. Muscles and bones contain 50%, and the liver 10% of the total M. of the body. The liver, brain, heart and kidneys contain large amounts of M (in µg/g dry weight: 18.9; 21.9; 14 and 11.9, respectively). M. is present in small quantities in the lungs, intestines, spleen, endocrine glands, skin, hair. The average content of M in the blood is approx. 100 μg%, in erythrocytes and leukocytes 60 μg% M. is part of superoxide dismutase, and in blood plasma 98% of all M. is in ceruloplasmin.

In newborn children, the M content in the liver, muscles and other tissues is 10-20 times higher than the M content in the same tissues of adults. The increase in the content of M. in the tissues of the fetus occurs at the expense of the mother’s body, because during pregnancy, the absorption of M. increases, and its excretion decreases, accounting for 27% of all M. in the body. In children, the content of M. in organs and tissues reaches the level adult by 6-12 months.

With food, a person receives 2-5 mg of M daily (consumption of less than 2 mg per day leads to a negative M balance), of which no more than 30% is absorbed (up to 1.6 mg). The remaining amount passes through the gland.-kish. tract, turning in the colon into insoluble compounds that are excreted in the feces. Of the absorbed amount of M. approx. 80% (0.5-1.3 mg) is excreted in bile; approx. is excreted through the intestines. 16% (0.1-0.3 mg) and with urine - approx. 4% (0.01-0.06 mg). A small amount of M. is also excreted in sweat.

M.'s absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine. In the mucous membrane small intestine there is a protein - metallothionein, which forms a complex with M. It is assumed that this protein performs two functions in maintaining M. homeostasis: it binds M. in the cells of the intestinal mucosa and performs a protective function, preventing the excessive flow of M. and other microelements from the intestine into the blood . Transport of M. through cell membranes is carried out by amino acids. After absorption in the intestine, M. is transported to the liver by amino acids and albumin (human serum albumin binds two M. ions per protein molecule; species differences in the structure of animal albumin determine the different ability of this protein to bind M.). Absorbed M. quickly disappears from the blood and concentrates in the liver, and then reenters the blood as part of ceruloplasmin, the synthesis of which occurs in the liver. Ceruloplasmin transports metal into the cells of the body for the synthesis of copper-containing proteins and enzymes, participates in iron metabolism, and also ensures a dynamic balance in the concentration of biogenic amines in the blood. M.'s content in the blood and tissues depends on its consumption with food and on the condition of the gland. tract.

In humans, with M. deficiency, iron metabolism is disrupted (its absorption and utilization is reduced), phospholipid biosynthesis (the nervous system is affected as a result of demyelination of nerve trunks), osteoblastic activity, and the formation of elastic vascular tissue, since M. is necessary for the synthesis of collagen and elastin , pigment metabolism is disrupted (skin color and hair structure change).

The effect of excess M. on humans has not been studied, but it is known that in animals, excess M. as a result of malnutrition or the action of endogenous factors (cumulation of M.) causes a complex symptom complex, accompanied by a decrease in the activity and biosynthesis of a number of enzymes, dysfunction of most organs and systems, and characteristic signs of poisoning.

All patol, conditions associated with impaired metabolism of M. can be divided into diseases leading to an increase (hypercupremia) and a decrease (hycupremia) in the concentration of M. in the blood. In healthy people, the concentration of M in the blood is relatively constant and increases only during pregnancy and stress. Hypercupremia, and therefore hyperceruloplasminemia, is much more common than hypocupremia. M.'s concentration in the blood increases during acute and chronic, inflammatory diseases, for schizophrenia, alcoholism, rheumatism, bronchial asthma, kidney disease, liver disease, myocardial infarction, for certain types of anemia, lymphogranulomatosis, leukemia, malignant neoplasms, for chronic, infectious diseases and after extensive surgical interventions.

Hypuremia is characterized by a low content of M. and ceruloplasmin in the blood. Hypuremia occurs with kwashiorkor, a generalized disorder of protein metabolism in childhood (hypoproteinemia), hereditary diseases: hepato-cerebral dystrophy (see) and Menkes syndrome. This disease was described in 1962 and is characterized by mental retardation, growth retardation, the presence of patol, hair structure, violation muscle tone and a decrease in body temperature to 34-35°. Studies have found in patients anomalous structure arterial walls (including in the brain), disruption of the structure of the metaphyses of long bones, a sharp decrease in the concentration of M. in the blood, liver and brain. Activity of ceruloplasmin, amine oxidases (lysyl oxidases) connective tissue, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase and tyrosinase are sharply liquefied. A violation of the formation of disulfide bonds in the polypeptide chains of hair keratin has also been established. The nature of inheritance of the disease is recessive, linked to the X chromosome, therefore all identified patients are male. The basis of the disease is hereditary disorder absorption of M. in the intestine. The disease ends in death before the age of 3 years. Administration of M. per os does not lead to an increase in the concentration of M. and ceruloplasmin in the blood, however intravenous administration M causes an increase in the oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin and other enzymes, the synthesis of which requires M.

Radioactive copper

Natural metal consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes - 63 Cu (69.1%) and 65 Cu (30.9%). In addition, there are 11 artificial radioactive isotopes of metal with mass numbers from 57 to 68 (of which two isomers with the same mass numbers are 58 Cu and 58 m Cu). In biol and honey. studies (the role of M. in hematopoiesis, diagnosis of hepatocerebral dystrophy, neutron activation analysis of biopsy material for the diagnosis of a number of liver diseases, rheumatism, etc.) are used isotopes 64 Cu, 66 Cu and 67 Cu with a half-life of 12.8 hours, 5.1 min. and 58.5 hours respectively. 64 Cu with a half-life of 12.8 hours is obtained by Ch. arr. V nuclear reactor(see Nuclear reactors). This radionuclide (see Isotopes) has a complex radiation spectrum: beta minus (38%) with an energy of 0.573 MeV, beta plus (18%) with an energy of 0.656 MeV, e- 1.33 MeV, gamma radiation with energies of 1, 34 MeV (0.5%) and 0.511 MeV (38%) and the characteristic X-ray emission of nickel resulting from electron capture (43%). For persons working with 64 Cu, the value of 10 -9 curie/l is accepted as the average annual permissible concentration in the air of working premises; for individuals from the population: in atmospheric air - 3.6 * 10 -11 curies/l, in water 2.1 10 -7 curies/l. The minimum significant activity in the workplace is 100 microcuries.

Copper preparations

Copper sulfate(Cupri sulfas, Cuprum sulfuricum; synonym copper sulfate, copper sulfate, GF X, sp. B), CuSO 4 -5H 2 O. Blue crystals or fine crystalline powder of the same color with a metallic taste, odorless, slowly eroding in air. It is highly soluble in water, especially hot water (1:3), in glycerin (1:4) and insoluble in 95% ethanol. The solutions have a slightly acidic reaction. When applied locally, M. sulfate interacts with proteins, forming salt-like albuminates with them. This explains its astringent and cauterizing effect, as well as the bactericidal and fungicidal properties of the drug. In low concentrations that do not cause the formation of albuminates, it has a bacteriostatic effect due to the blocking of SH enzymes. For conjunctivitis, M. sulfate in the form of 0.25% solution is used as eye drops; for urethritis, vaginitis in the form of 0.5% solution is used for rinsing and douching. With trachoma, the conjunctiva, transitional folds and inner surface The upper eyelid is cauterized with M. sulfate or its alloy with potassium nitrate, alum and camphor in the form of a special pencil. M. sulfate is used as an antidote for burns of the skin and mucous membranes with white phosphorus. In these cases, the skin lesion is treated with 5% solution of this drug. Therapeutic effect occurs as a result of inactivation of the damaging agent due to the formation of insoluble phosphorous phosphorus. Partial reduction of phosphorus sulfate also occurs into metallic phosphorus, which forms a screening film on the surface of white phosphorus particles. For white phosphorus burns of the mucous membrane digestive tract M. sulfate is prescribed orally in a dose of 0.3-0.5 g (in half a glass warm water) and wash the stomach with 0.1% solution of the same drug. M. sulfate is sometimes used as an emetic reflex action. For this purpose, it is prescribed orally in the form of a 1% solution in an amount of 15-50 ml (the highest dose for this purpose is 0.5 g of copper sulfate). The drug causes significant irritation of the gastric mucosa, therefore it is prescribed relatively rarely as an emetic. When large doses of M. sulfate are ingested, acute poisoning may develop, accompanied by local changes in the gastrointestinal tract. tract (burns of the mucous membranes), as well as hemolysis, liver and kidney damage (resorptive effect of the drug). In order to neutralize the unabsorbed drug, potassium ferrocyanate is used, which forms an insoluble compound with M. To prevent the toxic effect of M. sulfate on the body, unithiol is prescribed (see).

M. sulfate improves the absorption of iron in the intestine, increases the concentration serum iron due to its mobilization from the depot, it promotes the synthesis of hemoglobin. Wedge, the data show that the administration of M. drugs to patients with hypochromic anemia increases the therapeutic effectiveness of iron-containing compounds. In this regard, M. sulfate is prescribed for hypochromic anemia to stimulate hematopoietic processes, 5-15 drops of 1% solution 2-3 times a day. Due to the irritating effect of M. sulfate on the mucous membranes, it is given to the patient in milk after meals. For the same purpose they use combination drug- hemostimulin tablets. They contain: dried food blood, iron lactate, M sulfate. However complex preparations containing M., iron and cobalt, prescribed orally to patients with various types anemia, are rarely used. In some cases, they cause dyspeptic symptoms that go away on their own. It is not recommended to prescribe them for diarrhea and vomiting.

There are indications for therapeutic effect M. sulfate not only for hypochromic anemia, but also for other diseases. So, in the treatment of vitiligo, this drug is prescribed orally, 5-15 drops of 0.5-1% solution 3 times a day with meals in combination with corticosteroids and furocoumarins.

There has been a positive result of treating eczema with M. sulfate in combination with vitamins. For 10 days, such patients receive 3 times a day 15 drops of 1% solution of M. sulfate in milk and at the same time 0.5 g of ascorbic acid in the morning on an empty stomach and 0.5 g of nicotinic acid 3 times a day.

Microdoses of M. are successfully used in complex treatment patients with scleroma. In these cases, 20 drops of 0.1% M sulfate solution are prescribed orally 3 times a day with milk after meals. At the same time, such patients received streptomycin, lidase, and vitamin therapy. Positive results of treatment of acute aphthous stomatitis noted when treating the oral mucosa of these patients with 1% M sulfate solution.

The highest single dose of M. sulfate orally is 0.5 g (for adults!). Store in a well-closed container.

Copper citrate(Cupri citras; synonym copper citrate); (Cu 2 C 6 H 4 O 7) 2 5H 2 O. Light green powder, poorly soluble in water, easily soluble in mineral compounds and in aqueous ammonia. Used as an eye ointment (1-5%) for trachoma and conjunctivitis.

Occupational hazards

The source of industrial production of metal is copper-containing ores, which are most often represented by sulfides (chalcopyrite - CuFeS 2, bornite - Cu 5 FeS 4, chalcocite - Cu 2 S, covellite - CuS) and oxidized minerals: carbonates [malachite - Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 , azurite - Cu 3 (OH) 2 (CO 3) 2 ] and oxides (cuprite - Cu 2 O, melanconite - CuO).

Humans come into contact with metal during the mining and beneficiation of ores, the production of blister copper, and when using metal and its compounds in industry and agriculture. Excessive intake of M. into the body has a toxic effect, one of the reasons for which is inhibition of SH enzymes. The toxic effect of simple compounds of M. is more pronounced than complex ones. Workers involved in processing products made from copper and its alloys or in contact with copper-containing fungicides may experience acute poisoning, manifested by chills, a short-term increase in temperature, ending in heavy sweat. With a longer fever, symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract are characteristic. tract - nausea with thirst, sweet taste in the mouth, salivation, vomiting. This “copper” or “copper-mordant” fever resembles foundry fever (see).

In cases of oral administration of rapidly absorbed M compounds, a metallic taste in the mouth is noted, profuse drooling, nausea, vomiting; the vomit is blue-green in color. Celebrate cramping pain in the abdomen, diarrhea mixed with blood, and the feces become black. The hemolytic effect of M. is sharply expressed - hemolysis, the appearance of hemoglobin in the urine, jaundice; there is protein and hyaline casts in the urine. Possible symptoms of uremia: weakness, dizziness, difficulty breathing. “Copper-mordant fever” may also be observed - chills, temperature up to 39°, drenching sweat, severe weakness.

Emergency treatment for acute poisoning M. - alkaline inhalations, intravenous administration of glucose solution with ascorbic acid, orally - strong sweet tea. According to indications - cardiac medications, oxygen, heat.

Long-term exposure to copper ore dust can lead to the development of pneumoconiosis in workers (see). When combined with quartz, metallic copper and its oxides enhance the silicotic process in the lungs, specifically affecting blood vessels and promoting the development inflammatory reaction. Fine aerosols of M. are more characterized by a general toxic effect, manifested by functional changes in the liver, kidneys, nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract. tract.

The maximum permissible concentration in the air of the working area for metallic copper is 1 mg/m 3 (including the average shift MPC - 0.5 mg/m 3), for a silicon-copper alloy - 4 mg/m 3, for copper-nickel ore - 4 mg/m 3 , for copper sulfide ores (with a dust content of less than 10% crystalline silicon dioxide) - 4 mg/m 3 .

Measures to prevent occupational diseases and intoxications. To prevent the release of dust into the air of the working area, it is necessary to seal the processes of crushing ores and transporting bulk materials, local exhaust ventilation, humidification of the material (drilling with washing, wet crushing, supply of wet charge), the introduction of more advanced technologies, processes at copper smelters - roasting in boiling water layer, electrolytic smelting, during welding work - the use of automatic submerged arc welding and shielding gas welding with a non-consumable tungsten electrode. To protect the respiratory system from dust, respirators are used (see); for welding work, masks with forced air supply are used.

Determination of copper in a dust sample is carried out by the reaction of Cu 2+ ions with diethyldithiocarbamate (a complex compound colored yellow is formed).

Copper in forensics

M. poisonings are accidental and occur in industry, agriculture, and everyday life, when drugs containing M. can enter the body through the respiratory tract and orally. Lethal dose M. sulfate - 10 g. At the autopsy of a person who died from poisoning with copper-containing substances, and histol, the study diagnoses phenomena of irritation of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity (sometimes its bluish color), stomach and intestines, especially the colon; severe dystrophy of the liver, myocardium, kidneys; purulent bronchitis, small focal pneumonia.

Judiciary-chem. M.'s detection in internal organs is based on its isolation from the mineralizate in the form of M.'s diethyldithiocarbamate, transfer of M. again into the aqueous phase of salt, and then determination of M. ions using qualitative color reactions. Quantitative determination is carried out by complexometric titration, and in small quantities - by colorimetric determination of diethyldithiocarbamate M. Sensitivity of methods for detecting M. in forensic chemistry. definitions - 0.4 mg per 100 g of organ tissue. When quantitatively determining M. in internal organs, its natural content in the tissue of these organs should be taken into account.

Bibliography: Biological role of copper, ed. V. V. Kovalsky, M., 1970; Katsnelson B. A. et al. On the influence of copper-containing compounds in quartz dust on the development of experimental silicosis in rats, Gig. labor and prof. zabolev., No. 3, p. 30, 1969; Lutsenko L. A., Kochetkova T. A. and Titova I. N. The significance of low concentrations for the experimental assessment and standardization of ore dusts with fibrogenic and toxic effects, in the book: Gig. labor in the mining industry, ed. A. P. Shitskova, p. 69, M., 1978; Mashkovsky M.D. Medicines, part 2, p. 355, M., 1977; Molecules and cells, trans. from English, ed. G. M. Frank, V. 4, p. 136, M., 1969; Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-76), M., 1978; Pauling L. and PolingSH Chemistry, trans. from English, p. 31 and others, M., 1978; Shvaykova M.D. Toxicological chemistry, p. 318, M., 1975; H o 1 t-z m a n N.A. Menkes’ kinky hair syndrome, a genetic disease involving copper, Fed. Proc., v. 35, p. 2276, 1976; Lede-r e g S. M., Hollander J. M. a. P e r- 1 m a n I. Table of isotopes, N. Y. a. o., 1967; Menkes J. H. a. o. A sex-linked recessive disorder with retardation of growth, pecular hair, and focal cerebral and cerebellar degeneration, Pediatrics, v. 29, p. 764, 1962; Radioactive Isotope in Klinik und Forschung, hrsg. v. K. Fellinger u. H. Vetter, Bd 9, Miinchen-B., 1970; Trace elements in human health and disease, ed. by A. S., Prasad, v. 1, N.Y., 1976.

A. M. Shaposhnikov; G. A. Avrunina (rad.), V. A. Babichev (pharm.), L. A. Lutsenko (gig.), E. Z. Bronstein (judgment).

Copper is an essential and even vital necessary element For human body. This mineral plays important role in the process of creating hemoglobin. In order to meet the daily requirement of this mineral in the body, you need to know which foods contain copper.

Copper is found in vegetables

Largest quantity The microelement accumulates in the liver, which indicates that there is no need for daily replenishment of copper if a sufficient amount of this mineral is present in the body.

The main functions of copper in the body

Participates in the formation of hemoglobin in the human body, for which no other mineral can replace it;
It is part of melanin, which is responsible for the processes of pigmentation of skin and hair, and is also a component of nerve fibers;
Takes part in the redox processes of the body;
Has anti-inflammatory properties;
Forms collagen, which is the protein framework for human bones, and also gives the skin smoothness, firmness and elasticity, preventing skin aging and the appearance of wrinkles;
Prevents the development of osteoporosis and bone fractures;
Strengthens the walls of blood vessels and stimulates the immune system, taking part in antioxidant protection human body;
Enhances the activity of pituitary hormones, normalizing the functioning of the endocrine system;
Stimulates the release of enzymes and gastric juice, which has a beneficial effect on the digestion process.

What foods contain copper?

In animals and plant products supply copper has wide use. Larger amounts of this microelement are found in plant products grown on soil fertilized with copper sulfate. Get an excess of this mineral by eating foods that contain it, even in large quantities, impossible. An overdose of this mineral can be obtained by taking medications containing this mineral, if the recommended dosages are not observed.

Plant Sources of Copper

Vegetables – white and Chinese cabbage, carrots, radishes, bell pepper, lettuce, beets, potatoes, pumpkin, eggplant;
Fruits – avocado, apricot, pear, orange, lemon, tangerine, pamelo, sweetie, grapefruit, pineapple;
Dried fruits – prunes;
Berries - gooseberries, strawberries, currants;
Seeds and nuts – almonds, walnuts, sesame, hazelnuts, sunflower and pumpkin seeds;
Sprouts and legumes - soybeans, green peas, beans, lentils;
Cereals - buckwheat, millet, oatmeal, wheat, pasta and wheat bread;
Chocolate, mushrooms, and brewer's yeast.

Animal Sources of Copper

By-products – liver, kidneys;
Seafood – shrimp, octopus, squid;
Cod fish.

Fruits contain copper

Daily norms of copper

In the human body, for normal functioning internal organs and systems, must contain at least 3 mg of copper daily. Half of this amount of mineral is necessary for muscles and bones, 10% is necessary for the liver, in which the metabolism of this element is carried out. Conducted studies contain evidence that a larger number of people consume less copper in food than they should, which is only 1 mg per day.

Daily copper intake for children

For children, the daily copper requirement is calculated depending on age:

1-3 years – 1 mg;
4-6 years – 1.5 mg;
7-12 years – 2 mg;
12-18 years old – 2.5 mg.

Daily copper intake for women

The need for copper for women increases during pregnancy and lactation, as well as during heavy menstruation. Excess copper in the female body can lead to long absence menses.

From 18 and older – 3 mg;
Pregnancy and lactation period – 3-3.5 mg.

Daily requirement of copper for men

Daily requirement in copper increases when working with toxic substances: aniline, mercury, lead, which interfere with the absorption of this trace element.

From 18 and older – 3 mg.

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Lack of copper in the body

Copper deficiency in the human body occurs very rarely, since many plant and animal food sources are rich in this microelement, which makes it possible to obtain required dosage even with an unbalanced diet. Copper deficiency is often observed in premature babies under one year of age.

Causes of copper deficiency:

Hereditary lack of enzymes containing this microelement;
Introduction of cow's milk into the diet of a child up to one year old;
Lack of protein.

A lack of this mineral in the human body leads to increased fatigue, bad mood and constant headaches. Also hair loss, weak immunity And skin rash are symptoms of copper deficiency in the body.

If the deficiency of this microelement is not compensated on time, then the following consequences:

Hypochromic anemia(impaired hemoglobin synthesis in bone marrow);
Disease and disorder of the immune system;
Development of atherosclerosis and increased cholesterol levels;
Early osteoporosis, joint disease;
Bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema and diabetes;
Vascular disorders organism, leading to aortic rupture;
Changes in skin pigmentation.

Overdose of copper in the body

An overdose of copper in the human body is rare. This condition accompanied by muscle pain, depression, insomnia, frequent irritability. An excess of this microelement occurs due to metabolic disorders and poisoning with toxic substances that contain this element.

Excess microelement can be caused by the following diseases:

Kidney disease;
Chronical bronchitis;
Myocardial infarction;
Schizophrenia.

Also overuse alcohol (especially beer) can cause an excess of the mineral in the body, which entails irreversible consequences. Excess copper is dangerous condition, which is characterized premature aging the human body, insomnia and the gradual development of epilepsy.

Copper preparations

Copper preparations are medicines, containing enzymes that are involved in the conduction of iron through the intestinal mucosa. These drugs help cleanse body tissues, thus protecting internal organs and systems from damage.

Methods for preparing copper preparations at home:

For cooking medicinal solution copper, you need to take a metal coin or plate and leave it in water for 10 to 12 hours;
To prepare the drug, take a five-kopeck copper coin, add 2 glasses of water and simmer over low heat for ten minutes.

These drugs should be taken 1-4 teaspoons several times a day, depending on the course of the disease. During an epidemic infectious diseases It is recommended to use these products together with vitamin C, which helps destroy virus molecules.

Pharmacological action

Not indicated. See instructions

Description of pharmacological action

Copper plays an important role in the processes of gene and hemoglobin biosynthesis. Therefore, its deficiency, as well as iron, can lead to anemia. Copper is part of the structure of cytochrome oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and, therefore, is necessary for energy generation processes in the cell. Copper plays an important role in the body's antioxidant defense, because together with zinc, it is included in the structure of the tissue antioxidant enzyme - superoxide dismutase and the antioxidant protein of blood plasma - cerruloplasmin, which is the carrier of this metal. Copper has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties(possibly due to antioxidant effects). Regulates the exchange of catecholamines, serotonin, tyrosine, melanin, promotes increased insulin activity and more complete utilization of carbohydrates.
This microelement takes part in the formation of the structure of connective tissue proteins - collagen and elastin, which are structural components of bone and cartilage tissue, skin, lungs, walls blood vessels. Therefore, copper deficiency can lead to the formation of aortic and cerebral aneurysms. For the same reason, copper deficiency leads to demineralization bone tissue and osteoporosis.

Copper is involved in the formation of myelin sheaths of nerves, the degeneration of which leads to multiple sclerosis and other severe disorders of the nervous system.

Copper is a powerful mineral. Not only is it absolutely essential for helping the heart function properly, but it also controls cholesterol, sugar and uric acid. In addition, it strengthens bones, enhances the production of red and white blood cells, supports immune function, promotes growth in young children, and is a major therapeutic agent. rheumatoid arthritis. But as with iron, maintaining the right balance is critical. Both deficiency and excess of copper can enhance activity free radicals, thereby increasing the risk of heart disease and other chronic degenerative diseases. Doctor and lab tests can determine whether your body's copper levels are too high or too low.

Compound

7 mg copper aspartate (where chelated form contains 2 mg copper).

Indications for use

Cardiovascular diseases.
- Diseases of the digestive system.
- Diseases of the endocrine system (diabetes).
- Diseases of the osteoarticular system.
- Other diseases (radiation injuries, cancer, seizures, strengthens the immune system, improves wound healing, promotes the growth of children).

Release form

tablets 80 mg;

Contraindications for use

Individual intolerance to the component.

Directions for use and doses

1 tablet daily with food.

Overdose

Not described.

Precautions for use

Storage conditions

In a dry place, at a temperature not exceeding 18 °C.

Best before date

The description of Vitamin Copper is for informational purposes only. Before starting to use any drug, it is recommended to consult a doctor and read the instructions for use. To get more complete information Please refer to the manufacturer's instructions. Do not self-medicate; EUROLAB is not responsible for the consequences caused by the use of information posted on the portal. Any information on the project does not replace consultation with a specialist and cannot be a guarantee of the positive effect of the drug you use. The opinions of EUROLAB portal users may not coincide with the opinions of the site Administration.

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Probably everyone knows about the health benefits of microelements, especially if they are vitamins with copper for hair. Each element has its own special meaning and allows you to look attractive and feel good. Copper is especially important for female body who needs correct ratio vitamins and performs special functions.

A normal amount of this element helps the curls to be shiny and beautiful, easy to style and develop intensively. It should be noted that copper deficiency in the body practically does not occur. Since with a normal diet it is possible to get everything you need from food. But this applies to normal eating behavior.

Products containing a valuable element

Of course, before taking vitamins, you should think about how to get everything you need from your usual foods. This is the most proven method and is perfect for women who care about their figure and are used to counting calories. Since, even while following a diet, it is quite possible to eat right and not experience a deficiency useful substances.

Foods rich in copper:

By diversifying your diet even with one of the listed products, you can ensure that your strands grow thick and healthy. In addition, it has been proven that products rich in this microelement reduce the risk of thinning and hair loss, help get rid of split ends and add a pleasant shine.

If necessary, you can also take vitamins with copper for hair, which provide the daily requirement.

Vitamin complexes with copper

It is believed that one of the symptoms of copper deficiency is early gray hair and hair loss. This is true because it is this element that influences the normal development of hair, thereby fulfilling protective functions. Vitamins with copper have good effect at correct use. In particular, this means taking such beneficial substances in a course, preferably for at least 3 months.

Vitrum Centuri

This complex contains copper in the required amount and quickly returns strength and volume to the curls. The strands stop falling out and become thicker. Taking vitamins with copper for hair of this type is quite convenient, and you will be pleased with the results within a month.

Mineral complex Complivit

In most drugs, copper is mandatory element to maintain the health of the whole body. Complivit contains copper, calcium, bromine, potassium, iodine, iron, selenium, zinc, as well as essential vitamins.

All this makes it possible to quickly achieve correct result and be proud of your chic and obedient strands. Read more in the previous article “Iodine for hair loss - for proper use.” What vitamins do you take to maintain healthy hair?