home Audience 3 Lung diseases: hyperemia and edema, emphysema, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia. Treatment of lobar pneumonia in animals

Lung diseases: hyperemia and edema, emphysema, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia. Treatment of lobar pneumonia in animals

The nature inflammatory exudate there are serous, fibrinous, hemorrhagic, catarrhal, purulent, putrefactive and mixed, and according to the localization of the pathological process they distinguish alveolitis (damage to several alveoli), acinous pneumonia (small lesions on the terminal branches of the bronchi), lobular (damage to several lobules), confluent, segmental , lobar (lobar - damage to the entire lobe of the lung) and total (involvement in pathological process everything easy). In some cases, interstitial and perebronchial pneumonia are distinguished. In farm animals, the most common diseases are catarrhal (bronchopneumonia) and fibrinous (lobar) pneumonia.

Catarrhal (nonspecific) bronchopneumonia. Animals of almost all species are susceptible, young animals are especially seriously ill. The disease combines inflammation of the bronchi and interstitium of different origins with subsequent involvement of the lung parenchyma in the pathological process. The process begins with the appearance of serous-catarrhal exudate in the bronchi and lung parenchyma and filling the lumens of the bronchi and alveoli with it.

Etiology. The causes of bronchopneumonia are the same as for bronchitis. In addition, it accompanies viral and bacterial respiratory infections(parainfluenza, infectious rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea, respiratory syncytial, adenovirus, rhinovirus infections, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, etc.), mycoplasmosis, chlamydia, mycoplasma, infectious catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, influenza, plague, swine erysipelas, ascariasis , dictyocaulosis, metastrongylosis, gastroenteritis, exhaustion, vitamin deficiency and other diseases. The main factors predisposing animals to disease are violations of rearing technology, including inconsistency of zoohygienic parameters of the microclimate, high concentration animals on limited areas, stress effects (transportation, regrouping, weaning, vaccination, etc.), feeding of poor quality feed, deficiency in the diet of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals.

Symptoms Catarrhal bronchopneumonia is acute and relatively mild. Moderate fever with body temperature up to 40-41 °C, cough, mild shortness of breath, wheezing with increased vesicular breathing, depression of general condition, loss of appetite, mucous or mucopurulent discharge from the nasal cavities are noted. At catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia, occurring acutely and subacutely, a relapsing-remitting fever is observed with high temperature, depression, cough, wheezing, crepitating noises, shortness of breath, focal or confluent dullness, shading of the bronchial tree, apical and cardiac lobes of the lungs. In the chronic course of the disease, body temperature is within normal limits, clinical signs appear sluggishly, and animals are retarded in growth and development.

Treatment. They use antimicrobial agents, regulate nervous trophism, eliminate oxygen deficiency, relieve intoxication, correct acid-base and water-salt metabolism, improve activity of cardio-vascular system and increase the immunobiological reactivity of the body. For bronchopneumonia, basically the same treatment procedures and medications are used as for bronchitis. Sick animals are created good conditions maintenance and feeding, rest. Eliminate etiological factors and prescribe a course of treatment effective antibiotics, sulfonamides, as well as pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy: bronchodilators (ephedrine, euphilin), antiallergic (calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, suprastin, pipolphen, sodium thiosulfate, novocaine blockade of the thoracic splanchnic nerves, stellate ganglia, etc.), proteolytic enzymes (trypsin , pepsin, chymopsin, etc.), increasing natural resistance and immunological protection (vitamins, microelements, gamma globulins, aminopeptides, convalescent serum, etc.) in therapeutic doses in accordance with the instructions for their use. Heating with incandescent lamps, diathermy, UHF, ultraviolet irradiation, expectorants, cardiac and other means are effective.

Prevention. Regardless of the etiology of the disease, a complex of organizational, economic and special veterinary measures are carried out aimed at creating optimal conditions housing and feeding, drugs are used that have antimicrobial and resistance-increasing effects in order to eliminate the etiological factors of bronchopneumonia.

Terminology: inflammation of the nasal mucosa is called rhinitis, larynx - laryngitis, trachea - tracheitis, bronchi - bronchitis.

Etiology. There are banal and specific inflammation. The occurrence of banal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract is caused by violations of the technology of keeping and feeding animals. In pigs and cattle, it is associated in most cases with irritation of the mucous membranes when inhaling dusty air and air saturated with ammonia or hot steam. The cause of inflammatory processes is often colds, which reduce the body's resistance to the action of opportunistic microflora, which is always present in the airways. Many infectious and non-infectious diseases are complicated by inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

Rice. 10. Diphtheritic bovine laryngitis due to necrobacteriosis

Banal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract occurs mainly in the form of serous, serous-mucosal and purulent catarrh. The mucous membrane is swollen, reddened, dotted with hemorrhages, erosions and ulcers. On the surface of the mucous membrane there is serous, serous-mucosal or purulent exudate. Catarrhal inflammation is sometimes accompanied by follicular rhinitis, while the lymphoid follicles are enlarged in size from poppy seeds to peas, as a result of which the nasal mucosa acquires a granular surface. Follicular nodules suppurate, open, and ulcers appear. The chronic course of catarrh ends with the growth of connective tissue. The mucous membrane thickens either diffusely or focally, in the latter case polyps are formed. Less commonly, fibrinous inflammation of the upper respiratory tract develops, which occurs in the form of lobar inflammation and is manifested by the presence of fibrinous-necrotic films; after their separation, ulcers with uneven edges appear. If the outcome is favorable, the ulcers heal. Exudative rhinitis is sometimes complicated by sinusitis and sinusitis, i.e. inflammation of the paranasal cavities. They occur mainly chronically and are manifested by nasal mucopurulent discharge, changes in the configuration of bones in the area of the accessory cavities. Along with banal inflammation, there are rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis and tracheitis, which are the main symptom of infectious diseases. This group of diseases includes infectious rhinotracheitis, plague, catarrhal fever of cattle, smallpox, tuberculosis, glanders, and blastomycosis. In these infectious diseases, the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, especially the nasal cavity, is diffusely or focally hyperemic or dotted with nodules, ulcers and fibrinous-necrotic films.

Rice. 11. Bronchitis with nodose peribronchitis of cattle. The lumen of both bronchi is filled with cellular masses. The peribronchial tissue is heavily infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and thickened. The alveoli are sharply expanded.

Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs is commonly called pneumonia. Pneumonia often affects animals, especially pigs and sheep. Pneumonia often occurs with fatal. According to the localization of foci of inflammation, pneumonia is lobularia, lobar and acinar. In lobar pneumonia, entire lobes are affected, lobular pneumonia - lobules, acinar pneumonia - acini (the structural unit of the lungs is a bronchiole with a group of adjacent alveoli). Based on their origin, there are banal (simple) pneumonias caused by opportunistic microorganisms present in the airways when the body’s resistance is weakened (colds, overheating, as well as many non-infectious and infectious diseases). There are pneumonias, which are the main symptom of the manifestation of general infectious diseases.

Banal pneumonia occurs predominantly by the exudative type of inflammation. There are two main forms of pneumonia: lobar pneumonia and catarrhal bronchopneumonia.

Lobar pneumonia is a fibrinous inflammation of the lungs, characterized by effusion from the vessels of fibrinogen, which in the lumen of the alveoli is converted into fibrin. The inflammatory process often involves entire lobes of the lung, or at first the pneumonia is lobular and then lobar in nature. Lobar pneumonia occurs in stages: the stage of hyperemia, red hepatization, gray hepatization and outcome (resolution). The hyperemia stage is characterized by redness of the affected lobules or lobes. Under a microscope, dilated and blood-filled interalveolar capillaries are revealed. The lumen of the alveoli contains serous exudate with an admixture of rejected epithelium, a small amount of erythrocytes and leukocytes. Sometimes red blood cells are detected in significant quantities, which corresponds to hemorrhagic exudate. The hyperemia stage is followed by the development of the red hepatization stage. The affected areas of the lung become red in color and resemble the liver in density. Under the microscope, along with hyperemia of blood vessels and interalveolar capillaries filled with serous or serous-hemorrhagic exudate, the admixture of fibrinous exudate is noted. Subsequently, the stage of gray hepatization develops, characterized by the fact that a large number of leukocytes are mixed with the fibrinous exudate. The resulting exudate compresses the capillaries, resulting in ischemia. Externally, the affected area of the lung turns from red to gray, and in density it even more closely resembles the liver. With a favorable course of the disease, the outcome (resolution) stage develops. Leukocytes are dissolved by their enzymes

Rice. 12. Acute lobar pneumonia. G-E.

Rice. 13. Acute lobar pneumonia. Stage of red hepatization. 1- delicate fibrin threads with a small number of leukocytes in the lumen of the alveoli; 2 – area of necrosis of the alveolar wall; 3- sharply injected perialveolar capillaries.

Rice. 14. Lobar pneumonia. Stage of gray hepatization. In the lumen of the alveoli, extensive masses of fibrin are visible, stained pink with eosin. These masses contain a small number of leukocytes and desquamated alveolar epithelium. Empty vessels. Staining G-E.

fibrin, liquefied exudate is absorbed and removed with sputum when coughing, and is partially resorbed by macrophages. The alveoli are gradually freed from exudate, the alveolar epithelium is restored. However, the alveolar septa and stroma layers thicken due to newly formed connective tissue. Thus, even with a favorable outcome of the disease, the lungs lose their elasticity and become denser than normal. A less favorable outcome is that due to thrombosis of blood and lymphatic vessels, necrotic foci are formed in the affected parts of the lung, which undergo organization and carnification, encapsulation or sequestration, or purulent softening. In unfavorable cases, it is complicated by ichorous inflammation. Due to the fact that in some infectious diseases, individual lobules of the lung are not simultaneously involved in the inflammatory process, the surface of the pneumonic area has a variegated color (red, gray-red, gray-white, gray-yellow), reminiscent of a marble pattern - a marbled lung.

Rice. 15. Acute lobar pneumonia with interstitial edema in a cow (marmorated lung). The figure clearly shows areas of the lung in different stages of lobar inflammation. The interstitial tissue is swollen and stands out sharply in the form of thick, swollen cords.

Catarrhal bronchopneumonia characterized by involvement of the bronchi and respiratory tract in the inflammatory process lung tissue. According to localization, lesions can be lobular or lobar. In the acute course of catarrhal bronchopneumonia, the affected area is slightly red in color, slightly swollen above the surface of the organ, and has a consistency similar to the density of the spleen. A cloudy liquid is squeezed out from the surface of the cut, and viscous, grayish-white mucus is squeezed out of the bronchi, stretching into threads. Under a microscope, vascular hyperemia is detected in the affected area of the lung, the alveoli are filled with serous exudate mixed with leukocytes, rejected respiratory epithelium and histiocytes. The lumen of the bronchi is filled with serous cell exudate. The walls of the bronchi are thickened due to cellular infiltration. Bronchial epithelium in a state of mucous degeneration.

The outcome can be favorable, often the exudate resolves, but most of it is removed with sputum when coughing. The lung is restored, however, due to the proliferation of connective tissue, some thickening of the interalveolar and interlobular septa remains. If the course is unfavorable, acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia develops into chronic course or becomes complicated purulent inflammation. In chronic catarrhal bronchopneumonia, the affected part of the lung is fleshy, resembles the pancreas in density, and the surface is slightly lumpy. On the red background of the cut surface, gray foci and veins of various shapes are visible, in the center of which the lumen of the bronchi is noticeable. In pigs, the affected lung is white, dense, similar to lard (sebaceous pneumonia). A thick, pus-like mucous mass is squeezed out from the cut surface of the bronchi.

Rice. 16. Acute bronchopneumonia in a calf

Rice. 17. Micropicture of the lung in acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia in a calf. Staining G-E.

Under a microscope, the alveoli are filled with respiratory epithelium, histiocytes, and lymphocytes. In some places, nested accumulations of leukocytes are observed. There is relatively little liquid exudate. The lumen of the bronchi is filled with leukocytes, rejected epithelium and mucus, and bronchiectasis is observed. Granulation tissue with a large number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts is detected around the bronchi. The layers of interlobular connective tissue and alveolar septa are thickened due to newly formed connective tissue. Necrotic foci without encapsulation and with encapsulation are often found. With a favorable outcome of the disease, complete recovery of the affected part of the lung does not occur; significant growths of connective tissue remain. Catarrhal bronchopneumonia can be complicated by gangrenous inflammation.

Purulent pneumonia develops against the background of catarrhal bronchopneumonia or when pyogenic microbes enter the lungs from purulent foci of other organs (metastatic purulent infection). Therefore, purulent pneumonia occurs either diffusely, in the form of catarrhal-purulent, or in an abscessed form. With purulent-catarrhal bronchopneumonia, the affected part of the lung is compacted, red, and lumpy. The cut surface is red, with a large number of grayish-white lesions with purulent softening in the center. A creamy, thick, viscous mass of exudate is squeezed out of the bronchi.

Rice. 18. Purulent pneumonia. Micro picture. In the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi, a large number of leukocytes and desquamated alveolar epithelium are observed. Purulent exudate fills the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi almost completely.

Inflammatory processes in the lungs of pets are not uncommon. The cause of the disease is most often infection, foreign objects entering the respiratory system. As a result of the development of the pathological process, normal gas exchange is disrupted, which severe cases may be life threatening four-legged friend. Treatment of pneumonia is complex and should be carried out under the supervision of a veterinary specialist.

Read in this article

Causes

Many years of veterinary practice show that the main reasons contributing to the development of pneumonia in dogs are the following:

Factors that provoke pneumonia, according to veterinarians, are:

Weakening of the body's immune system. failure to local immunity resist penetration into mucous membranes pathogenic microorganisms increases the risk of developing pneumonia. Veterinarians consider insufficient production of class A immunoglobulin to be one of the main immunological reasons pneumonia in animals.
Sudden temperature changes. Long-term walks in the winter are dangerous for short-haired dog breeds.
Unsatisfactory living conditions (damp, cold room with drafts).
Injuries in the chest area.
Contacts with relatives sick with infectious pathologies.
Unbalanced. A diet poor in complete proteins, vitamins, and minerals weakens the body and increases the risk of inflammatory pathology.
Ingress of pathogenic microorganisms with low-quality feed. Fungal pneumonia can develop due to contamination of food with pathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus.

Long-term use of certain medications, such as Digoxin.
Chemotherapy for malignant neoplasms.
Metabolic diseases (diabetes, uremia).

Puppies and older pets are most often susceptible to inflammation in the lungs due to a weak immune system. Hunting, guard and sled dogs, which due to the nature of their service have to deal with unfavorable environmental factors, are more often susceptible to pneumonia than other breeds.

Types of pneumonia

The variety of causes leading to pneumonia in domestic animals determines the types of pathology. Experts distinguish between infectious and non-infectious types of pneumonia in dogs.

Infectious

Pneumonia caused by the introduction of pathogenic microflora is an infectious type of disease.

The infectious agent can enter the dog’s body with food, water, through contact with a sick animal, as well as through the hematogenous and lymphogenous route during the underlying disease.

Aspiration

Aspiration pneumonia is a non-infectious form of the disease. The disease develops for several reasons: inhalation of small foreign objects, vomiting, paralysis and other neuromuscular diseases of the pharynx and esophagus, incorrect insertion of a tube for artificial feeding. Often the cause of aspiration is the administration of a drug by mouth.

Based on the nature of the inflammatory process in the lung tissue, veterinary specialists distinguish between catarrhal and lobar pneumonia.

Catarrhal

The catarrhal form of the disease is characteristic of bronchopneumonia, when the bronchi and alveoli are involved in the inflammatory pathological process. In this case, serous or serous-catarrhal exudate is formed, and the pathology is focal in nature. Puppies and older dogs are susceptible to the disease.

Krupoznaya

The most severe type of inflammatory process is lobar pneumonia. The pathology is associated with the fact that fibrin filaments, formed as a result of pathological inflammation, sweat into the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi. In addition to fibrinous exudate, erythrocytes and leukocytes are exuded.

At lobar pneumonia veterinary specialists distinguish the stage of active hyperemia, red and gray hepatization and resolution. At the stage of red hepatization, fibrin fibers and red blood cells leave the capillaries. The gray hepatization stage is characterized by the migration of leukocytes. At the resolution stage, the exudate liquefies.

Symptoms in a dog

At the beginning of the disease, the owner usually observes general symptoms characteristic of many respiratory diseases:

loss of appetite or complete failure from food, increased thirst;
lethargic, drowsy, apathetic state of the pet;
nose dry and hot to the touch;
chills, indicating an increase in body temperature;
nasal discharge of a mucopurulent nature.

With the development of inflammation, the symptoms become more characteristic of pneumonia:

Degree of expression clinical picture largely depends on the severity of the inflammation and the state of the dog’s immune system.

Diagnostic methods

If pneumonia is suspected, the veterinarian will first perform lung percussion to detect areas of dullness and auscultation to evaluate breath sounds. Detection of wheezing, increased respiratory sounds, and attenuation of breathing in different areas of the lungs indicate a pathological process.

An informative diagnostic method is an x-ray examination of the animal's chest. The inflamed area of the lungs appears on the image as a darkening with an uneven border.

Complex therapy for the disease includes antibacterial agents, vasodilators, expectorants and mucolytic drugs. Particular attention is paid to the maintenance and proper feeding of a sick pet.

Antibiotics prescribed by your doctor

Antibacterial drugs play a leading role in the treatment of pneumonia in animals.
therapy. Its effectiveness can be increased by performing preliminary tests of sputum or bronchial washings for sensitivity to a particular group of antimicrobial agents.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are most often prescribed for illness: Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Amoxiclav. Cephalosporin drugs are effective: Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cephalexin, Cefuroxime. Cephalosporins are active against staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc.

If the causative agent of pneumonia is chlamydia or mycoplasma, tetracyclines - Doxycycline, as well as macrolides, for example Sumamed, are used.

Vitamin therapy

An integrated approach necessarily includes vitamin therapy. On the recommendation of a veterinarian, a four-legged pet may be prescribed multivitamins, as well as intramuscular injections ascorbic acid, B vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamin A is useful for illness, affecting tissue regeneration processes.

Home care and recovery

After the pet’s condition has been stabilized in the hospital, get well soon at home, the owner must provide competent care:

The room should be warm, dry, without drafts
A balanced diet must be enriched with vitamins and minerals.
On the recommendation of a veterinarian, the owner can massage the chest to stimulate mucus production.
Useful at home dry heat in the form of irradiation with a Sollux lamp.

Warming up a dog's chest with a Sollux lamp

Strict compliance with the instructions of a veterinary specialist. Uncontrolled use of antitussive drugs, for example those based on codeine, is not allowed.
Treatment should be carried out under the control of radiographic examination.

Disease prevention

The owner can prevent the development of pneumonia in a four-legged family member by doing following tips and recommendations from veterinary specialists:

Pneumonia in dogs is a common disease that affects the alveolar tissue. Inflammation usually occurs with the introduction of pathogenic microflora. Dogs are often diagnosed with the aspiration form of the disease. Diagnostics includes general clinical methods and chest x-ray.

Treatment is complex and based on long-term use antibacterial drugs and should only be carried out under the supervision of a veterinarian.

Useful video

For information on the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia in dogs, watch this video:

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal state budget educational institution higher vocational education

“Kursk State Agricultural Academy named after Professor I.I. Ivanov"

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Department of Therapy and Obstetrics

COURSE WORK

In the discipline "Internal non-communicable diseases of animals"

on the topic “Lobar pneumonia in a horse”

Kursk - 2014

ANIMAL REGISTRATION

Type of animal: horse

Breed: Black

Gender: mare

Age: 7 years

Color and markings: black with a brown tint

Nickname and accession number: Laska

Initial diagnosis: pneumonia

Final diagnosis: lobar pneumonia

Accompanying illnesses: none

Outcome of the disease: recovery

ANAMNESIS

Information about life, living conditions, feeding, operation, productivity, etc.

The animal is homegrown. The horse of the Black breed, at the age of 7 years, named Laska, was descended from a mare named Milka of the Oryol breed and the stallion Leonardo of the Black breed. Stall-pasture housing, in the summer it is kept on a pasture and on a walking area, in cold weather - in a stable along with other horses of different breeds, the conditions of which comply with veterinary and zootechnical requirements. Inadequate feeding. The diet includes the following feed: straw, chaff, hay, grain, bran, root vegetables, oats, etc. Water in unlimited quantities.

The animal serves in private households for plowing, to help the owner in the garden, field land, and also for moving on a cart in the countryside.

Information about the disease (time, circumstances and signs of the disease; was treatment applied, what, when, by whom; are there other animals on the farm with similar signs of the disease, information about previous diseases; veterinary, sanitary and epizootological condition of the farm, etc. .)

As the owner noted, the horse’s owner discovered the first clinical manifestations of the disease 2-3 days ago. In this case, the following was established: a sudden increase in body temperature, constant fever, the animal was depressed, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes. The discharge from the nose is yellow.

About two days have passed since the first signs appeared. The presumptive diagnosis is pneumonia. A presumptive diagnosis was established on the basis of anamnesis and clinical signs (during percussion there is a dull sound of the lungs in the affected areas, a dull sound, upper limit dullness has a curved line; heard during auscultation bronchial breathing). A hematological blood test showed an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a decreased level of hemoglobin in the blood. Before the arrival of veterinary specialists, the animal was provided symptomatic treatment, as a result of which the animal’s condition improved slightly. Animals are currently with similar cases the disease has not been reported in this area. Constantly carried out every spring before pasture - vaccination against brucellosis, anthrax, as well as treatment against gadflies with chlorophos, treatment against fascioliasis, in winter - tuberculinization, deworming.

The epizootic state of the private economy and the region as a whole regarding infectious and invasive diseases is favorable.

CLINICAL STUDY OF AN ANIMAL AT ADMISSION

. GENERAL RESEARCH

.1 Temperature:38.5o C Pulse 62 beats/min

Breath 22 dpm

1.2 Habitus:

body position in space: natural

fatness: average

temperament: phlegmatic

constitution: tender

body type:average correct

1.3 Coat, dew and hooves

1.4 Skin and subcutaneous tissue

In areas with black fur, the skin is black, in brown areas (in the crotch area, inner surface hips) - dark brown. On palpation, local and general temperature not elevated, the skin over the entire surface of the body is warm. The smell is moderate. There are no rashes (erythema, spots, roseola, nodules, blisters, pustules, blisters, scales, scabs, erosions, cracks, ulcers, scars, bedsores). The skin is elastic, elastic, moist.

Subcutaneous tissue contains a moderate amount of fat. The subcutaneous tissue has an elastic consistency, weakly mobile, and there is no pain sensitivity. There is no swelling.

1.5 Lymph nodes (name and describe)The horse's submandibular, stifle folds and pudendal lymph nodes were examined. Lymph nodes are not enlarged, oval shape, elastic consistency, moderately mobile, with normal temperature of the skin covering the node, pain sensitivity is not detected, the surface is smooth (knee folds, pudendal) and lumpy (submandibular), not demarcated from the surrounding tissues.

1.6 ConjunctivaPale pink in color with a jaundiced tint, no discharge from the eyes. The conjunctiva is intact, no damage is observed. Humidity upon inspection and palpation is moderate. There is no swelling or hemorrhage. Integrity preserved. The sclera is icteric in color.

2. STUDY OF BODY SYSTEMS

2.1 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2.1.1 HEART

examination of the heart area:A slight fluctuation in the chest area was detected.

palpation (pain, heartbeat, its strength, localization):the heartbeat is most intensely felt in the 5th intercostal space on the left, 7-8 cm below the line shoulder joint, on an area of 4-5 cm2. On the right it can be felt in the 4th intercostal space. The heartbeat is not strengthened, rhythmic, of medium strength, painless. No displacement of the heartbeat was noted during palpation.

percussion (heart borders and pain)The boundaries of the heart in a horse were determined by two lines, one of which, with the thoracic limb abducted as far forward as possible, goes from the posterior corner of the scapula to the ulnar tubercle, next to the anconeus; the second - from the elbow tubercle back and up towards the elbow at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. The upper limit of the relative and absolute dullness of the heart was determined by percussion along the first line, starting from half the height of the chest, by the transition of a clear pulmonary sound to a dull sound, and the posterior limit - by percussion along the second line, by the transition of a dull sound to a clear sound. In a horse, the upper limit of the relative dullness of the heart is on the left slightly below (2-3 cm) the line of the shoulder joint, and the posterior limit reaches the 6th rib. The area of absolute dullness of the heart has the shape of a triangle, its anterior border follows the line of the anconeus, the posterior border is directed from top to bottom and runs in an arcuate manner from the 3rd intercostal space to the lower edge of the 6th rib, and the lower border passes without a sharp border into the dullness of the sternum and its muscles. The height of the triangle in the 3rd intercostal space is 10-13 cm. The area of absolute dullness of the heart on the right is much smaller in size than on the left, and occupies the lowest part of the 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces. The area of relative cardiac dullness is on the left,

and on the right it appears in the form of a strip 3-5 cm wide, surrounding the absolute dullness of the heart. Auscultation (heart sounds and their quality, changes, murmurs)During auscultation of the animal's heart using a phonendoscope, two tones were detected, the first and second, periodically replacing each other; Heart sounds are separated from each other by silent pauses.

When listening to the 1st and 2nd heart sounds, the tones are: clear, pure, loud, rhythmic (alternating between systole and diastole). Systole sounds louder and longer, while diastole is less loud, shorter and ends abruptly. After systole there is a short pause.

Semilunar valves pulmonary artery- on the left in the 3rd intercostal space at the level of the mitral (bicuspid) valve;

The tricuspid valve of the right ventricle is heard on the right in the 4th intercostal space at the level of the middle of the lower third of the chest.

When listening to the heart, we heard only heart sounds, there were no pathological noises.

Endocardial murmurs (ratio of murmurs to phases of cardiac activity; nature of murmurs: blowing, whistling, grinding, sawing, musical; intensity of murmurs; places where murmurs are heard with the greatest intensity; changes in murmurs when changing body position, before and after physical activity) are missing.

There are no extracardial murmurs (pericardial, pleuropericardial, cardiopulmonary).

2.1.2 BLOOD VESSELS

arterial pulse(rhythm, quality):The arterial pulse was examined by palpation on the median caudal artery (a. sossudea) and the saphena artery (a. Saphena). The pulse rate was 62 beats per minute. The pulse is rhythmic, periodic, moderately full, the pulse wave is small.

superficial veins of the body, jugular vein and its pulsation:examined the jugular vein (v. Jugularis), found: the integrity was not broken, negative venous pulse. The horse has medium-sized veins.

arterial blood pressure venous blood pressure: arterial pressure measured with a mercury manometer connected to a cuff and an inflation device. We used the oscillatory method.

The maximum (systolic) arterial blood pressure in a horse is 120 mmHg, and the minimum (diastolic) is 40 mmHg. Art. Difference between maximum and minimum arterial blood pressure blood pressure amounted to pulse pressure- 80 mm Hg. Art. Phlebotonometry was performed using the direct (bloody) method. Venous pressure in the jugular vein is 80 mmH2O.

2.1.3 FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE HEART BY TESTS:

An auscultation test with apnea (according to Sharabrin) was performed, as a result of which a slight increase in cardiac activity was detected in the animal. It was not possible to determine other tests of cardiac function.

.2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

.2.1 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND ACCIDENTAL CAVITIES OF THE FACIAL CAVITY

exhaled air:the strength of the air stream from both nostrils of the animal is normal, the exhaled air is rhythmic, moderately symmetrical, odorless, upon examination, inhalation and exhalation are free, the integrity of the nasal passages is not impaired. We note snorting at the sight of a stranger.

nasal and discharge area, mucous membrane:nasal discharge and nasal cavity: nostrils are symmetrical, moderately widened, comma-shaped, smooth contours, pale pink mucosa, moderately moisturized; warm on palpation; swelling, rash, ulceration, tumors, mechanical damage are missing.

Nasal discharge is released into large quantities, serous-purulent in nature, bilateral, saffron - yellow color, unpleasant odor.

The nasal mucosa has a icteric tint, moderately moist, shiny, yellow discharge in large quantities of a serous-purulent nature, painless, the integrity of the nasal mucosa is preserved.

accessory cavities of the face:the contour lines of the sinuses are symmetrical, not changed, the local temperature of the maxillary and frontal sinuses not increased, upon palpation their pain sensitivity was not revealed, the integrity of the bones was not impaired, the bones were not pliable. When percussing the sinuses, a dull sound is heard. The air sacs are not enlarged in size, elastic-soft consistency, painless, with normal local temperature.

larynx and trachea:During an external examination of the larynx, the head is lowered and there is no swelling. On external palpation, the skin in the larynx area is warm, pathological changes there is no consistency, sensitivity is preserved, pain, swelling, retraction, curvature, displacement of the arytenoid cartilages are absent. When auscultating the larynx, we listen to the sound of laryngeal stenosis, reminiscent of the pronunciation of the letter “X”; When auscultating the trachea, tracheal breathing is heard. During an internal examination of the larynx, the mucous membrane is pink and not deformed.

When examining the tracheal area, no swelling, changes in shape, curvature, or rupture of the rings were found. On palpation, the skin in the tracheal area is warm, the integrity is not broken, there is no pain, swelling or deformation, sensitivity is preserved. There are no sounds on auscultation, tracheal breathing.

cough and cough reflex:present. When an artificial cough appears, the last one is strong, rare, short, low, dull, painless.

2.2.2 CHEST (shape, development, respiratory movements and shortness of breath)

On external examination, the chest is not enlarged, wide, deep. Thoracic type of breathing. Breathing rhythm 1:1.8. Breathing is rapid and intense, of medium strength, moderately symmetrical, respiratory movements are increased, respiratory rate is 1 minute 22. Shortness of breath is present. On palpation of the chest, pain sensitivity is weakly present, the integrity of the chest is preserved, the ribs are not deformed.

2.2.3 LUNGS (percussion and auscultation)

During percussion of the chest, the boundaries of the lungs and the nature of the percussion sound were established. The anterior percussion border starts from the posterior angle of the scapula, goes down along the line of the anconeus to the chest; upper - starts from the posterior corner of the scapula and runs caudally parallel to the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae, departing from them by the width of the palm; the posterior percussion border of the lungs of the supervised animal along the macular line is 17th (normal is 16th); along the line of the ischial tuberosity - the 14th and along the line of the shoulder joint - the 10th last intercostal space in which the lung is percussed.

When percussing the horse's chest, a dull sound was detected in the affected areas; the upper limit of dullness has a curved line.

During auscultation, increased mixed (bronchovesicular) breathing is heard.

Auscultation revealed small, homogeneous crackling sounds heard during inhalation.

There is no pleural friction noise.

There is no splashing noise in the pleural cavity.

2.2.4 PLEGOPHONY

Tracheal percussion (plegaphony) was used to identify and differentiate exudative pleurisy and lobar pneumonia. My assistant, having placed a plessimeter on the trachea of the animal, struck it with a percussion hammer, rhythmically equal in strength. At this time, I listened to the chest in areas where a dull sound was established by percussion and the degree of audibility of the blows applied by the assistant to the animal’s trachea was determined. The sounds generated by percussion of the trachea are clearly audible on the chest in the area where a dull sound is detected by percussion. Exudative pleurisy was not detected.

Breath-hold test. The nasal openings and oral cavity of the animal were closed and the time of its calm behavior without breathing was taken into account: for the animal it is 25 seconds.

2.3 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

.3.1 Appetite, feeding and drinking, chewing, swallowing, belching, chewing gum, vomiting

The animal had little appetite, and the animal did not vomit at the time of examination. There is no pain when chewing food; the act of swallowing a bolus of food is free and painless. The need for water is not increased.

2.3.2 ORAL CAVITY (mucous membrane, condition of lips, gums, tongue and teeth)

Upon external examination, the mouth is closed, the lips fit tightly to each other. Oral mucosa pale pink with a yellowish tint, its integrity is preserved. The tongue is moist, without coating, dense, mobile, elastic. There are no pathological changes in the tongue. Salivation is moderate. Teeth - integrity is not broken, yellowish in color, motionless, painless. The smell is specific. The gums are pale pink, painless, integrity is preserved, there are no overlaps or ulcers. The incisors are moderately worn, the instability is insignificant.

2.3.3 PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS (pain, patency of food coma)

On external examination, the head is slightly lowered, there is no change in volume, disruption of the integrity of tissues in the pharynx area and no salivation. On external palpation, sensitivity is preserved, there is no pain, the skin is warm, tissue compactions, and foreign bodies are absent. On internal examination, the mucous membrane is pale pink, moderately moist, the integrity is not broken. On internal palpation, sensitivity is preserved, there is no pain, the mucous membrane is warm, tissue compactions, and foreign bodies are absent.

An external examination in the area of the esophagus revealed the free passage of the swallowed food bolus. On palpation there is no tenderness of the esophagus and surrounding tissues, the presence of foreign bodies is not detected.

2.3.4 ABDOMEN (volume, configuration, pain of the abdominal walls)

The abdomen on both sides and behind is not increased in volume, the right and left abdominal walls are symmetrical, the lower wall of the abdomen is not changed, pain sensitivity during palpation is not detected, the local temperature in this area is not increased, the abdominal wall is of medium tension.

2.3.5 TREATSTOMACHES

In accordance with the physiological structure of this animal species, there are no organs.

2.3.6 STOMACH (Abomasum)

It is located along the macular line on the left in the area of the 14th - 15th intercostal space. On deep palpation, the stomach is not painful, with normal local temperature of its adjacent tissues. Percussion revealed a dull sound. Peristaltic sounds can be heard well on auscultation.

2.3.7 PROBING

When probing the stomach through the probe, a small amount of its contents was released.

2.3.8 INTESTINE (sections and loops)

External palpation of the location of the small and large intestines is difficult, so palpation through the rectum was used.

At rectal examination The following was found in the horse: the sphincter tone is moderate, there is no pain in the area of the large intestine, sensitivity is preserved, the integrity is not compromised, the filling of the rectum is moderate, the feces are dense, the mucous membrane is poorly moistened, warm, intact.

The section of the small intestines was percussed on the left, in the middle third of the abdomen, in the area of the ileum and the left hungry fossa; at the same time, a dull sound was heard from the horse. In the lower third of the abdomen, the left ventral and dorsal positions of the large colon were percussed, and in the upper third, above the section of the small intestines, the small colon was percussed. These parts of the intestines produce dull and dull sounds. The cecum was percussed on the right, in the area of the right hungry fossa and ileum. Here various shades of dull-tympanic sound were identified. The right positions of the large colon were percussed on the right, and in the lower and middle third of the abdominal cavity. The sound during percussion is dull with various shades of dullness.

Auscultation of the horse's intestines was carried out using direct and instrumental methods. There are no peristaltic sounds in the small intestine. Peristaltic noises in the large intestine are faintly audible and resemble rumbling, distant rumble.

Pathological phenomena (clumps of mucus, films, fibrin threads in the rectum, bleeding, decreased intestinal lumen, swelling and thickening of the mucous membrane, intussusception, neoplasms, hernias, enlarged lymph nodes, ulcers, flatulence, intestinal displacement, adhesions of intestinal loops to each other and to other organs, ruptures of the intestinal walls, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, foreign objects and bezoar balls) are absent.

2.3.9 RECTAL EXAMINATION

A rectal examination revealed no pathological changes in the horse.

2.3.10 DEFECATION (frequency, position, duration, quantity and properties of feces)The act of defecation is free, painless, rare, the posture is natural, the passage of gases is not observed.

2.3.11 LIVER (borders, soreness)The liver does not extend beyond the pulmonary edge, so it cannot be palpated. The liver itself is located on the right in the area of the 14-15th intercostal space, along the macular line.

Due to the fact that pathological changes were not identified during examination of the organ, a functional study of the liver was not performed.

2.3.12 SPLEN (borders, puncture and puncture examination)Splenic dullness was discovered during percussion on the left in the area of the upper part of the last intercostal space behind the posterior percussion border of the lung. No pathological changes were detected during examination of the spleen; therefore, a biopsy was not performed.

2.4 GINOROGENITAL SYSTEM

.4.1 KIDNEYS

Examined by palpation and percussion.

On internal (rectal) examination, the left kidney extends from the last rib to the transverse processes of the 3rd-4th lumbar vertebrae. She is mobile, we could grab her with our fingers, palpate her, and in her mesentery we were able to palpate renal artery. The right kidney is located in the region of the transverse processes of the 2nd-3rd lumbar vertebrae on the right. The surface of the kidneys is smooth and painless to the touch. The left kidney is slightly displaced in the cranial direction, right kidney motionless.

During tapping, no pain was detected in the kidney area.

Test with indigo carmine. The paint began to ooze out after 10 minutes.

Zimnitsky test. The animal's total diuresis in relation to the water drunk is 22%. The chloride content in urine is 0.41%.

2.4.2 BLADDER

During rectal examination, the bladder is palpably located on the pubic bones, its bottom hangs into the abdominal cavity, pear-shaped, medium-filled, painless. Upon cystoscopy, the mucous membrane of the bladder is pink with a yellowish tint. It is slightly shiny, smooth with tree-like branched vessels.

2.4.3 ACT OF URINATION (frequency, posture, pain, type of urine)

The posture during urination is natural, characteristic of this animal, the frequency of urination is 7-8 times a day. The act of urination is painless and free. The presence of mucus, blood, pus and other impurities in the urine: no impurities were detected. The color is light yellow. The smell is weak, specific, musty, transparent.

2.5 NERVOUS SYSTEM

.5.1 GENERAL CONDITION (depression, agitation)

According to the owner of the animal, the horse showed the following clinical signs: depressed state, fatigue. He reacts poorly to the owner's response. When a stranger or a yard dog approaches an animal, the reaction is calm.

2.5.2 SKULL AND SPINAL COLUMN (shape, pain, condition of bones)

During external examination of protrusion, neoplasm and traumatic injuries no skulls, distortions spinal column are missing. On palpation, the shape of the bones is not changed, the bones are symmetrical, there are no curvatures, painless, the scalp is warm, the integrity of the bones is not impaired, there is no softening; there is no pain, fractures, displacement or deformation of the vertebrae, the skin in the spinal column is warm, sensitivity is preserved. Upon percussion, tumors, coenurous and echinococcal blisters, cerebral hemorrhages, and hydrocele of the cerebral ventricles were not detected; mechanical excitability of the muscles in the spinal column is preserved, there is no pain.

2.5.3 SENSE ORGANS (vision, hearing, taste, smell)

State of vision: vision preserved. Eyelid position - eyes open; violations of the integrity of the eyelids were not detected, painless. The palpebral fissure is not narrowed; the cornea is transparent, smooth, there are no wounds, ulcers or hemorrhages; the surface of the iris is smooth, the pattern is preserved; the pupil is round in shape.

Hearing is preserved: the animal responds well to familiar sounds. The integrity of the auricles is preserved, the ear canal is clean, painless, and there is no foreign content.

State of smell: sense of smell is preserved. Blindfolded, the animal sniffs and reaches for its favorite food; when cotton wool with ammonia solution is brought to the nostrils, the animal quickly turns away.

The taste is preserved, the reaction to taste stimuli is not impaired: when salt, mustard, lemon juice is applied to the tongue, the secretion of saliva increases, the animal shakes its head, sticks out its tongue, and chews with reluctance when given its favorite food.

general and local sensitivity (pain and tactile, deep):superficial sensitivity of the skin and mucous membranes: tactile sensitivity in the studied animal is preserved: with light touches in the withers area, contraction of the skin is observed.

Pain sensitivity preserved: at an imperceptible prick of the skin with the tip of a needle, the animal looks around and moves away. Tactile sensitivity is preserved: upon an imperceptible light touch to the hair in the area of the withers, abdomen and auricle, the animal's subcutaneous muscles contract, it turns its head and moves its ears. Temperature sensitivity is preserved: the animal reacts to touching the skin with warm and cold objects by contracting the subcutaneous muscles and turning its head towards the irritant. Deep sensitivity is preserved: when moving the thoracic limb forward, the animal strives to return it to its original position.

reflexes - superficial and deep (describe them):skin reflexes are preserved: withers reflex - contraction of the subcutaneous muscle in response to a light touch on the skin in the withers area, abdominal reflex - when touching abdominal wall in different places - strong contraction of the abdominal muscles, tail reflex - pressing the tail to the perineum in response to touching the skin of the tail from the inner surface, anal reflex - when touching the skin of the anus - contraction of the external sphincter, corolla reflex - raising the limb when pressing on corolla of the hoof, reflex of the coffin bone - when pressing on the hoof, the muscles of the forearm contract, ear reflex - when the skin of the external auditory canal is irritated, the animal turns its head and moves its ears.

Deep reflexes are preserved: knee reflex - with a light blow to the straight ligaments with a hammer kneecap- extension of the limb in the knee joint, Achilles reflex - after flexion of the joints below the hock and a blow to the Achilles tendon, weak extension of the hock joint is observed.

2.5.4 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Autonomic nervous system. Using the reflex method, you can establish the state of vegetative nervous system.

Danini-Aschner oculo-cardiac reflex. After performing this reflex, the animal observed a decrease in the number of heart contractions after pressure on the eyeballs by no more than 1/4 compared to the initial number. Zakharyin-Ged zones were identified in the chest area - along the maklok line - 17th; along the line of the ischial tuberosity - the 14th and along the line of the shoulder joint - the 10th last intercostal space in which the lung is percussed.

Roget's ear-cardiac reflex: after twisting the animal's ear, the heartbeat increased greatly.

2.5.5 MOTION ORGANS

Muscle tone: moderately active, muscle motor ability is not changed, we do not observe any disorders in the coordination of movements in the animal.

2.6 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF MINERAL METABOLISM

Condition of the last caudal vertebrae, ribs, hooves and horny processes.

The tail is straight. The rudiments of the vertebral arches are well expressed on the first vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae are not deformed. The horse has 18 pairs of ribs, the angles of the ribs are well defined. No damage was found. The hooves have the appearance of a durable, hard, horny shoe, without pathological changes.

3. LABORATORY STUDIES

.1 BLOOD TEST

RESEARCH INDICATORS AND RESULTS May 1, 2014 May 8, 2014a) Physical properties ESR, mm/hour 40-708058 Hematocrit, % 32-462842 Blood viscosity 7-988 Blood density, kg/l 1.045-1.0551.0511.050b) Biochemical composition Hemog lobin, g/l80-14075110 Total protein , g/l65-787572Total calcium, mmol/l2.5-3.52,742.79Inorganic phosphorus, mmol/l1.36-1.781.481.51Alkaline reserve, vol.% CO250-655555Carotene, mmol/l0.2-1.751513b) Morphological compositionRed blood cells, 1012/l6.0-9.07.57.0Leukocytes, 10%7.0-12.014.09.0Leukogram and leukocyte profileDate of studyBENEUTROPHILILMonMUPSLeukogram (%)May 1, 2014120034546May 38, 20141200345463Leukoprofile ( absolute number) May 1, 20141402800042063006440420 May 8, 20141402800042063006440420

3.2 URINE ANALYSIS

RESEARCH DATE INDICATORS AND RESULT May 1, 2014 May 8, 2014a) Physical properties Quantity, ml 150150 Color yellow Yellow Odor specific Specific Transparency The surface of the urine is covered with a thin lime film The surface of the urine is covered with a thin lime film Consistency mucous Mucous Specific gravity 1.0351 ,038b) Chemical propertiesneutralWeakly alkalineQualitative test for proteinpositiveNegativeQualitative test for proteasesnegativenegativeQualitative test for sugarnegativenegativeQualitative test for ketone bodiesnegativenegativeQualitative test for indicanegativenegativeQualitative test for blood pigmentsnegativenegative) Urine sedimentOrganized sedimentnegativenegativeUnorganized sedimentnegativenegative

3.3 FECAL EXAMINATION

RESEARCH DATE INDICATORS AND RESULT May 1, 2014 May 8, 2014a) Physical properties Quantity 150150 Shape In the form of an oblong-oval skibala In the form of an oblong-oval skibala Consistency dense dense Color Green-brown green Odor Specific specific Digestibility good good Impurities (physiological and pathological) straws are absent b) Chemical analysis neutral neutral Presence of: blood positive negative bilirubin negative negative fat negative negative starch negative negative) Microscopic examination Mucus and cellular epithelium negative negative Larvae and eggs of helminths negative negative

3.4 STUDY OF GASTRIC JUICE

INDICATORS OF RESEARCH DATE AND RESULT May 1, 2014 May 8, 2014a) Physical properties Quantity 100 ml 100 ml Color brown Green Odor sour Sourish-spicy Transparency transparent transparent Specific gravity mucus mucus b) Chemical analysis рН 7.07.2 Total acidity, units. titre45 Free HCI, units. titer64Bound HCI, units. titer85BloodnegativenegativeBilenegativenegative

4. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH METHODS

X-ray, electrocardiographic, chemical-toxicological, bacteriological, etc.

Hematological studies reveal neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left to young forms of neutrophils, lymphopenia, accelerated ESR. In the nasal discharge and tracheal mucus, fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and microbial bodies are found in the exudate.

X-ray examination reveals extensive intense foci of shading in the cranial, ventral and central areas of the pulmonary field. The intensity of shading is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization.

Electrocardiography was not performed.

CONCLUSION ON THE RESULTS OF CLINICAL, LABORATORY AND OTHER STUDIES

Based on the clinical, laboratory and additional research it is necessary to justify the diagnosis of the disease.

Results of a urine test for physical and chemical properties showed that a small amount of protein was found in the urine (nitric acid test). In this regard, we can assume that there is a slight intoxication and inflammatory process in the body. A small amount of urobilin bodies was found in the urine, which is considered a physiological norm. In organized urine sediments, single erythrocytes and leukocytes were found; also in unorganized urine sediments, small amounts of urate, single cylindroids and large amounts of crystals were found uric acid.

In the blood, based on the analysis, leukocytosis was detected, an increase in the level of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood.

According to the study of feces and gastric contents, it was found that no pathological changes were detected. At microscopic examination In the sediment of the gastric contents, single leukocytes and epithelial cells were found in the field of view of the microscope, which is the physiological norm.

Helminths and helminth eggs could not be detected when examined by the washing method, as well as by the Fulleborn method.

When making a diagnosis, we took into account general state sick animal, the nature of the onset of the disease (suddenness); the rise and type of temperature curve, the presence of cough, the type of sputum (rusty tint), changes in the lungs, determined by physical research methods. Symptoms such as dull tympanic sound on percussion, bronchial breathing, crepitus, ringing moist rales are reliable signs for diagnosis. X-ray examination lungs facilitated the diagnosis of lobar pneumonia. When diagnosing, laboratory data (blood, urine, etc.) were also taken into account.

Date TPD Course of the disease Therapy, diet, housing regimen, etc. May 1, 201438.56222 General depression increases rapidly, appetite is lost, breathing becomes sharply rapid and intense, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes appear. The horse should be immediately isolated in a separate, well-ventilated room. The diet should consist of easily digestible foods, rich in vitamins, and low in volume. Improve the composition of feed rations. Enter mineral supplements, vitamins. First, it is recommended to carry out bloodletting (in horses up to 2-3 liters). At this stage, intravenous administration of a 10% solution of calcium chloride or gluconate in usual doses. With progressive intoxication of the body, it is administered intravenously hypertonic solutions glucose with ascorbic acid, sodium chloride or hexamethylene tetramine in therapeutic doses. Rp.: Sol.Glucosi 40% - 30 ml. D.S. Intravenously. Horses for one administration. May 2, 2014 38.26021 In the first days of the disease, dry painful cough, which subsequently becomes less painful, dull and moist. Percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution in areas of lung damage reveals a tympanic or tympanic-tinged sound. In summer, in good calm weather, patients are kept under shady canopies or in the shade of trees. Green grass, vitamin hay, and fodder carrots are introduced into the diet of herbivores. Drinking water is not limited. As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of 10% aqueous solution Once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 3, 201438,25318 Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected. In the first 3-4 days of illness, pathogenetic therapy agents are prescribed in parallel with antibacterial drugs : unilateral blockade of the lower cervical sympathetic nodes (alternately every other day on the right and left sides), rubbing the chest walls with turpentine or 5% mustard alcohol, calves and small animals using jars on the lateral surfaces of the chest wall. Antiallergic drugs include daily intravenous injections of sodium thiosulfate for 5-6 days in a row at the rate of 300-400 ml of a 30% aqueous solution per injection, 10% calcium chloride 100-150 ml per injection to an adult horse or cow. For this purpose, you can also use suprastin or pipolfen orally, 1.5-2 g per adult horse. As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 4, 2014384917 During percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, a tympanic or tympanic sound is detected in the areas of lung damage. Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected. As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. If these antibiotics do not provide an effect, it is advisable to use other antibiotics in maximum therapeutic doses (preliminary laboratory testing determines the most active antibacterial drug based on the sensitivity of the pulmonary microflora to it). Norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, etazol or similar dosages of sulfonamide drugs are given orally with food 3-4 times a day for 7-10 days in a row at an average rate of 0.02-0.03 g/kg of distilled water. Rp.: Norsulfasoli 10.0 Ammonii chloridi 5.0 Natrii hydrocarbonatis Natrii chloridi aa 30.0 M. f. pulvis D. t. d. N 24 D.S. Inside no 1 powder 3 times a day for 8 days in a row. May 5, 201437.94715 During percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, a duller tympanic or with a tympanic tinge sound is detected in the areas of lung damage. During auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, less severe vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected. As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 6, 201437,94713As the exudate resolves and the animal recovers, the dull percussion sound is replaced by a dull, then tympanic and normal pulmonary sound. Iovarsenol, mnarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed as antibacterial therapy from the first hours of illness . Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 7, 201437.84011 The horse’s condition is good, the cough has disappeared, the temperature has subsided. During percussion, the percussion sound is replaced by a dull, then tympanic and normal pulmonary sound. Iovarsenol, mnarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed as antibacterial therapy from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 8, 201437.73510 For prevention, hypothermia of animals should be prevented, especially after being in warm and stuffy rooms or during transportation. Hot animals should not be given cold water or left in a cold wind or draft. It is necessary to comply with the terms and rules for mechanical cleaning and disinfection of premises, and promptly sanitize stalls and boxes. Great importance is attached to hardening the body, especially young animals, by gradually accustoming them to fluctuations in external air temperature. To accelerate the resorption of exudate in the dissolution stage in the complex medicinal products expectorants and diuretics, autohemotherapy, diathermy, ultra-high-frequency therapy, warm wrapping of the chest, heating the chest with incandescent lamps and other means are used. Rp.:Inf. rad. Ipecacuanhae ex 2.0 300.0 Liquoris Ammonii anisati 10.0 Natrii iodati 30.0 M. D. S. Half a glass inside in the morning and evening.

TEMPERATURE, PULSE AND RESPIRATION GRAPH

T; P; D.

TPDD A T A1.05.14.2.05.14.3.05.14.4.05.14.5.05.14.6.05.14.7.05.14.8.05.14.417050406040395030384020373010

ANALYSIS OF LITERARY DATA

horse diagnosis pneumonia treatment

A definition of the disease is given, and the causes, pathogenesis, pathological changes, symptoms, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, course, prognosis, treatment and prevention of the observed disease.

Croupous pneumonia (Pneumonia crouposa) )- acute febrile disease, which is characterized by fibrinous inflammation of the lungs of the lobar type. Mostly horses are affected, less often sheep and young cattle. Among animals of other species, lobar pneumonia is rarely recorded. In specialized farms for raising heifers and fattening calves, in recent years a significant increase in the incidence of serous-fibrinous and fibrinous pneumonia in calves 1-3 months of age has been recorded.

Etiology.In the occurrence of lobar pneumonia, the primary role is given to two factors: pathogenic microflora and the allergic state of the body. Lobar pneumonia can be caused by virulent strains of pneumococci and diplococci. When examining nasal discharge, tracheal contents and material from pneumonic areas of the lungs, staphylococci, streptococci, pasteurella and other microbes are isolated. However, the listed types of microbes are sometimes isolated from healthy animals.

Most researchers associate the occurrence of lobar pneumonia with an increase in allergic reaction organism caused by a strong stimulus - stressor. For example, such a condition can develop after sudden hypothermia of a horse that is hot after a competition, driving sheep in hot weather through cold mountain rivers, quick translation cattle from a warm, stuffy room to a cold and damp one. Lobar pneumonia can occur after inhaling hot smoke or highly irritating gases.

SymptomsIn most cases, lobar pneumonia is acute. The disease occurs suddenly, without the appearance of general nonspecific symptoms. Among horses, this often occurs during work or training. In sick animals, general depression quickly increases, appetite is lost, breathing becomes sharply rapid and intense, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes appear. Temperature of a constant type: from the first day of illness with a typical staged development and until the stage of resolution, it remains at high level Regardless of the time of day, the horse’s temperature is usually within 41-42°. The pulse is increased against the norm by 10-20 per minute. The heartbeat is pounding, the second heart sound is increased.

Symptoms of the lesion respiratory system are caused by the consistent development of the inflammatory process in the lungs. In the first days of the disease, a dry, painful cough is noted, which later becomes less painful, dull and wet. The stage of red hepatization is characterized by one or two-sided outflow of brown or reddish-brown hemorrhagic fibrinous exudate from the nasal openings. Percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution in places of lung damage reveals a tympanic or tympanic sound, and in the stage of hepatization there are areas of dullness or dullness with a border that is arcuately convex upward and located in the upper third of the pulmonary field. As the exudate resolves and the animal recovers, the dull percussion sound is replaced by a dull, then tympanic and normal pulmonary sound. Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected. In the stages of red and gray hepatization, dry rales, bronchial breathing are listened to, or the absence of respiratory sounds in the areas of hepatization is detected. If the course of the disease is favorable, which happens in typical cases and when medical assistance is provided in a timely manner, the resolution stage usually occurs on the 8-10th day from the onset of the disease. If vigorous treatment with antibacterial drugs is carried out from the first day of illness, the development of the inflammatory process may stop at the stage of hyperemia or red hepatization.

In the atypical course of the disease, which most often occurs in cattle, sheep, weakened and emaciated animals, the clinical symptoms are very diverse. The duration of the illness can vary: from several days to several weeks. Fever can become remitting; after apparent recovery, relapses of the disease are often recorded in the animal.

Diagnosisdiagnosed based on history and clinical symptoms. Hematological studies reveal neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left to young forms of neutrophils, lymphopenia, accelerated ESR. In the nasal discharge and tracheal mucus, fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and microbial bodies are found in the exudate. X-ray examination reveals extensive intense foci of shading in the cranial, ventral and central areas of the pulmonary field. The intensity of shading is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization. In differential diagnosis, acute infectious diseases accompanied by symptoms of lung damage are excluded: contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, pleuropneumonia and rhinotracheitis of cattle, infectious pneumonia of sheep and goats, pasteurellosis, swine flu, etc. For this purpose, an analysis of the epizootic situation and a complex of special laboratory tests are carried out. diagnostic studies, including isolation and identification of microbial pathogens.

When excluding lobular pneumonia, it should be remembered that, unlike lobar pneumonia, they occur with less severe symptoms lung lesions and do not have stages of disease development. Pleurisy, pneumothorax and hydrothorax are excluded based on the results of percussion, auscultation and thermometry. IN necessary cases An X-ray examination or a diagnostic puncture of the pleural cavity (thoracentesis) is performed. Forecastcautious, with delayed provision of medical care, often favorable. Preventionis aimed at strengthening the body's resistance, compliance with maintenance technology and proper use of sports and working animals. Hypothermia of animals should be prevented, especially after being in warm and stuffy rooms or during transportation. Hot animals should not be given cold water or left in a cold wind or draft. It is necessary to comply with the terms and rules for mechanical cleaning and disinfection of premises, and promptly sanitize stalls and boxes. Great importance is attached to hardening the body, especially young animals, by gradually accustoming them to fluctuations in external air temperature.

EPICRISIS (CONCLUSION ON THE ILLNESS HISTORY)

Substantiate the final diagnosis, describe the features of the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and course of the disease, analyze the treatment provided and give recommendations for further care, feeding and prevention of the disease.

Lobar pneumonia- a disease characterized by acute lobar (fibrinous) inflammation, involving entire lobes of the lung, with pronounced allergy symptoms and typical changes in the stages of the fibrinous process. The disease is diagnosed mainly in horses, less often in cattle and sheep, and very rarely in other animal species.

Etiology.Lobar pneumonia is a disease of allergic origin that occurs in a previously sensitized organism or sensitized lung tissue.

Allergens are microorganisms of the respiratory tract, and hypothermia, trauma, microorganisms both involved in sensitization and not involved in it, as well as numerous stress factors can act as resolving factors.

Symptoms and course. Clinical manifestation Lobar pneumonia occurs in 3 stages: hyperemia, hepatization and resolution.

The onset of the disease is characterized by depression, a rise in temperature to 41-42 0C, and persistent fever. The temperature reaction lasts 6-8 days until the end of the hepatization stage. The mucous membranes are icteric, sometimes lemon-yellow.

During percussion in the 1st stage, a tympanic sound is established in the affected lobe, which in the stage of hepatization becomes dull and dull, while the upper border of the dullness is always arched upward. In the resolution stage, the percussion sound again acquires a tympanic connotation and gradually turns into tympanic.

On auscultation, crepitating rales are detected at the stage of hyperemia. With the development of the stage of hepatization, wheezing and vesicular respiration disappear, and bronchial breathing appears. During the resolution stage, moist rales are heard, which muffle bronchial breathing. Then the sonority of wheezing gradually decreases, bronchial breathing weakens, and then turns into normal vesicular noise.

A characteristic symptom of lobar pneumonia is the appearance of saffron-yellow or rusty-brown nasal discharge during the hepatization stage. For the initial stage of lobar pneumonia, a discrepancy between increased heart rate and increased body temperature is also typical; if the pulse increases by 10-15 beats, then the temperature is increased by 3-4 0C. Subsequently, there is a significant increase in heart rate, its weakness and arrhythmia, and cardiovascular failure develops.

Leukocytosis is detected in the blood, neutrophilia, aeosinophilia, erythropenia are detected in the leukogram, ESR is accelerated. The course of the disease in typical cases is acute and lasts 8-14 days.

Diagnosisdiagnosed on the basis of anamnestic data and typical clinical symptoms.

Differential diagnosis.Differential diagnosis excludes bronchopneumonia, pleurisy, acute infectious diseases, accompanied by pneumonia (contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, pneumonia and pasteurellosis in cattle, swine fever, etc.

Treatment. Sick animals should be immediately isolated in a separate, well-ventilated room. The diet should consist of easily digestible food, rich in vitamins, and low in bulk.

Treatment must be comprehensive, taking into account the stage of the process.

At the hepatization stage, inhalation of hot water vapor with the addition of soda, tar or turpentine is carried out.

An obligatory component of complex therapy is the use of antibacterial agents, mainly antibiotics and sulfonamides. The use of novocaine blockades (see Bronchopneumonia), stimulating therapy, and cardiac medications is indicated.

During the resolution stage, expectorants and diuretics are prescribed.

Among the methods of physiotherapy, the use of infrared irradiation and air ionization has been tested.

Prevention.It is necessary to observe the regime of operation and feeding of animals, which is aimed at increasing the body's resistance.

Bibliography

1. Anokhin B.M., Danilevsky V.M., Zamarin L.G. and others. Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals / Ed. V.M. Danilevsky. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991. - 575 p.: ill.

Vasiliev M.F., Voronin E.S., Dugin G.L. et al. Workshop on the clinical diagnosis of animal diseases / Ed. acad. E.S. Voronina, - M.: KolosS, 2003, - 269 pp.: ill.

Internal diseases of animals / Ed. ed. G.G. Shcherbakova, A.V. Korobova. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2002. - 736 p.

Internal non-contagious animal diseases / Ed. prof. A.M. Kolesova. - Leningrad: Kolos, 1972. - 544 p., ill.

Kondrakhin I.P., Talanov G.A., Pak V.V. Internal non-communicable diseases of animals. - M.: KolosS, 2003 - 461 p., ill.

Lebedev M.I., Zelenevsky N.V. Workshop on the anatomy of farm animals. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - St. Petersburg: Agropromizdat, 1995. - 400 pp., ill.

Handbook of veterinary medicine. Comp. G.S. Kuznetsov, A.I. Protasov. - Leningrad: Kolos, 1968. - 768 p.

Usha B.V., Belyakov I.M., Pushkarev R.P. Clinical diagnosis of internal non-contagious animal diseases. - M.: KolosS, 2003, - 487 p.: ill.

Sharabrin I.G., Alikaev V.A., Zamarin L.G. and others. Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals / Ed. I. G. Sharabrina. - 6th ed., rev. and additional - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985. - 527 p., ill.

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Lobar pneumonia (pneumoniacruposa)– a disease characterized by acute lobar (fibrinous) inflammation, involving entire lobes of the lung, with pronounced allergy symptoms and typical changes in the stages of the fibrinous process. The disease is diagnosed mainly in horses, less often in cattle and sheep, and very rarely in other animal species.

Etiology . Lobar pneumonia is a disease of allergic origin that occurs in a previously sensitized organism or sensitized lung tissue.

Symptoms and course. The clinical manifestation of lobar pneumonia occurs in 3 stages: hyperemia, hepatization and resolution.

During percussion in the 1st stage, a tympanic sound is established in the affected lobe, which in the stage of hepatization becomes dull and dull, while the upper border of the dullness is always arched upward. During the resolution stage, the percussion sound again acquires a tympanic connotation and gradually turns into atympanic.

On auscultation, crepitating rales are detected at the stage of hyperemia. With the development of the hepatization stage, wheezing and vesicular breathing disappear, and bronchial breathing appears. During the resolution stage, moist rales are heard, which muffle bronchial breathing. Then the sonority of wheezing gradually decreases, bronchial breathing weakens, and then turns into normal vesicular noise.

Leukocytosis is detected in the blood, neutrophilia, aneosinophilia, erythropenia are detected in the leukogram, ESR is accelerated.

The course of the disease in typical cases is acute and lasts 8-14 days.

Diagnosis diagnosed on the basis of anamnestic data and typical clinical symptoms.

Differential diagnosis. In the differential diagnosis, bronchopneumonia, pleurisy, acute infectious diseases accompanied by pneumonia (contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, peripneumonia and pasteurellosis in cattle, swine fever, etc.) are excluded.

Treatment . Sick animals should be immediately isolated in a separate, well-ventilated room. The diet should consist of easily digestible foods, rich in vitamins, and low in volume.

Treatment must be comprehensive, taking into account the stage of the process. In the 1st stage, it is recommended to carry out bloodletting (in horses up to 2-3 liters). At this stage, intravenous administration of a 10% solution of calcium chloride or gluconate in usual doses is indicated, intravenous administration of a 10-20% solution of sodium hyposulfite in a dose of 200-300 ml for horses and cattle, diphenhydramine is injected subcutaneously in doses of 0.1-0 for horses. 5 g, cattle 0.3-0.6 g, dogs 0.02-0.04 g, pipolfen orally at a dose of 0.503 mg/kg body weight.

At the hepatization stage, inhalation of hot water vapor with the addition of soda, tar or turpentine is carried out.

During the resolution stage, expectorants and diuretics are prescribed.

Among the methods of physiotherapy, the use of infrared irradiation and air ionization has been tested.

Prevention. It is necessary to observe the regime of operation and feeding of animals, which is aimed at increasing the body's resistance.