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Symptoms of the disease - disorders of mineral metabolism

A decrease in sodium concentration in the blood plasma below 130 meq/l (hyponatremia), an increase above 142 meq/l (hypernatremia) accompanies many serious diseases and can be observed against a background of normal (about 60 meq/g), decreased or increased general content sodium in the body depending on the concomitant change in the volume of extracellular space.

The development of hyponatremia occurs only after depletion of sodium reserves stored in the body in the form of an easily soluble complex with proteins of various tissues and bone oxyapatite crystals.

Hyponatremia occurs as a result of a negative sodium balance when chronic nephritis, kidney failure, poor functioning of the adrenal glands, dehydration with loss of electrolytes due to diarrhea, vomiting, intense sweating, diabetes mellitus, especially during coma, long-term use drugs that increase sodium excretion in urine when introduced into the body large quantities hypotonic solutions and long-term salt-free diet.

Symptoms of hyponatremia are manifested by disorders of the central nervous system: apathy, physical inactivity, hypotension, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, possible development psychosis. As a result of a decrease in basal vascular tone, blood pressure decreases and tachycardia develops. IN severe cases the excretory function of the kidneys is impaired. With progressive heart failure, hyponatremia can be a serious symptom of deep metabolic disorders in cells, their loss of osmotically active substances and penetration of Na into cells. To compensate for hyponatremia, the most complex defensive reaction body.

Hypernatremia develops as tissues become saturated with sodium. It occurs as a result of prolonged excess consumption table salt(especially if sodium excretion from the body is impaired) or if the body loses a large amount of fluid with a low salt concentration, as well as with heart failure.

With an increased concentration of sodium in the blood, the osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus and great vessels are excited and reflex compensatory mechanisms are activated: the thirst center is activated and the secretion of vasopressin is stimulated. These mechanisms create conditions for normalizing sodium concentration and eliminating hypernatremia.

If compensation mechanisms are insufficient, hypernatremia causes severe changes in the body associated with increased cell excitability, which is manifested by tachycardia, increased blood pressure; hyperreflexia, convulsions develop, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. An increase in sodium content in the blood, no matter what causes it, is one of the leading factors in the pathogenesis of edema in kidney diseases, heart failure, liver cirrhosis and some other problems of the body.

For acute renal failure, which develops with infectious-toxic damage to the kidneys, the concentration of sodium in the blood increases significantly, and the potassium content decreases, which can aggravate the severity of seizures. Hypernatremia is often accompanied by hypokalemia, which exacerbates the increased excitability of cell membranes. There is an opinion that sodium contributes to the development of hypertension.

Disturbance of mineral metabolism - disturbance of chlorine metabolism in the body

Disturbances in sodium metabolism are almost always accompanied by changes in chlorine metabolism. However, such synchrony is not observed during shift acid-base balance: a decrease in the amount of chlorine in relation to sodium indicates metabolic alkalosis, and an increase indicates metabolic acidosis or respiratory alkalosis. The transition of chlorine from tissues to the blood and an increase in its excretion from the body are caused by changes in the concentration of free carbon dioxide. Disorders of chloride metabolism can also be expressed in their redistribution between the blood and other tissues and the loss of the kidneys’ ability to concentrate chlorine when excreting it in the urine. This type of disorder occurs in diabetes insipidus.

Hypochloremia develops with abundant and frequent vomiting, with diarrhea as a result of dehydration of the body with a significant loss of mineral salts. Severe hypochloremia is observed with pyloric stenosis and intestinal obstruction. Hypochloremia can be observed with acidosis, the development of edema and the formation of exudates with the redistribution of chlorides between the blood and tissue fluids. Infectious diseases, toxicosis, pneumonia, postoperative conditions, colitis can lead to hypochloremia, not accompanied by severe edema.

Hyperchloremia is divided into absolute, which develops when the excretory function of the kidneys is impaired, and relative, associated with dehydration and blood thickening. The release of chlorine into tissues after infectious diseases, pneumonia, and the like can be accompanied by hyperchloremia. Hyperchloremia can also be caused by increased intake of table salt from food.

Violation of potassium metabolism in the body

A disturbance in potassium metabolism manifests itself in the form of hypo- and hyperkalemia: a decrease in the concentration of potassium in the blood plasma below 3.5 meq/l or an increase above 5.6 meq/l, respectively. A decrease in blood potassium concentration below 2 mEq/L is life-threatening. Hypokalemia develops as a result of partial or complete fasting or consumption of food with insufficient potassium content, as well as low consumption of bread, vegetables, and fruits, which are the main sources of potassium for the body.

Hypokalemia occurs with the loss of fluid containing large amounts of potassium (diarrhea, uncontrollable vomiting, intense sweating), increased excretion of potassium in the urine as a result of excessive introduction of table salt into the body, with osmotic diuresis and some other conditions of the body. The phenomena of potassium deficiency appear only after the loss of 10–30% of its total amount in the body.

Hypokalemia, which develops as a result of insufficient intake or increased excretion of potassium, is compensated for a long time by the transition of potassium from cells to the blood. A decrease in the potassium content in cells leads to a disruption of their excitability, which manifests itself muscle weakness(up to transient paralysis), decreased motor skills gastrointestinal tract, decreased vascular tone, impaired heart rate. With a long-term decrease in potassium content in cells, intracellular acidosis develops. From the central nervous system, asthenia, drowsiness, and stupor are observed.

Most dangerous violation mineral metabolism is hyperkalemia, which can lead to so-called potassium intoxication, manifested in a distortion of the contractility of striated and cardiac muscles, bradycardia and arrhythmia. Hyperkalemia occurs as a result of insufficiency of excretory function of the kidneys (with daily diuresis below 500 ml), a decrease in potassium concentration with decreased function of the adrenal cortex, excessive intake of potassium from cells during toxemia, acidosis, hypoxia, shock, increased breakdown of glycogen and protein.

Introducing large amounts of potassium with food does not lead to hyperkalemia, since a regulatory mechanism is activated in the body that prevents potassium from accumulating in cells or tissues. Hyperkalemic intoxication manifests itself when the concentration of potassium in the blood increases to 6.5 - 7.0 meq/l, which is expressed in characteristic changes in heart rhythm. Potassium concentrations of 8–10 mEq/L are life-threatening due to the development of intraventricular block and the likelihood of ventricular fibrillation; 13 mEq/L is an unconditionally lethal concentration of potassium, causing severe hypotension and cardiac arrest.

Disorders of calcium metabolism in the body

The cause of hypocalcemia (calcium concentration in the blood is less than 4.5 mEq/l) may be a decrease in the function of the parathyroid glands, impaired absorption of calcium in small intestine if there is a deficiency in the body of the active form of vitamin D, an excess of acids in food (oxalic or phytic) that form insoluble salts with calcium, the intake of large amounts of calcium into bone tissue in the treatment of rickets, the formation of complex calcium compounds, for example, with massive transfusion of citrated blood.

Hypocalcemia can be acute or chronic. In acute hypocalcemia, seizures develop as a result of increased neuromuscular excitability. Chronic hypocalcemia is characterized by trophic lesions in the form of cataracts, disturbances in the development of skin, hair, nails and teeth. Signs of calcium deficiency are enhanced by the administration of phosphates and weakened by the administration of calcium.

Hypocalcemia may also occur with acute pancreatitis and often reflects the dynamics of this disease. With a favorable outcome (approximately 12–13 days after the onset of the disease), the concentration of calcium in the blood normalizes. Therefore, hypocalcemia in pancreatitis is regarded as an unfavorable prognostic sign.

Hypercalcemia develops as a result of hyperfunction parathyroid glands, accompanied simultaneously by hypophosphatemia, increased excretion of phosphorus in the urine, a negative balance of calcium and phosphorus, predominant excretion of calcium in the urine (compared to feces), osteoporosis and calcium deposition in soft tissues; with an overdose of vitamin D (in this case, the concentration of phosphorus in the blood increases) or parenteral administration of an excess amount of calcium salts into the body. Excess calcium ions in the blood suppresses neuromuscular excitability, reduces the tone of smooth muscles, weakens gastric motility, increases the tone of the heart muscle, and enhances the action of the sympathetic nervous system.

Violation of phosphorus metabolism in the body

Shifts in phosphorus-calcium metabolism as a result of a primary disturbance in phosphate metabolism occur, for example, when there is an excess in food of substances that form insoluble compounds with phosphates (beryllium, aluminum, iron and others).

The content of inorganic phosphates in the blood plasma of healthy people is 3.96 mg%, and in old age it decreases slightly to 3.47 mg%. In nephritis and nephrosis, hyperphosphatemia is one of the unfavorable prognostic signs. An increase in the content of phosphates in the blood is observed during toxicosis of pregnant women. Hyperphosphatemia is accompanied by the healing period of bone fractures, which is a favorable sign. With an overdose of vitamin D or excessive UV irradiation, hyperphosphatemia occurs simultaneously with hypercalcemia. Intense muscular work is accompanied by the breakdown of organic phosphorus compounds, which also leads to an increase in the concentration of inorganic phosphates in the blood.

Hypophosphatemia is observed in rickets. The phosphate content in the blood can decrease to 0.6 mg%, which has diagnostic value. However, the appearance of hypophosphatemia does not always coincide in time with the clinical picture of rickets. Hypophaosphatemia can also develop as a result of a monotonous, phosphate-poor diet and impaired absorption of phosphates in the intestine. A decrease in the content of phosphates in the blood is observed in osteomalacia with an increase in the excretion of inorganic phosphate in the urine. U healthy person per day, from 1 to 6 g of phosphorus is excreted in the urine.

Disorders of magnesium metabolism in the body

The content of magnesium ions in the blood plasma is strictly constant and in an adult is on average 1.6 – 2.9 mg%. Hypomagnesemia may be a consequence of impaired absorption of magnesium during pancreatitis and obstruction of the biliary tract, when transfusion of large amounts of liquid that does not contain magnesium. Excessive loss of magnesium in urine occurs in postoperative period, as well as for kidney diseases accompanied by piliuria. Hypomagnesemia is noted in thyrotoxicosis, hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands, renal acidosis, liver cirrhosis, epilepsy and pancreatitis. Hypomagnesemia is characteristic of chronic alcoholism.

The manifestation of hypomagnesemia in the form of convulsions, which are more severe than with hypocalcemia, occurs when the magnesium concentration decreases below 1.4 mEq/L. In less severe cases, hypomagnesemia leads to motor agitation and psychosis. With hypomagnesemia, the appearance of trophic ulcers on the skin, deterioration in the absorption of food and, in connection with this, disturbances in the growth process and a decrease in body temperature, that is, with hypomagnesemia, phenomena similar to similar manifestations of hypercalcemia are noted, but occurring with normal calcium levels in the blood. The reasons that cause the development of hypomagnesemia lead to changes in the concentration of other electrolytes, and combinations of electrolyte imbalance in the body are observed.

Hypermagnesemia is observed in kidney diseases with impaired excretory function, hypothyroidism and diabetic acidosis. An increase in magnesium content in the blood causes a sedative, in some cases, a narcotic effect, as well as depression of the respiratory center.

Disorders of iron metabolism in the body

Iron is one of the most important chemical elements for the body. It is part of respiratory pigments, including hemoglobin, participates in the process of binding and transferring oxygen to tissues, stimulates the activity of hematopoietic organs, and so on. The adult human body contains about 4–5 g of iron, of which about 70% is found in hemoglobin. Iron found in blood plasma is part of the transferrin protein that transports it, which is saturated with iron by 20–50% of the theoretically permissible value. The blood serum of men contains about 120 μg%, and in women - about 80 μg% of iron.

A person excretes 60–100 mcg of iron per day in urine. Insufficiency of iron in the blood serum (hyposideremia) is noted when there is insufficient intake of iron from food and impaired absorption in the intestines, in conditions accompanied by an increased need for iron: during pregnancy, acute and chronic blood loss, anemia, as well as in acute infectious diseases.

Hypersideremia (excess iron in the body) is observed in hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis, iron deficiency anemia, acute and chronic infections, liver cirrhosis, malignant neoplasms, jaundice.

Violation of copper metabolism in the body

Copper is an essential, biologically active microelement, part of active center many enzymes and biologically active metalloproteins. The need for copper in living organisms is strictly defined. Both insufficient and excessive intake of copper into the body leads to disruption of vital functions.

In humans, with copper deficiency, iron metabolism is disrupted (its absorption and utilization is reduced), phospholipid biosynthesis, and the formation of elastic vascular tissue, since copper is necessary for the synthesis of collagen and elastin; Pigment metabolism is disrupted (skin color and hair structure change). Copper deficiency - hypocupremia (less than 50 µg%) - is noted when infectious processes, nephritis and cirrhosis of the liver. Hepato-cerebral dystrophy is characterized by a violation of copper metabolism, since with this disease the content of the transport form of copper decreases and symptoms develop chronic poisoning copper, the amount of free copper in the blood plasma increases tens of times.

Disorders of manganese metabolism in the body

Manganese is also biologically active chemical element, which activates many enzymatic processes, it is necessary for the synthesis cartilage tissue, the formation of hemoglobin and performs a number of other functions in the body. Manganese stimulates cholesterol synthesis and fatty acids. The body of an adult contains about 20 mg of manganese; its normal content in the blood is from 4 to 20 μg%. At peptic ulcer, myocardial infarction, the level of manganese in the blood increases, and with some liver damage, the level of manganese decreases.

Violation of molybdenum metabolism in the body

With a decrease in the intake of molybdenum into the body, the activity of some oxidases decreases, as a result of which the process of biological oxidation is inhibited and the phagocytic function of leukocytes decreases. With an excess of molybdenum, the formation increases uric acid, that is, molybdenum can indirectly influence the development of gout.

Violation of cobalt metabolism in the body

Cobalt stimulates hematopoiesis, hemoglobin formation and a number of other processes. It significantly affects the course of a number of metabolic processes in the body (for example, it inhibits tissue respiration). Cobalt is necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin B12. Daily requirement in cobalt for humans has not been precisely determined, but it is estimated to be 40 - 70 mcg. 6–6.2 mcg of cobalt is excreted in the urine daily. Human diseases associated with cobalt deficiency are unknown, although there is evidence that under the influence of excess cobalt, blood clotting is disrupted - it is possible that the reason for this is a change in the structure of fibrinogen under the influence of cobalt.

Violation of zinc metabolism in the body

Zinc is a true biological element. The main thing is biological significance is to participate as a prosthetic group in the carbonic anhydrase molecule; it is also part of the insulin molecule. There is evidence that zinc has lipotropic properties, normalizing fat metabolism, increasing the rate of fat breakdown and preventing fatty infiltration of the liver. Zinc is concentrated in the liver, pancreas and gonads.

At serious illnesses liver, the zinc content in the blood decreases to 80 mcg% versus 700 - 800 mcg% normally, and its excretion in the urine increases. Zinc deficiency in the body leads to impaired excretory function of the kidneys.

Violation of iodine metabolism in the body

Iodine metabolism disorder is the main pathogenetic factor endemic goiter, as well as a number of forms of hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Insufficient iodine intake from water and food (less than 50 mcg per day) leads to disruption of the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Exogenous iodine deficiency can be aggravated by calcium, which is in water and forms insoluble and, thus, indigestible compounds with iodine. Along with exogenous deficiency, impaired absorption of iodine in the intestine can play a significant role. There are indications of a connection between the content of cobalt and iodine in food and the pathogenesis of endemic goiter. Excessive use iodine and increased sensitivity to it is the cause of so-called iodism.

It must be remembered that disturbances in mineral metabolism not only accompany a number of major pathological conditions, but can also occur when prescribed pharmacological drugs(especially hormonal) in order to relieve the main symptoms of the disease.

Metabolic disorders in old age

The aging of the body is accompanied by significant changes in mineral metabolism, which boil down to an increase or decrease in the content of individual macro- and microelements. Thus, with age, the intracellular content of potassium and magnesium decreases and the sodium content in red blood cells, myocardium, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands increases.

When aging in internal organs the concentration of trace elements - copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, molybdenum, silicon - decreases and the content of physiologically inactive and even toxic trace elements (aluminum, cadmium, lead) increases.

One of the most important changes in mineral metabolism in old age is the development of osteoporosis. Many scientists consider this process as a natural manifestation of aging, however, unfavorable factors such as physical inactivity, lack of vitamin D and calcium in the body, as well as impaired absorption, can significantly accelerate these changes, giving them a pathological character and leading to senile osteoporosis.

One of the options for normalizing metabolism is the use of biologically active food additives

Additional articles with useful information

Mechanisms for regulating the concentration of water and salts in the body

Over the course of many years of evolution, the human body has developed effective mechanisms that maintain water levels and mineral salts in the body at the proper level.

Minerals play important role in maintaining human health and beauty, and those who are not indifferent to these 2 aspects of our lives should be guided by which products contain which minerals.

0 8207 1 year ago

In an attempt to get into perfect shape, many people go on extreme diets that are designed to be extremely short term. At the same time, they prolong, and sometimes even tighten, their nutrition plans to the limit. The result is the most unpleasant thing, namely, metabolic disorders.

Types of metabolic disorders

Typically, metabolic disorders are classified only as a slowdown and subsequent weight gain. However, this is fundamentally not true. Almost any change in the speed or quality of metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fat tissues with a change in energy balance leads to metabolic disorders, which can sometimes be expressed in rather unexpected symptoms and circumstances. Let's consider the main types of impaired metabolism.

Type of metabolic disorder	Characteristics
Super slow metabolism	A classic metabolic disorder, which is characterized by a decrease in mobility and, as a consequence, a set of excess weight. Associated with quitting extreme diets
Super-accelerated metabolism	Usually the result of mass consumption of caffeinated drinks, energy drinks and fat burners, combined with poor nutrition enriched with fast carbohydrates, and intense training. In turn, the body begins to try to cope with increased stress. Characteristic- persistent diarrhea.
Metabolism strives for balance	Usually this metabolic disorder is temporary, but nevertheless the most dangerous. Characterized by lethargy and weakness. Usually occurs against the background of a sudden change.
Violation of anabolic metabolic processes	Leads to constant synthesis of protein tissues. In the absence of stimulation anabolic steroids and constant physical activity, anabolic metabolic disorders can lead to the formation of cancer cells.
Disturbance of catabolic metabolic processes	With this type, the absorption of all energy elements is disrupted, which leads to a constant increase. The result is sudden weight loss, anorexia, and exhaustion of the body. Coma, death.
Carbohydrate malabsorption	This type of metabolic disorder is characterized by constant headaches and unstable blood sugar levels. Sudden changes in energy balance. In the absence of intervention, it develops into diabetes first type.
Protein malabsorption	Associated with increased protein intake when fermentation is not possible. As a result, the appearance of harmful bactericidal elements in the intestines, dysbiosis, vitamin deficiency - gastrointestinal diseases.
Fat malabsorption	Characterized by a sharp change hormonal levels at general weakness. The reason should be sought in the functioning thyroid gland
Energy disorders	Typical for people who consume caffeine. In the absence of additional stimulation, the body cannot achieve equilibrium in energy metabolism, as a result of which short-term jumps from ultra-slow to ultra-fast metabolic processes of carbohydrate elements in the blood are possible.

Symptoms of metabolic disorders

Disturbances in metabolic processes are usually easy to identify even at the stage of problems arising. The fact is that the first symptom of a metabolic disorder is a change in the microflora of the stomach.

Therefore, if you experience gastrointestinal disorders:

It follows from this that you have already begun to experience dysfunction of metabolic processes in the body. Of course, the main symptom of metabolic disorders is the energy factor – i.e. changes in blood sugar levels that are accompanied by constant fatigue or, conversely, hyperenergy. In most cases, metabolic processes those who receive changes at the initial stage do not show themselves in any way, hiding the dysfunction, gradually increasing momentum. Additionally, the symptoms are very nonspecific and may indicate other problems in the body. It is because of this, self-treatment Metabolic disorders are impossible. This can only be done with the help of specialists.

Note: The only thing that can help in localizing a metabolic disorder is a history of the nutritional plan for last weeks. In this case, it is possible, based on the diet and the body’s reaction to it, to determine whether the current dysfunctions of the body are caused by metabolic disorders, or whether it is simply adverse reaction associated with external stress factors.

Who should I contact if I have metabolic disorders?

The fact is that metabolic disorders are complex disease, which affects:

Functioning of the gastrointestinal tract;
Functioning of the thyroid gland;
Operation hormonal system;
Functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Therefore, before trying to treat a metabolic disorder in the body, you need to carry out comprehensive diagnostics. First, you need to visit your local physician, indicating the symptoms of the disease. Next, the specialist will issue a referral for specific examinations. Next on the list will be a gastroenterologist, who will tell you whether the current dysfunctions are associated with disruption of the stomach itself (gastritis/ulcers) or are these complex changes caused by general violation metabolism. After the gastroenterologist, the next on the list is the endocrinologist, who determines the level normal functioning secretions and hormones, and, therefore, determines general level the performance of your body. Only on the basis of the joint conclusion of both doctors can we talk about the appearance of serious pathological changes in the metabolic processes of the body of a particular individual. But the most important thing is that treatment will also be carried out comprehensively:

nutritionist;
physiotherapist;
gastroenterologist;
endocrinologist

Recovery (not temporary acceleration/deceleration) is a long process that will combine:

changing your meal plan;
changing your daily routine;
changes in hormonal levels due to intake special drugs;
manual regulation of the production of secretions in the stomach (digestive enzymes);
addition physical activity;
analytical monitoring of the patient’s condition, with regular reconciliation of tests.

Prevention of metabolic disorders

Prevention of metabolic disorders in the body is a complex, multi-complex process, which is somewhat simpler than restoring impaired metabolism. Prevention complexes include:

Calculation of daily calorie intake and expenditure. Stabilization of these two indicators will align metabolic processes.
Creation of normal recovery processes. 8-hour sleep, moderate exercise, 3 meals a day.
Creating the correct balance of nutrient intake.
Avoiding caffeine-containing drinks.
Reducing external stress.

Taken together, these measures will help keep your metabolism in balance. In addition, you can use a large number of fiber, which correlates with metabolic processes in the intestines and can normalize the rate of food digestion, returning it to normal.

Conclusion

Summing up what a disturbed metabolism is, it is worth understanding that it is serious pathological change, which is usually treated by manually adjusting and adjusting all mechanisms of interaction of the body with the outside world. It should be understood that artificial acceleration of metabolism is only a temporary measure. Therefore, to restore all metabolic processes, it is necessary to contact specialists who can do the most important thing - identify the root cause of changes in the energy balance, by eliminating which the metabolic processes will return to their original course.

Metabolism in the human body consists of many processes responsible for the transformation chemical substances in nutritional, energy production, tissue renewal. Thanks to him, our blood is saturated useful elements that come with food; waste and toxins are removed from the body. If the metabolism is disturbed, then many health problems arise. What diseases are associated with bad work metabolism? Let's try to figure it out together.

Causes of metabolic disorders

Factors provoking pathology can be: hereditary pathologies, as well as diseases acquired during life. These include:

genetic disorders;
poisoning the body with toxic substances;
disruption of the nervous and endocrine systems;
accumulation heavy metals in organism;
wrong organized meals, which does not correspond to energy costs;
lack of vitamins, microelements, fatty acids, and essential amino acids;
disruption of the synthesis of enzymes, immune and transport proteins.

What diseases are associated with metabolic disorders?

Improper metabolism can lead to the development of many diseases. The main diseases can be presented in the form of groups, which we will consider in detail.

Protein metabolism disorders

These include protein deficiency nutrition - an imbalance between the formation and breakdown of proteins due to their low content in food. Intestinal diseases and deterioration of protein absorption, its loss during illness (tuberculosis, burns, infections), diets and fasting - all these factors contribute to the development of pathologies resulting from metabolic disorders. It should be noted that excess protein nutrition also negatively affects metabolic processes and leads to damage to the liver, kidneys, disruption of the nervous system, increased consumption of vitamins, rotting processes in the intestines, gout, and urolithiasis.

Fat metabolism disorders

Most known disease This group is obesity (hereditary nutritional, hormonal, neuropsychic). In addition, violations fat metabolism in the human body lead to slower growth, weight loss, dry skin, bleeding gums, and increased cholesterol levels in the blood.

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism

Diabetes mellitus is a disease endocrine system, which occurs due to a lack of insulin and is characterized by impaired carbohydrate metabolism. This disease affects both adults and children. In addition, it can develop under the influence of genetic factors.

Vitamin metabolism disorders

Vitamin deficiency is caused by poor intake of vitamins from food and imbalanced nutrition. Violations of vitamin metabolism lead to diseases of the digestive system; hypervitaminosis - excess intake of vitamins, which has a toxic effect on the body.

Mineral metabolism disorders

Shortage minerals in the body may be associated with iodine deficiency and thyroid diseases; fluoride deficiency and the development of caries; lack of calcium and the development of muscle and bone weakness. In addition, an insufficient amount of potassium in the human body leads to the development of arrhythmia, and iron deficiency leads to anemia. Excess minerals also negatively affect health, causing disturbances in the functioning of the heart and kidneys.

What is needed for proper metabolism?

To prevent diseases associated with metabolic disorders, you need to tune your body to precise work: follow a daily and nutritional regimen; not to starve; drink enough water; get enough sleep; enhance physical activity; organize a complete diet.

By observing these simple rules, you should not have problems with metabolism. Agree, it doesn’t take much effort to feel cheerful, energetic and healthy.

Take care of yourself and don't get sick!

Any mechanism functions correctly only as long as all its parts work harmoniously. As soon as one of them fails or starts to malfunction, problems arise. The same applies to the human body - the most complex machine created by nature. Metabolic disorders, which we often mention in passing, frivolously attributing any of our “illnesses” to it, actually deserve a serious, thoughtful approach.

This is a huge number of different reactions, interconnected and dependent on each other; as soon as one brick falls out, the whole building begins to collapse. Let's figure out what metabolism is and what problems we face with it.

What is it and why

Metabolism is a set of chemical processes occurring non-stop in our body. Various substances are synthesized, broken down, converted into energy, which in turn is used to ensure functioning human body and its systems.

As a result, we live, adapt to different conditions We are constantly developing. When metabolism is disrupted, individual organs begin to experience increased stress, leading to wear and tear and the development of many diseases, most of which are quite dangerous.

Disruptions in the metabolic process affect a person’s quality of life, so sooner or later he is forced to seek treatment medical assistance. But where do the legs of this unpleasant phenomenon come from? There are many reasons, most often many of them act together, aggravating the situation and making it difficult to identify the root of the problem. The most common:

Not proper nutrition. This includes an unbalanced diet, and the inability to distribute food throughout the day, overeating and periods of fasting;
smoking, alcohol abuse;
harmful working conditions (we include not only work with substances that destroy health, but also night shifts, 12-hour work, etc.);
constantly being in a state of stress;
nervous shocks;
improper sleep and wakefulness (the joke that Napoleon was so angry because he slept for 4 hours is actually not such a joke);
various diseases: diabetes mellitus, problems with the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, hormonal imbalances;
heredity.

Important! IN last years Increasingly, the cause of metabolic disorders is mindless dieting. Due to failures caused by lack of vital necessary substances, long fasting, nervous tension, which certainly occurs against the backdrop of severe restrictions, the body slows down its metabolism. This is the reason for unsatisfactory results from most diets, when the scale arrow freezes in one place and does not want to move towards the desired number.

Symptoms

When a metabolic disorder develops, the symptoms in men and women are almost always similar. The whole body suffers, but we differ not as significantly as it seems at first glance. The problem is that in most cases, before staging correct diagnosis A lot of time passes, a person can complain to doctors, even undergo treatment for any diseases or pathologies.

But, unfortunately, it is not always possible to see the full picture and understand the reasons for what is happening. Therefore, try to help yourself. If you observe something from the list, do not hesitate to direct your doctor along the intended path.

And here is the list of symptoms:

bad feeling, frequent illnesses, and not necessarily serious ones. Usually these are colds that seem to start, then disappear and come back again;
weakness, lack of desire to do anything, apathy;
depression;
weight gain, usually quite rapid;
problems with sleep (both insomnia, poor quality of sleep, and conditions when a person literally cannot lift his head from the pillow);
poor condition of hair, nails, dull skin with rashes, age spots and early wrinkles;
swelling, cellulite;
dyspnea.

If nothing is done, the condition will worsen:

joint problems appear;
bones become brittle;
organs of the cardiovascular system suffer;
diabetes mellitus develops.

If we talk about men, they may develop phenomena that are usually not typical for the stronger half of humanity. For example, they become whiny, show nervousness, constantly twitch, worry, and suffer from mood swings. Distinctive feature may become female-type obesity. Men also experience a decrease in libido, problems with erection, sperm becomes of lower quality, and the ability to conceive drops to zero.

Added to all the problems of men is that they are not inclined to go to doctors and admit their own weakness. Women care more about their health, but, as we wrote above, doctors do not always see that metabolism is to blame for what is happening. To the beautiful ladies You should be seriously concerned about cycle disorders, early menopause and any disorders associated with the reproductive system.

Metabolic disorders cause symptoms in children that are more ambiguous and serious. The thing is that a growing body has a hard time tolerating a lack of certain substances. Anemia very often develops, suffers skeletal system– up to rickets, spasms, problems with the heart and blood vessels, hypoglycemia, etc. are observed.

Treatment with folk remedies

Metabolic disorders are no joke. Therefore, treatment of the condition should be qualified specialist, and the approach should be comprehensive, involving the elimination of not only the root of the problem, but also the violations to which it led. In addition, it is necessary to restore the body’s strength, restore its health and thirst for life.

Since we cannot claim to be experts, we will not prescribe correspondence therapy to anyone, we will only focus on folk remedies, which are an integral part of the complex of emergency measures.

The treatment of metabolic disorders is perfectly complemented by an infusion of herbs that can be bought at any pharmacy. We recommend that you purchase:

chamomile;
St. John's wort;
immortelle;
knotweed
and birch buds.

If all the ingredients are not ground, use a coffee grinder. You will need to prepare a mixture from an equal amount of all ingredients, then take 10 grams and pour a glass of water, bring to a boil, cool, strain.

You should drink the resulting infusion before meals in the morning and evening, preparing a new glass each time. Treatment lasts a month, after which at least a year's break is needed.

An excellent assistant in restoring metabolism is fireweed. Take 20 grams of dry herb, pour a glass of boiling water and leave for an hour. You should drink half a glass before each meal.

Strawberry leaves are another option medicinal tea. It is prepared according to the same recipe as the previous product.

Viburnum is an excellent source of vitamins and a fighter for our health. Take a handful of berries, add a glass of boiling water, wait two hours and drink. Two weeks is usually enough to eliminate lung symptoms metabolic disorder.

Nutrition

A diet for metabolic disorders is based on the principles of proper nutrition. It is important to maintain a balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates (calculated strictly individually!), and in no case underestimate calorie content daily ration(also assumes individual approach), do not starve or overeat. Food should be taken in small portions 5-6 times a day, supplementing the main breakfast, lunch and dinner with snacks.

As features of the diet, we can mention limiting the amount of salt (you shouldn’t give it up completely, since the body also needs it), avoiding spices, especially hot seasonings. Eating for metabolic disorders involves steaming or boiling food. It is important to eat more fiber, drink enough clean water, but under no circumstances abuse it.

Sugar should be excluded, it is better to give preference to honey and natural substitutes and gradually accustom yourself to do without sweets. If all else fails, there is always fruit and dried fruit.

The diet should be supervised by a doctor. If it is built correctly and strictly followed, changes will be noticeable very quickly, especially if there is a lot of excess weight and swelling.

An important point that many people forget about when undergoing treatment is sleep. It is no less important for the body than proper nutrition. You need to sleep at least 8 hours, and not at any time of the day or night, but falling asleep strictly before 23 hours. Don't ignore and motor activity– even simple walks fresh air capable of creating a real miracle. Plus they are very nice!

– a serious problem that requires an equally serious approach. Monitor your own health and emotional background, any deviation is a signal to analyze what is happening and correct the situation in time.

Metabolism disorders manifest themselves at almost all levels of the body's biological systems - cellular, molecular and others. The most serious is considered a metabolic disorder at the cellular level, since it significantly changes the mechanisms of self-regulation and has a hereditary cause.

Metabolism is a complex chemical reactions, fully consistent with its name, because metabolism in Greek means “transformation”. A constantly functioning metabolism essentially supports life in human body, allowing it to develop and multiply, to adequately respond to the impact external environment and retain all its functions.

Metabolism involves fats, carbohydrates, proteins and other elements, each of which plays its own role in metabolism.

Irreplaceable " construction material"are proteins that became famous thanks to Engels' historical phrases about life as a form of existence of protein bodies. The statement of one of the fathers of Marxism corresponds to reality, where there are protein elements, there is life. Proteins are part of the structure of blood plasma, hemoglobin, hormones, cytoplasm, immune cells, and proteins are also responsible for water-salt balance and fermentation processes.
Carbohydrates are considered the source of the body's energy resources, with glycogen and glucose among the most important. Carbohydrates are also involved in the synthesis of amino acids and lipids.
Fats accumulate energy reserves and release energy only in combination with carbohydrates. Fats are also needed for the production of hormones, the absorption of certain vitamins, and they are involved in the construction cell membrane, ensure the preservation of nutrients.

A metabolic disorder is a change in one of the stages of metabolism - catabolism or anabolism. Catabolism or dissimilation is the process of oxidation or differentiation of complex elements to the state of simple organic molecules that can participate in the process of anabolism (assimilation) - synthesis, which is characterized by energy consumption. The metabolic process occurs throughout life according to the following stages:

Nutrients enter the human body.
Nutrients are absorbed from digestive system, are fermented and broken down, penetrating into the blood and lymphatic system.
Tissue stage – transport, redistribution, release of energy and absorption of substances.
Removing metabolic breakdown products that the body has not absorbed. Excretion occurs through the lungs, with sweat, urine and feces.