home Auditorium 8 Ammonia solution and ammonia: are they the same substance? Ammonia for nail fungus

Ammonia solution and ammonia: are they the same substance? Ammonia for nail fungus

Both ammonia and ammonia are widely used in different areas human activity. You often hear that ammonia is a solution of ammonia in water. But in reality, not everything is so simple, as any chemist will tell you. So, how does ammonia differ from ammonia, and we'll talk below.

A little bit of history

Ammonia was first obtained by the English chemist Joseph Priestley (by the way, at the same time as a priest - a strange combination, isn’t it?) in 1774. He called the gas he discovered “alkaline air,” the chemical composition of which he could not determine. This was done 11 years later, in 1785, by the French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet, also known as the inventor of “Berthollet salt” - a composition that is widely used in pyrotechnics and medicine. Why did the gas receive this name?

There are two versions on this matter, one of which is associated with the name of the ancient Egyptian god Amun, and the second with the similar-sounding oasis of Ammon in North Africa. According to the first, people who worshiped Amon during the ritual sniffed ammonia (chemical formula NH 4 Cl), which released ammonia when heated. According to the second version, in the oasis of Ammon, located at the crossroads of busy caravan routes, as a result of the constant presence of a large number of pack animals there, a huge amount of their waste products accumulated. And urea, quickly decomposing in hot climates, releases ammonia. Which of the two versions is correct is unknown.

The difference between ammonia and ammonia is primarily that in normal conditions they are in different states of aggregation. Ammonia is a gas that liquefies at temperatures around -33 Celsius. And ammonia is a liquid that has the same unpleasant odor as ammonia. Interesting fact: to transport ammonia from Tolyatti to Odessa, a unique ammonia pipeline with a length of about 2.1 thousand kilometers was laid.

Application

Ammonia is one of the essential products chemical industry. It has found application in the following industries:

as a refrigerant in refrigeration equipment (mainly in industrial installations);
production of ammonia;
production of explosives;
fertilizer production;
construction (as part of antifreeze additives in solutions);
production of polymers, nitric acid, soda;
some other industries.

The use of ammonia is more limited. The lion's share is used in medicine mainly as an antiseptic or a means of inducing fainting. He found application in everyday life. Housewives know that ammonia perfectly removes stains from clothes. of different origins.

Comparison

It is generally accepted that ammonia is a solution of ammonia in water, but... But in fact, the process of converting ammonia into ammonia has not one step, but two. The first step is the formation of ammonium hydrate from ammonia. And the second is the dissolution of the resulting hydrate in water to form a composition called “ammonia.”

The first step is expressed by the following formula: NH 3 + H 2 O ⇄ NH 3 · H 2 0 ⇄ NH 4 + + OH - . And only in the future does the formation of ammonia directly occur. Although, in essence, such a division is chicanery. Refrigeration technicians at enterprises where ammonia is used, without bothering themselves with chemical formulas, simply lower the hose where the ammonia comes from into a bucket of water and receive the required amount of ammonia, which they then use for their needs (mainly in everyday life). The maximum saturation of the solution is determined by ear: when the characteristic clicks and crackles begin, that’s it, the gas can be turned off, the ammonia is ready!

Table

And in conclusion, let’s summarize what is the difference between ammonia and ammonia.

Many medical supplies can be used for both medicinal and household purposes, for example, a solution of ammonia is often used to destroy pests or to clean leather furniture upholstery. In addition, this substance can be processed garden plants, use for feeding cucumbers, as well as for cleaning silver, gold, and plumbing items.

What is ammonia

An aqueous solution of ammonia or ammonia (NH4OH, ammonia hydroxide or monohydrate) is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor, which is used as a medicine and for household needs. IN large quantities NH4OH is poisonous, but small dose The drug can be used as a stimulant and irritant. The main use of alcohol is medicine. It can be used to revive a person who faints; surgeons use it to treat their hands before surgery. In addition, this drug has found wide application in cosmetology.

Compound

People are often interested in the question in what situations ammonia is used and what ammonia is. The chemical compound hydrogen nitride, or ammonia, is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Get it when high temperature using a catalyst of nitrogen from air and hydrogen. When water is added, a solution of ammonia is obtained. Ammonium hydroxide or ammonia tincture has a pungent odor and has a strong alkaline reaction. The composition of ammonia includes 10% aqueous ammonia solution.

Formula

Many people mistakenly believe that ammonia, ammonia, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide are similar substances, but this is not so. Some of the drugs may have the same smell, although the chemical formula and method of preparation are different. The alcohol in question, unlike ammonia gas, is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor. This substance has the formula: NH4OH. It is rare to find another one like this - NH3∙H2O. This notation is used for a 10% solution.

What is the difference between ammonia and ammonia

The main difference between NH4OH and hydrogen nitride is their initial aggregative state. Ammonia is a colorless gas that liquefies at -33 degrees Celsius. Ammonia is a liquid that is often called ammonia solution. The difference between the substances is their area of application. Ammonia is the main product used in the chemical industry. This gas is often taken:

in the production of alcohol;
as a refrigerant to maintain the operation of industrial and domestic systems;
for the production of fertilizers, polymers, nitric acid, soda;
during construction;
for the manufacture of explosives.

Ammonia monohydrate has a narrower use, mainly as a medical antiseptic. In addition, the solution is often used by housewives to remove stains from clothes, to clean gold and silver, as fertilizer for gardening and indoor plants. The main similarity of these products is that they can smell unpleasant due to the high content of ammonia salts.

Properties of ammonia

During the breathing process, ammonia hydroxide vapors enter the body, and the substance actively begins to interact with the trigeminal nerve, while reflexively stimulating the respiratory center. A concentrated solution can cause colliquation (dissolution, softening) of microbial cell proteins. The remedy is also often used as an ambulance to induce breathing and bring a person out of fainting. In addition, ammonia solution:

when applied externally, it improves tissue regeneration, dilates blood vessels, stimulates the outflow of metabolites;
has antiseptic effect;
has an irritating effect on skin exteroceptors;
block the flow of pain impulses from pathological foci;
provokes local release of kinins, prostaglandins;
affects the activity of the heart and the tone of the vascular walls;
reduces hyperalgesia, muscle tension, spasms, providing a distracting effect;
when the drug is inhaled, there is an increase in blood pressure;
suppresses foci of excitation;
promotes quick exit sputum;
influencing the vomiting center, increases excitability;
oral administration in small doses stimulates the secretion of glands.

Application

Ammonia solution is often used as medicine and for household needs. In medicine, the drug is used to relieve fainting and stimulate breathing. For insect bites, apply lotions with the product; for neuralgia, rub sore spot. Alcohol is used externally to disinfect doctors' hands before surgery. The instructions for use of the drug indicate that the dose of the substance should be selected individually, based on the indications.

Use in everyday life

Ammonia water is useful for removing stains from upholstered furniture and clothing. To clean your favorite item, textile shoes or upholstery, you need to combine a couple of teaspoons of the product with a glass of water and pour the resulting solution onto the stain for a few minutes. Then rinse cool water. The smell will quickly dissipate and the stains will disappear instantly.

Ammonia monohydrate also works well when removing cockroaches. To do this, add a little product to a bucket of water when washing the floor, furniture and walls (about 1 tsp per liter of water). The pungent smell will drive away uninvited guests, especially if the procedure is done once a week. To prevent your outdoor recreation from being spoiled by mosquito and midge bites, you need to take an ammonia solution with you and spray it around. After this treatment, insects will no longer bother you.

An ammonia solution is also suitable for cleaning silver, gold items, and plumbing items. To get rid of unpleasant black plaque, you need to take water, tooth powder, ammonia monohydrate in a ratio of 5:2:1. Next, the product should be wiped soft cloth or gauze soaked in solution. After this, rinse with water and wipe dry. Jewelry with precious stones and pearls should not be cleaned this way.

For indoor flowers

The use of ammonia solution for plants is based on great content it contains nitrogen and lacks ballast substances. The drug in diluted form is an ideal fertilizer for home flowers. To prepare the simplest fertilizer with NH4OH, you need to dissolve one tablespoon of the substance in three liters of water. The resulting solution must be watered at the roots of the plants. If home flowers are affected by aphids, you need to take them out to the balcony and spray them with a solution of fifteen milliliters of alcohol, three liters of water and two drops of shampoo.

In the garden

Ammonia solution is an indispensable assistant in a summer cottage. The drug is often used to replenish nitrogen deficiency and as a preventive measure for diseases of trees, plants, shrubs, and berries. To feed you need 4 liters of water and 50 ml of solution. Plants should be watered with this composition from the moment of planting until the end of June. The product also perfectly repels mosquitoes, aphids, and midges. The farm uses only a technical solution of 25% alcohol.

Ammonia is an excellent fertilizer for plants. Shrubs will respond to the solution with a good harvest: plum, cherry, blackberry, raspberry. The substance must be used to increase growth during the flowering period. Cabbage, zucchini, onions, pumpkin, peppers, potatoes, and eggplants consume the most nitrogen. There are crops that need nitrogen in moderation: cucumbers, tomatoes, beets, garlic, corn, gooseberry and currant bushes.

Application in medicine

Ammonia solution is often used to revive a person and in case of fainting. In addition, the use of ammonia in medicine is possible for:

Ammonia monohydrate has also found wide application in cosmetology. If you use the substance together with glycerin, it will excellent remedy for dry skin of feet, elbows, hands. A lotion based on these ingredients helps to quickly restore softness and get rid of cracks. The product is also excellent for treating hair; it can be used as a rinse after using shampoo. To do this, you need to dissolve a teaspoon of alcohol in a glass. warm water.

Instructions for use

To revive a person who has fainted, you need to pour a little ammonia solution onto a cotton swab and bring it to your nose at a distance of 5 cm. Close inhalation of the product is prohibited, because this can cause a burn to the nasal mucosa. If you are bitten by insects, you need to apply lotions. To use the drug to induce vomiting, you should take ammonia in ampoules, pour 10 drops of the drug into 100 ml of warm water and give it to the patient to drink orally. At wet cough the doctor may prescribe inhalations, but only after special device.

Rules of application

Ammonia solution is a toxic substance, therefore, if used incorrectly, a reflexive cessation of breathing and a stomach burn may occur (when taking the undiluted drug). As a rule, the drug is used inhalation, topically and orally. In surgical practice they wash their hands. With prolonged exposure to the drug on the body, necrobiotic and inflammatory changes in tissues may occur.

Before using the substance, you should carefully read the instructions or consult a specialist. At accidental damage containers with the drug, you should quickly open the window and ventilate the room. In case of contact with mucous membranes and eyes, rinse the affected areas. big amount running water and seek medical help.

Ammonia for acne

Ammonia solution is an excellent remedy for oily skin face that is prone to acne and blackheads. It can be used for washing. In this case, you need to dilute half a teaspoon of the substance with a glass of warm water. In addition, problem areas can be wiped with ammonia hydroxide solution with a concentration of 1-2% using a cotton swab.

Precautionary measures

When using ammonia hydroxide in medicine or for the home, you must be careful and use individual means protection. In addition, you must follow the rules:

if possible, applying the substance to plants should be done with a mask and rubber gloves;
alcohol must not be mixed with other active substances;
People suffering from vegetative-vascular dystonia;
If the undiluted solution gets inside, you must immediately drink a lot of water and call vomiting reflex and seek help from a doctor;
The drug should be stored in closed places;
Avoid contact of ammonia hydroxide with facial skin;
The composition should be diluted in the air or in a well-ventilated area.

Price

Many people are often interested in how much ammonia costs in a pharmacy? Usually, average cost the drug ranges from 13 to 60 rubles. It is bottled in 40 ml bottles. Ammonia can be found commercially under the name 10 percent ammonia solution. The substance can be sold wholesale and retail. Large deliveries are carried out in tons. It is recommended to store the product in a cool place. On the shelves of pharmacies in Moscow you can find the solution at the following prices:

Video

10% water solution ammonia . Concentration active substance per liter of solution - 440 ml.

The preparation includes purified water (in a volume of up to 1 liter) as an auxiliary component.

Release form

Solution for inhalation and external use 10%. Available in 10 ml dropper bottles, 40 and 100 ml bottles.

It is a transparent, volatile liquid, colorless and with a pungent odor.

pharmachologic effect

Annoying , antiseptic , analeptic , emetic .

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

The product has an irritating effect on skin exteroreceptors and provokes local release prostaglandins , kinins And histamine . IN spinal cord acts as a liberator enkephalins And endorphins , which block the flow of pain impulses from pathological foci.

If it enters the upper respiratory tract, it interacts with the endings trigeminal nerve and reflexively excites the respiratory center. A concentrated solution causes colliquation (softening and dissolution) of microbial cell proteins.

With any method of administration, it is quickly eliminated from the body (mainly by the bronchial glands and lungs). Reflexively affects the tone of the vascular walls and the activity of the heart.

At the site of application, when applied externally, it dilates blood vessels, improves tissue regeneration and trophism, and also stimulates the outflow of metabolites.

When the skin is irritated, similar reflexes are caused in the segmentally located muscles and internal organs, contributing to the restoration of impaired functions and structures.

Suppresses the focus of excitation, which supports pathological process, reduces muscle tension, hyperalgesia, relieves vascular spasm, thus providing a distracting effect.

With prolonged contact, it burns the mucous membranes and skin, which is accompanied by tissue hyperemia, the development of swelling and pain.

Oral administration in small concentrations stimulates the secretion of glands, affecting the vomiting center, reflexively increasing its excitability and causing vomiting.

The drug does not enter the bloodstream.

Indications for use

Inhalation is used to stimulate breathing during fainting.

Oral administration is indicated to stimulate vomiting (diluted).

Externally used to disinfect doctor's hands before surgery, in the form of lotions for neuralgia, insect bites, myositis.

Contraindications

Intolerance.

Topical use is contraindicated for skin diseases.

Side effects: effects of ammonia vapors and solution on the human body

If the solution is taken undiluted, burns of the digestive canal (esophagus and stomach). Inhalation of the drug into high concentration may provoke a reflex cessation of breathing.

Ammonia solution: instructions for use

The instructions for use of ammonia indicate that the dose of the drug is selected individually depending on the indications.

In surgical practice, the solution is used as a hand wash according to the Spasokukotsky-Kochergin method, diluting 50 ml of solution in 1 liter boiled water(warm).

When used to induce breathing, the solution is applied to gauze or cotton wool. For insect bites, it is used as a lotion.

The use of ammonia in gardening

The use of ammonia for plants is quite diverse: it is used against aphids, for treating onions against onion flies, and for feeding plants.

Ammonia for aphids is used at the rate of 2 tbsp. spoons per 10 liters of water. You should also add a little to the bucket washing powder- this will ensure better adhesion. The solution is used to spray plants.

Ammonia as a fertilizer: in this case, take 50 ml of solution per 4 liters of water. The product is not only a good feed for indoor and garden plants, but also allows you to get rid of midges and mosquitoes.

To water the onions, dilute 1-2 tbsp in a bucket of water. spoons of ammonia. It is recommended to water plants with this product from the moment of planting until the end of June.

How to clean gold?

There are several ways to clean gold with ammonia.

You can mix 1 teaspoon of alcohol with a glass of water and 1 tbsp. spoon of any detergent, or you can add to water (200 ml), ammonia (1 teaspoon), (30 ml), half a teaspoon of liquid detergent.

In the first case, the jewelry is placed in the cleaning solution for an hour or two, in the second - for 15 minutes. After cleaning, the gold should be rinsed in water and wiped dry with a napkin.

How to clean silver?

To clean silver, ammonia is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10 (1 part alcohol to 10 parts water). Silver items are left in the solution for several hours, then rinsed in water and wiped with a soft cloth.

To regularly clean silver, use a soap solution to which a small amount of ammonia is added.

Ammonia for cockroaches and ants

To combat ants, 100 ml of solution is diluted in a liter of water and the furniture in the kitchen is washed with this product. To get rid of cockroaches, wash the floor with ammonia.

Ammonia for heels

As a means to soften rough skin on the feet, ammonia is mixed with glycerin (1:1). The product is applied to the feet before going to bed, and socks are put on top.

Overdose. Impact of ammonia vapor on the human body

Overdose causes increased symptoms adverse reactions. So, the effect on the human body high dose Ammonia solution at orally manifests itself:

vomiting with a characteristic odor of ammonia;
diarrhea with tenesmus (false painful urges to defecation);
swelling of the larynx;
runny nose;
cough;
excitement;
convulsions;
collapse .

In some cases it is possible death (the patient dies when taking 10-15 g ammonium hydroxide ).

Treatment for overdose is symptomatic.

Sometimes people wonder what will happen if they drink ammonia. You should be aware that oral administration of the solution in pure form may provoke severe burns digestive canal.

Symptoms of ammonia poisoning

Human exposure to ammonia when inhaling its vapors manifests itself in the form of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. In this case, the intensity of irritation depends on the gas concentration.

Signs of ammonia vapor poisoning:

profuse lacrimation;
salivation;
increased breathing;
increased sweating;
facial hyperemia;
feeling of heaviness and tightness in the chest;
chest pain;
whooping cough;
sneezing;
runny nose;
swelling of the larynx and spasm in the vocal cords;
anxiety;
suffocation;
convulsions;
loss of consciousness.

With prolonged exposure, ammonia vapor provokes severe muscle weakness, a person’s blood circulation is impaired, symptoms indicate respiratory distress, as well as pain, severe burning and swelling of the skin.

Regularly repeated exposure to ammonia leads to systemic disorders that manifest themselves eating disorders , deafness , upper catarrh respiratory tract , heart failure , death .

To protect against the harmful effects of ammonia, rinse your face and skin unprotected by clothing generously with water and cover your face with a respirator (gauze bandage or gas mask) as soon as possible. It is good if the respirator or bandage used is soaked in water with citric acid (2 teaspoons per glass of water).

You should be aware that liquid ammonia causes severe burns. For this reason, it is transported in painted yellow steel cylinders, special tankers, road and railway tanks.

What to do if there is an ammonia release?

If you receive information about an ammonia leak, you should protect your skin and respiratory organs and leave the emergency area in the direction indicated in the radio or television message.

Out of the zone chemical damage you need to go in the direction perpendicular to the wind direction.

In case of fire, it is prohibited to approach the source of fire. Ammonia containers should be cooled from as far away as possible. To extinguish, use air-mechanical foam or sprayed water.

If there is no way to leave, you should urgently seal the room. Having got out of the danger zone, take off outer clothing (leave things outside), take a shower, rinse the nasopharynx and eyes with water.

In case of an accident, you should take shelter in the lower floors of the building.

First aid for poisoning

In case of poisoning, the victim should be taken out of the affected area. In cases where this is not possible, provide access to oxygen.

The mouth, throat and nasal cavity are washed with water for 15 minutes, the eyes are instilled with a 0.5% solution and, if necessary, additionally cover with a bandage. To make rinsing more effective, you can add glutamic or citric acid to the water.

Even with a slight degree of poisoning, the patient should be provided with absolute rest over the next 24 hours.

If the substance comes into contact with open area body, it is washed abundantly with water and covered with a bandage.

If ammonia enters the digestive canal, it is necessary to rinse the stomach.

Poisoning of any degree requires contacting a medical facility and, if the doctor deems it necessary, subsequent hospitalization.

After completing the course of treatment, the patient may retain certain neurological disorders, for example, loss of memory of individual events and facts, tics with various clinical manifestations, decreased hearing and pain sensitivity threshold. A common outcome is clouding of the lens and cornea of the eye.

Ammonia: ways of neutralization in the body

The main route of binding of the substance is the biosynthesis of urea, which occurs in the ornithine cycle in liver cells. As a result of this synthesis, urea - a substance that is not harmful to the body.

Ammonia is also transported in the blood in the form glutamine , which is a non-toxic neutral compound and easily passes through cell membranes.

Another one of him transport form is formed in muscles alanine .

Interaction

Neutralizes the effects of acids.

Terms of sale

Over-the-counter product.

Storage conditions

Stored under normal conditions.

Best before date

24 months.

special instructions

What is ammonia? Characteristics, physical and Chemical properties ammonia

Ammonia or hydrogen nitride (NH3) is a colorless gas (like hydrogen, ether, oxygen). The substance has a sharp irritating odor and releases into the atmosphere producing smoke. The name of the substance in Latin is Ammonium.

Molar mass - 17.0306 g/mol. MPC r.z. is 20 mg/m3. Taking into account this parameter, ammonia is classified as a low-hazard substance (hazard class IV).

NH3 is extremely soluble in water: at 0°C, about 1.2 thousand volumes of this substance dissolve in one volume of water, and at a temperature of 20°C - about 700 volumes.

It has the properties of alkalis and bases.

Used as a refrigerant for refrigeration equipment. It is marked R717, where R stands for “refrigerant” (Refrigerant), “7” indicates the type of refrigerant (in this particular case, that ammonia is not an organic substance), the last 2 digits are the molecular weight of the substance used.

In liquid hydrogen nitride, the molecules form hydrogen bonds. The dielectric constant, conductivity, viscosity and density of liquid NH3 are lower than that of water (the substance is 7 times less viscous than water), the boiling point of the substance is bp -33.35°C, it begins to melt at a temperature of -77.70°C

Like water, liquid NH3 is a highly associated substance due to the formation of hydrogen bonds.

The substance is practically impermeable electricity and dissolves many organic and inorganic compounds.

In solid form, NH3 appears as colorless crystals with a cubic lattice.

The decomposition of hydrogen nitride into nitrogen and hydrogen becomes noticeable at temperatures exceeding 1200-1300°C, in the presence of catalysts - at temperatures above 400°C.

Ammonia does not burn in air, under other conditions, namely in pure oxygen, lights up and burns with a yellow-green flame. When a substance burns in excess oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor are formed.

The combustion reaction of ammonia is described by the following equation: 4NH3 + 3O2= 2N2 + 6H2O.

Catalytic oxidation of NH3 at a temperature of 750-800°C allows one to obtain nitric acid (the method is used for the industrial production of HNO3).

Process stages:

catalytic oxidation with oxygen to NO;
conversion of NO to NO2;
absorption of a mixture of NO2 and O2 by water (dissolution of nitric oxide in water and production of acid);
purification of gases released into the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides.

The reaction of ammonia with water produces ammonia hydrate (ammonia water or caustic ammonia). The chemical formula of the hydrate is NH3·H2O.

How is caustic ammonia produced in industry? In industry, the synthesis of an ammonia solution with a concentration of 25% is carried out by saturating water with ammonia, which is formed as a result of coking coal in a coke oven, or with synthetic ammonia gas.

What is ammonia water used for? Nitrogen fertilizers, soda, and dyes are obtained from aqueous solutions of ammonia.

Ammonia: obtained from nitric acid in the laboratory

To obtain NH3 from HNO3, place the test tube in a stand in an almost horizontal position, but so that the acid does not flow out of it.

A few drops of HNO3 are poured into the bottom of the test tube and several pieces of zinc or iron filings are placed into it using tweezers. Reduced iron should be placed at the opening of the test tube (so that it does not come into contact with nitric acid).

The test tube must be closed with a stopper with a drain tube and slightly heated. Heating will increase the rate of ammonia release.

What does ammonia react with?

Ammonia reacts with organic substances. The products of the reaction of ammonia with α-chloro-substituted carboxylic acids are artificial amino acids.

As a result of the reaction, hydrogen chloride (HCl gas) is released, which, when combined with excess ammonia, forms NH4Cl (or ammonia).

A large number of complex compounds contain ammonia as a ligand.

Ammonium salts are colorless solids with a crystalline lattice. Almost all of them are soluble in water, and they have the same properties as the metal salts known to us.

The product of their interaction with alkalis is ammonia:

NH4Cl + KOH = KCl + NH3 + H2O

The reaction described by the formula, if indicator paper is additionally used, is a qualitative reaction to ammonium salts. The latter interact with acids and other salts.

Some ammonium salts evaporate (sublimate) when heated, while others decompose.

NH3 is a weak base, so the salts it forms in an aqueous solution undergo hydrolysis.

Weaker bases than ammonia are aromatic amines - NH3 derivatives in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydrocarbon radicals.

Reactions of ammonia with acids

Adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to an NH3 solution is accompanied by the formation of white smoke and the release of ammonium chloride NH4Cl (ammonia).

The reaction of sulfuric acid and ammonia produces white crystals of (NH4)2SO4 - ammonium sulfate.

If you add nitric acid to NH3, white ammonium nitrate NH4 NO3 is formed.

When chloroacetic acid reacts with NH3, the chlorine atom is replaced by an amino group, resulting in the formation of aminoacetic acid.

If NH3 is passed through hydrobromic acid, ammonium bromide is formed (the reaction is described by the formula - HBr + NH3 = NH4Br).

Ammonia: heavier or lighter than air?

Compared to air, NH3 has almost half the density, so its vapor always rises. However, under certain conditions, an ammonia aerosol can form - a suspension of droplets of this substance in a gas. This aerosol is usually heavier than air and is therefore more dangerous than NH3 gas.

Is hydrogen nitride a complex or simple substance?

Hydrogen nitride is formed by atoms of different elements, therefore it is a complex inorganic compound.

Molecular structure of ammonia

Ammonia is characterized by crystal cell of polar molecules between which the so-called van der Waals forces . There are 3 chemical bonds in the hydrogen nitride molecule; they are formed according to a covalent polar mechanism.

The molecule has the shape of a trigonal pyramid, at the top of which there is a nitrogen atom (the oxidation state of nitrogen in NH3 is “-3”).

Industrial method for producing ammonia

Producing ammonia in industry is an expensive and labor-intensive process. Industrial synthesis is based on the production of NH3 from nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure, in the presence of a catalyst and at high temperatures.

Sponge iron activated by aluminum and potassium oxides is used as a catalyst in the production of NH3 in industry. Industrial installations in which synthesis is carried out are based on the circulation of gases.

The reacted gas mixture, which contains NH3, is cooled, after which the NH3 condenses and is separated, and the hydrogen and nitrogen that have not reacted with a new portion of gases are again supplied to the catalyst.

There was also a presentation on the topic of co-production of ammonia and methanol in industry.

Current GOSTs, in accordance with which hydrogen nitride is produced:

technical liquid ammonia, anhydrous ammonia - GOST 6221-90;
aqueous ammonia - GOST 3760-79;
technical ammonia aqueous - GOST 9-92.

The ammonia synthesis reaction can be characterized as follows: ammonia is formed as a product of a compound reaction occurring in the gas phase - direct, catalytic, exothermic, reversible, redox.

Disposal of the substance

NH3 is recycled by selectively obtaining substances that are valuable for recycling, and by a method that provides for the possibility of using waste waste as raw material for the production of other materials.

What is ammonia? Chemical formula of ammonia

Ammonia is a 10% aqueous solution of ammonia. The formula of the substance is NH4OH. The name in Latin is Solutio Ammonii caustici seu Ammonium causticum solutum.

Ammonia has found use in everyday life as a stain remover, a means for cleaning coins, dishes, plumbing fixtures, furniture, and jewelry made of silver and gold. In addition, it is used for dyeing fabrics, fighting aphids, onion moths, onion flies, ants and cockroaches, washing windows, and caring for rough skin on the feet.

The reaction of ammonia with allows one to obtain a very unstable adduct, which has the appearance of dry crystals, which is often used as a spectacular experiment.

Is ammonia ammonia?

Some people believe that ammonia and ammonia are the same thing. However, this opinion is wrong. Ammonia solution is ammonia or, in other words, an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide.

A ammonia is an ammonium salt, slightly hygroscopic crystalline powder white and odorless, which when heated evaporates hydrogen nitride (ammonia). Its formula is NH4Cl.

Wikipedia indicates that the substance is used as a fertilizer (as a top dressing applied to alkaline and neutral soils under crops that react poorly to excess chlorine - rice, corn, sugar beets), as a food additive E510, flux for soldering, electrolyte components in galvanic cells and a quick fixer in photography, a smoke generator.

In laboratory conditions, ammonia is used for lysis red blood cells , use in medicine is advisable to enhance the effect diuretics and relieving edema of cardiac origin.

Precautionary measures

Topical application is possible only on intact skin.

In case of accidental contact of the product with the mucous membrane of the eyes, wash the eyes with plenty of water (for at least 15 minutes) or solution boric acid(3%). Oils and ointments are contraindicated in this case.

If you take the ammonia solution orally, you should drink it until it is completely neutralized. fruit juices, water, warm milk with soda or mineral water, a solution of citric (0.5%) or acetic (1%) acid.

In case of damage to the respiratory system, indicated Fresh air and warm water inhalations with the addition of citric acid or vinegar, for suffocation - oxygen.

What do the smell of ammonia in urine and the ammonia smell of sweat indicate? .

You should know that about serious The smell of ammonia from the mouth is also evidenced.

In women, discharge with an odor is possible during menopause and pregnancy (if the pregnant woman drinks little fluid and/or takes various medications and supplements).

If your sweat smells like ammonia, it may be due to , , urinary incontinence, liver problems, the presence of bacteria that can provoke peptic ulcer. Another one possible reason body odor - following a protein diet.

Everyone knows what ammonia smells like, so if a characteristic odor appears (especially if a child’s urine smells) or an ammonia taste in the mouth, you should consult a doctor, who will accurately determine the cause of this phenomenon and take the necessary measures.

For children

In pediatrics it is used from 3 years of age.

During pregnancy

During pregnancy and lactation, use is allowed only in situations where the benefit to the woman’s body outweighs the potential risk to the child.

In most cases, pregnant women try not to use ammonia in any form. Maternity dye should also not contain this substance. The list of products most suitable for pregnant women includes the following ammonia-free hair dyes:

Igora Schwarzkopf (Schwarzkopf Igora Vibrance);
paints from the Garnier palette (Garnier Color&Shine);
Estelle paint, the palette of which includes 140 shades;
ammonia-free paint from the Matrix Color Sync palette;
Kutrin paint.

Quite a lot good reviews and about L’Oreal ammonia-free paint (L’Oreal Professionnel LUO COLOR). However, there are women who continue to use ammonia hair dye during pregnancy.

Ammonia and ammonia are synonyms for the same chemical compound. This is the name of a 10% aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide, a substance with a specific pungent odor. Besides wide application in many branches of medicine, the drug greatly simplifies the life of housewives, helping to save money and time. With the help of a cheap product you can clean mirror surfaces, speed up the growth of plants and restore the lost whiteness of things.

Ammonia solution (in Latin Liquor Ammonii caustici) is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor that disappears in the open air a few minutes after using the solution. Ammonia quickly brings a person to his senses in case of dizziness or fainting. In a hospital setting, an ammonia solution is used to sober up people who have had too much alcohol.

Manufacturers produce ammonia in bottles of 40 and 100 ml. If you purchase a larger container, you can save significantly, since the drug has long term suitability.

Despite the simplicity of the chemical formula, there is often confusion with the names. Ammonia solution and ammonia are the same thing. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent odor, which under certain conditions takes the form of a liquid.

Can be successfully used at home therapeutic properties ammonia, which:

stimulates the respiratory center;
has an antiseptic and disinfectant effect;
warms up and relieves pain in muscles and joints;
provokes vomiting in case of poisoning;
promotes the discharge of sputum in case of colds and bronchopulmonary pathologies.

Relatives often bring us to our senses chronic alcoholics using a cotton swab soaked in ammonia solution. But this must be done with caution - the instructions for use warn that you can burn the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and oral cavity. When taken orally to induce vomiting during intoxication, the drug should be diluted as much as possible so as not to aggravate bad feeling the victim.

Ammonia solution should not be used as the main treatment. The maximum healing effect can be achieved by using ammonia as a preparation complex therapy. For example, aching joints are treated with special anti-inflammatory ointments, and an ammonia solution is used as a distraction.

Ammonia and ammonia are completely different chemical compounds. When purchasing a drug at a pharmacy, you should pronounce the name correctly necessary medication. Ammonia is ammonium chloride, an odorless, white crystalline powder. It is also sold in the compounding departments of pharmacies. Ammonia (in Latin Ammonii chloridi) has diuretic properties, which makes it possible to use it in the treatment of cardiac edema. Men often buy powder to remove oxide film from metal surfaces when soldering.

How to remove stains with a pharmaceutical preparation

An effective stain remover is ammonia. Where modern cleaning chemicals fail, ammonia solution shows excellent results. Ammonia has found application in cleaning carpets, upholstered furniture, and outerwear. After application to the surface, the unpleasant odor of the solution quickly disappears, and no trace of grease and oil remains. To remove stains from suede shoes or bags, apply the solution to a cotton pad and moisten the stained area. If necessary, the procedure can be repeated several times until complete cleansing surfaces.

You cannot use a 10% pharmaceutical preparation for cleansing, as it has an excessively aggressive effect on the tissue. The optimal concentration of solution for removing stains is 2%. To prepare it, add five parts of water to one part of 10% ammonia and shake thoroughly.

You need to dilute the ammonia correctly, and ammonia will clean the surfaces within a few minutes. Unlike household chemicals, it does not form foam, which can be difficult for housewives to get rid of. In order for the stain to disappear after the first treatment, it is necessary to apply a freshly prepared solution to it and easily rub it into the fabric surface. You can secure the result by washing your clothes in washing machine normally.

Cleaning surfaces

Ammonia (ammonia) has the ability to remove dirt from any hard surface. With the help of a pharmacy medicine can be cleaned from fresh and old stains:

To clean all of the above surfaces, ammonia is used in the form of a 10% solution. Apply it to a sponge and thoroughly treat the contaminated areas. If the stain does not disappear the first time, you can apply the product for 1-2 hours.

Many housewives know how difficult it is to remove old grease from the side walls of a gas or electric stove. And in this case on help will come ammonia. It is necessary to mix in equal proportions your favorite detergent and ammonia solution, and then apply the resulting mixture to the contaminated surface. After half an hour, simply wash the stove with clean water.

After using ammonia, it is easy to understand the difference between it and household chemicals. Pharmaceutical drug practically does not leave difficult-to-remove stains on enameled and tiled surfaces. Housewives will not have to take long to remove them using a glass cleaner and a soft cloth. The main thing is not to forget that when cleaning kitchen furniture you need to turn off the gas stove.

Several more ways to use the drug at home

If fungus has appeared in the kitchen or bathroom, then ammonia is an excellent solution to the problem, the instructions for use of which indicate its disinfectant effect. The chemical compound has the ability to destroy mold and prevent its occurrence. To remove dark plaque, moisten a sponge with a 10% solution of ammonia and thoroughly clean the joints between the tiles.

What other uses does the medicine have in everyday life?

Removing grease and dirt from combs.
Removing plaque from silver and gold jewelry.
Destruction of house ants.
Treatment of corns and dry calluses.
Cleaning irons.

Despite the pungent smell, The best way Eliminate air staleness in the room using ammonia. To do this, moisten several cotton pads with a 10% ammonia solution and place them in different corners of the room. After a few minutes, the smell of the medicine will disappear, and along with it other unpleasant aromas.

The use of ammonia solution in gardening is based on the properties of the drug to accelerate the growth of seedlings and adult plants. In addition, ammonia has a negative effect on the larvae of garden pests. If a chemical comes into contact with hard shells caterpillars and beetles disinfectant provokes their destruction. Ammonia is an excellent fertilizer and root formation stimulator.

The scope of application of ammonia is not limited to cleaning stains and adding shine to mirror surfaces. There are many ways to make housekeeping easier with this pharmacological drug. But you should be careful when working with it. After the solution gets on the skin or mucous membranes, rinse them under running cool water.

Ammonia, also called ammonia hydrate, can revive you in case of fainting, loss of orientation, or alcohol intoxication. It is used not only in medicine, but also in farming, cosmetology, and in the garden. Improper use of ammonia can lead to dangerous consequences. Not everyone dares to drink ammonia, but even excessive inhalation of the vapors is enough to cause poisoning. When working with ammonia, precautions must be taken, regardless of the area in which the ammonia solution will be used.

Use in medicine

The properties of the product are varied. It has a disinfectant effect, stimulates respiratory activity, and acts as a local irritant. In medicine it is used for the following purposes:

Indications for use	Methods of use
Headaches and toothaches	For 1 part camphor alcohol take 10 parts of 10% ammonia. When liquids combine, flakes form. The bottle must be shaken until the flakes dissolve. If a tooth hurts, moisten a cotton swab and apply it to the sore spot. Do the same for headaches.
Joint pain	To treat joints - dilute 1 tbsp. l. ammonia in 3 tbsp. l. water. Knead the dough using the resulting solution and apply the cake to the affected joint, wrap it with a warm scarf. The procedure will be useful for arthritis, contractures, etc.
Radiculitis	Take 500 ml of ammonia solution for two handfuls of thuja fruits. Leave for 28 days, strain and add 4 bottles of iodine. Lubricate your back overnight and wrap it in a woolen scarf. An ointment based on honey, ammonia, medical bile, iodine and glycerin works similarly. All components are taken in equal proportions and mixed. The ointment is rubbed into sore joints and back once a day.
Warts and papillomas	A cotton swab is moistened in ammonia and applied to the tumor for a few seconds. It is important that the solution does not come into contact with nearby skin. Before the procedure, it is recommended to lubricate healthy tissue rich cream. Excessive passion ammonia can cause burns.
Spurs on the heels	It is necessary to lubricate the affected foot with a rich cream or vegetable oil, moisten a cotton cloth with ammonia heated to body temperature, apply it to the heel, wrap it in polyethylene, put a warm sock on top. The compress is applied at night. The procedure is repeated 5-10 times. During treatment, it is possible to get rid of cracks, unpleasant odor sweat, hyperhidrosis, fungal foot infections.
Cough	In this case, drops of ammonia and anise will help. For 10 ml medical alcohol take 25 ml anise oil and 15 ml of ammonia solution. The drug is taken orally, 10-15 drops, diluting them in water. It is also useful to breathe over an ammonia-anise solution. If you add a few drops to a piece of sugar, the product can be given to children. The drug helps with tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia.
Nail fungus	Ammonia solution successfully treats onychomycosis and dermatomycosis. To do this, dilute 1 tbsp in a glass of water. l. ammonia alcohol, moisten a cotton pad with the solution and wrap the finger, cover with a film or bandage, and leave overnight.
Body hair	For removing unwanted hair you need to mix 5 ml of ammonia solution with 35 ml of 98% alcohol, add 5 ml castor oil and 1.5 ml of iodine, stir until smooth. Apply twice daily to hairy areas. After 3 days the hair will begin to fall off.
Stimulation of vomiting	To cleanse the stomach when alcohol poisoning or other types of intoxication artificially induce vomiting. If this cannot be achieved mechanically, then take a solution of ammonia prepared from 50 drops of the drug per 100 ml of water.

Ammonia helps you sober up even if it is not taken orally. It is enough to bring a cotton wool soaked in the solution to a drunk person and allow him to inhale. The pungent smell instantly brings you to your senses.

Use of ammonia hydrate in everyday life

Using ammonia at home, they can clean metal utensils, jewelry, and outerwear. The solution disinfects, whitens, and adds shine to glossy surfaces. Housewives will find the following recipes useful:

	Instructions for use
	Against rust on nickel-plated dishes - stains are greased, left for two days, after which they are treated with a soft cloth moistened with an ammonia solution.
	For stains on clothes - traces of grass are removed with warm soapy water with the addition of ammonia. When greasy spots appear on outer clothing, wipe them with a solution of 25 g of ammonia and 5 g of salt. You can clean suede clothes with a solution of a glass of water and 1 tsp. ammonia. For fleecy suede, cleaning with fine salt is suitable, while the lining is cleaned with a solution of 1 part ammonia hydrate and 10 parts water.
	To make the mirror shine, use a mixture of one glass of water, 1 tbsp. l. ammonia and 20 g of tooth powder. This mixture is applied to the mirror and then removed with a soft cloth. If the surface is infested with flies, then wipe it with 5% ammonia.
	To remove perfume stains on linen, mix hydrogen peroxide and ammonia in equal proportions, treat the fabric, and then wash. The product is suitable for white things; it can also bleach tulle, towels, and bathrobes.
	For stains on jackets and sheepskin coats, take 1 tsp per glass of warm water. peroxide and ammonia, treat dirty areas. For a leather jacket, take 500 ml of water, 3 tbsp. l. soda and 1 tbsp. l. ammonia solution.
	To clean cupronickel cutlery, just wash the dishes with a mixture of chalk and ammonia, then rinse with water. The product removes blackness and adds shine.
	Processing jewelry – ammonia can be used to clean gold. To this end ammonia solution moisten cotton swab and go over the decoration with it. To clean a gold chain, you need to prepare a solution of water, ammonia and baby laundry detergent. Take 1 tsp per glass of water. remaining ingredients.
	You can also clean silver with an ammonia solution. To do this, take 1 part ammonia to 10 parts water. Dip into the resulting liquid Jewelry for half an hour. This way you can clean rings, chains, earrings and even silverware.
	For cleaning precious stones - while metals can easily withstand the effects of ammonia, many jewelry stones tarnish when in contact with an ammonia solution. The exception is diamonds. They are placed in a solution of 1 part ammonia and 6 parts water, after 5 minutes the decoration is rinsed.
	For stains on windows - you need to take 200 ml of water and glycerin and 5-10 drops of ammonia. After the main window cleaning, wipe the surface until shiny with a soft cloth.
	For crystal, the products are first washed with soapy water, soaked for 10 minutes in a solution of 1 part ammonia and 3 parts water, and wiped dry.
	For the oven - you need to preheat the oven to 60 degrees, put a container of boiling water down, and a glass of ammonia on the top shelf. Close the door and leave the oven for 8 hours at open windows. After the allotted time has passed, detergent is added to ammonia and all surfaces are wiped, including the grates on the gas stove.
	For the microwave - take 2 tbsp for half a liter. l. ammonia. Place the mixture in the microwave and start the oven for 5 minutes at medium power. The room is well ventilated. After cleaning, the oven is wiped down inside.
	For ceilings, you can wash the suspended ceiling with a mixture of 9 parts water and 1 part ammonia. The product is suitable for treating glossy surfaces.
	For stains on the carpet - take 1 tbsp per 1 liter of water. l. ammonia and 2 tbsp. l. washing powder. The ingredients are mixed until a thick foam is used to treat the carpet, while making sure that the base remains dry. After treating the fleecy surface, wipe it dry.

The product will be useful if there are animals in the house. Diluted ammonia gets rid of the unpleasant smell of cat urine. It is also used against ants and cockroaches. To remove insects, a solution of 1 liter of water and 1 tbsp is suitable. l. ammonia, which is used to wash the paths. Cockroaches usually disappear after 3-4 treatments.
Ammonia can also be used as fertilizer for indoor flowers.. It is prepared according to the instructions, at the rate of 1 tbsp. l. for 3 liters of water. Feeding is carried out during active growth. A solution of 1 tsp. ammonia per 1 liter of water is fed to garden flowers, cabbage, and tomatoes.