Symptoms and treatment of respiratory allergies. Respiratory tract allergies symptoms and treatment

Respiratory allergies are very dangerous for the body. The patient is tormented persistent cough, severe runny nose, shortness of breath, sore ears, sore throat - many are familiar with these symptoms. But are the causes of these diseases the same in adults and children? Most allergies are manifested by inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, ear, as well as coughing, nasal obstruction, sneezing, and sinusitis.

Symptoms and treatment of upper respiratory tract allergies

Allergies cause overreaction immune system.

Allergy symptoms include a feeling of dryness, a lump in the throat, and pain. Upper respiratory tract allergies are clearly associated with allergic seasonal rhinitis. However, in addition to the nose, the upper respiratory tract also includes the throat, along with mucous membranes and lymphatic tissue.

Typical allergy symptoms upper respiratory tract:

• increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections;
• pain and feeling of obstruction in the throat;
• redness and loosening of the mucous membrane of the throat and tonsils.

Recurrent allergic inflammations are generally asymptomatic. While sore throat requires treatment with antibiotics. You should know that classic tonsillitis in children is rare; allergies are more common. It happens that during the year an allergic reaction appears every two to three weeks. Only detailed diagnosis and elimination of the allergen from the environment, including harmful foods from the diet, or desensitization brings an end to relapses of inflammation of the throat and tonsils. Treatment for upper respiratory tract allergies also involves gargling and moistening the throat.

Bacterial and viral allergies

Bacterial infections are usually the result of a weakened immune system. Also, allergies, especially if left untreated or treated incorrectly, can contribute to more frequent infections. Long ignored allergic reactions: inflammation of the nasal mucosa or bronchitis - impairs the functioning of the immune system.

Viral infections do not require treatment with antibiotics. The disease begins with a sudden general weakening, pain in the muscles, head, and throat. Nasal discharge is serous in nature, not purulent. Frequent viral infections sometimes occur due to respiratory allergies.

Respiratory symptoms are common and may also be a sign of worm infection. Especially if the patient does not comply with hygiene rules.

Respiratory allergy symptoms

Allergy symptoms in one form or another are familiar to almost every adult and child; the main signs are reactions in the form of rashes, tearfulness, coughing, and sneezing. Many people experience the consequences of exposure to allergens every season, while others experience them several times in their lives. Although common hives are not serious, everyone should be aware of the more serious manifestations of allergic symptoms and how to deal with them.

What is an allergy

The symptom complex of the disease includes a variety of manifestations - from mild allergic dermatitis and conjunctivitis to severe manifestations, including the development of bronchial asthma, Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock, Steven-Johnson syndrome. Allergy symptoms are caused by a reaction to specific irritants - allergens. This is a kind of “mistake” of the immune system, when, under the influence of certain factors, an attack on one’s own body begins.

How does an allergy manifest?

The occurrence of the disease is associated with the provoking effect of specific substances. Signs of allergies are varied and include respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal manifestations. The body's sensitivity to provoking factors increases after the first episode, so every person needs to know the substances that are “dangerous” to them in order to avoid exacerbation of the disease. It is necessary to understand that there is no clear answer to the question of how quickly an allergy manifests itself. It all depends on individual reactions.

Allergic manifestations are varied. During the flowering of certain plants, pollen causes rhinitis, cough, frequent sneezing up to asthma attacks. Another manifestation of allergy affects the epidermis, is expressed by skin itching, and a rash appears. One of the most dangerous are the consequences of using “forbidden” food products, medications: they provoke the most severe conditions. Allergic conditions are also some autoimmune diseases, from psoriasis to multiple sclerosis.

Respiratory allergies

Signs of allergies affecting the upper respiratory tract in adults and children include a wide range of symptoms. When inhaling pollen, contact with animal fur, or insect bites, symptoms of respiratory diseases begin: coughing, unstoppable runny nose until swelling of the nasopharynx appears. Asthma attacks in adults and children suffering from seasonal allergies are more severe and recur more often. Swelling of the airways is especially dangerous. Sometimes the temperature rises. Without taking antihistamines, the situation may result in Quincke's edema.

Patients with allergic conjunctivitis develop redness of the mucous membranes of the eye, accompanied by severe itching. Often this is a reaction to exposure to household irritants - low-quality paint, cleaning products, cosmetics. Swelling of the eyelid is observed, and the eyes become watery. Often the symptoms of respiratory allergies are accompanied by conjunctivitis. For severe swelling, not only eye drops are recommended, but also desensitizing medications.

Such symptoms may accompany damage to the respiratory tract, or appear separately. Allergic dermatitis is a skin rash in the form of blisters, popularly called urticaria. The reaction occurs to certain foods, medications, and there are cases of allergies to sunlight. With skin manifestations, you should be extremely careful, because innocent hives can end terrible disease– Steven-Johnson syndrome. There are photos of patients on the Internet: this condition is similar to third-degree burns.

Any allergy of this type begins with redness of the skin and a rash appears. Medicines against the disease relieve symptoms within a few hours, but the patient needs to remember after which unpleasant manifestations arose. Although the disease is accompanied by itchy skin, you should never scratch the fluid-filled blisters, as this will worsen the condition.

Food allergies

Many people suffer from intolerance to certain foods. The most provoking foods are strawberries, chocolate, citrus fruits, eggs, and seafood. Gastrointestinal symptoms range from diarrhea, vomiting, increased gas production to anaphylactic shock, which can be fatal. Another common manifestation food allergies is intolerance to gluten, which is found in cereals, lactose - in milk. People with such body characteristics must adhere to a special diet.

Anaphylactic shock

One of the most life-threatening types of allergic reactions is called anaphylactic shock. It is instantaneous, develops within half an hour after the allergen enters the body, and is associated with food and medications. Antibiotic injections are especially dangerous, so tests are prescribed before administering medications. Anaphylactic shock is characterized by severe swelling of the respiratory tract, clouding of consciousness, and hyperthermia. Against the background of this type of allergy, heart attacks, convulsions, and suffocation occur. The patient requires immediate hospitalization.

Symptoms of internal allergies

The concept of internal allergy is associated with long-term sensitization of the body and the appearance of stable antigens. When “dangerous” substances first enter, a response occurs, the consequences of which remain for a long time. Therefore, repeated episodes of internal allergies are more severe, each subsequent one intensifying. The main signs of internal allergies are the following reactions:

• dermatitis - from redness to the formation of a bullous rash;
• swelling of the mucous membranes - larynx, nose;
• redness of the eyes;
• asthma attacks;
• allergic runny nose, cough, sneezing.

First signs

To prevent severe forms of the disease, it is necessary to quickly identify the first symptoms. Since reactions can develop very quickly, people prone to this disease are advised to always carry antihistamines with them that can quickly relieve symptoms. But anyone is at risk, so you need to remember the main allergy signs.

1. Hyperemia of the skin, itching.
2. The sensation of a foreign body in the throat is how swelling of the larynx manifests itself.
3. Skin rashes range from small to large blisters filled with fluid.
4. Sneezing, coughing, shortness of breath, runny nose - respiratory symptoms allergies.
5. Weakness, dizziness, depression, fainting, nausea and vomiting may occur.
6. Increased body temperature. For any of the signs, antihistamines are prescribed.

Diagnostics

The classification includes true and false allergies. The first is related to the sensitivity of the immune system and occurs regardless of the provoking factor. This is the true form of illness. Some people develop a “false” variant – when there is an excess of a substance. The first type is more dangerous; it provokes severe forms, even lethal ones. In many medical centers they do tests for allergy markers, which help to identify a predisposition to the development of reactions; without them, complete treatment of bronchial asthma is impossible.

First aid

Many people mistakenly classify the disease as not serious, not paying attention to redness of the skin, itching, and seasonal symptoms. This approach is incorrect due to constant sensitization with subsequent deterioration of the condition. If we are talking about severe forms of the disease, then first aid must be provided immediately, minutes count. The main actions before the ambulance arrives are as follows.

1. Immediate detection and elimination of contact with the allergen.
2. If dermatitis is present, irritation and scratching can be stopped by applying a cold cloth to the skin.
3. The use of antihistamines - Cetrin, Diphenhydramine - will help to stop the disease.
4. At acute rhinitis vasoconstrictors are instilled into the nose.
5. The patient should lie on his back if he feels weak or faint. It is advisable to move the patient to an air-conditioned room.
6. To relieve an attack of bronchial asthma, you need to sit down, pressing your chest against a hard object, and breathe deeply.
7. Give the patient hormonal agent, such as Prednisolone according to instructions. Remember: this is an extreme measure, which can only be used without a doctor’s prescription if there is a direct threat to a person’s life. The doctor chooses effective treatment.

Respiratory allergy symptoms

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General characteristics of the disease

An allergy is a hyperreaction of the body to the effects of certain external factors and stimuli that are perceived by him as potentially dangerous.

The immune response to any antigens that invade the body is very complex and includes the production of antibodies, which are a kind of protectors of the body. However, there are situations when the immune system “loses control” and begins to perceive a completely harmless antigen as dangerous. It is at such moments that a destructive hyperreaction is triggered, which manifests itself in the form of allergies.

Clinical picture

What doctors say about antihistamines

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Emelyanov G.V. Medical practice: more than 30 years.
Practical medical experience: more than 30 years

According to the latest WHO data, it is allergic reactions in the human body that lead to the occurrence of most fatal diseases. And it all starts with the fact that a person has an itchy nose, sneezing, runny nose, red spots on the skin, and in some cases, suffocation.

7 million people die every year due to allergies, and the scale of the damage is such that the allergic enzyme is present in almost every person.

Unfortunately, in Russia and the CIS countries, pharmaceutical corporations sell expensive medications that only relieve symptoms, thereby hooking people on one drug or another. This is why in these countries there is such a high percentage of diseases and so many people suffer from “non-working” drugs.

The immune system is endowed with a remarkable memory, therefore, if the first contact of the body with a foreign substance has occurred, and the mechanism for producing antibodies to neutralize antigens has been launched, then this process (allergy) will be repeated with each new encounter with this antigen (allergen).

Causes of allergies

Almost any substance, as well as certain physical factors, such as low air temperature or exposure to sunlight.

Irritants that provoke allergies are divided into several groups, depending on their origin:

• food;
• pollen;
• household;
• medicinal;
• epidermal (allergy to external components of animals: fur, dandruff, claws, feathers, etc.);
• fungal and bacterial;
• chemical;
• other allergens.

All of the above substances become allergens only if there is a malfunction in the immune system, otherwise they do not cause allergies.

There are several main risk factors for allergies:

• Genetic predisposition. Researchers estimate that if a hyperreaction is observed in one of the parents, then the child will have an allergy with a 30% probability. This data doubles if both parents suffer from allergies.
• Smoking. For people predisposed to allergies, tobacco smoke is an activator of hyperreactions, and not only smokers suffer from this, but also people who inhale this smoke.
• Upper respiratory tract problems. A variety of respiratory tract infections and colds are allergy-provoking factors, which is explained by the fact that viruses, by damaging the mucous membrane, facilitate the penetration of allergens into the body.

Allergy symptoms

This disease can occur in several forms:

– respiratory tract allergies: characteristic symptoms colds: transparent discharge from the nose, repeated and frequent sneezing, but they appear much longer;

– respiratory allergies: manifests itself in the form of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma;

– conjunctivitis: allergy symptoms in this case are expressed by tearing and burning in the eyes;

– enteropathy: this is how symptoms of allergies to drugs and food appear: vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, intestinal colic, constipation, swelling of the tongue and lips;

– anaphylactic shock: this form of allergy is the most dangerous and can appear within a few seconds to several hours (usually five) from the moment the allergen enters the body. The cause of anaphylactic shock can be an allergy to medications or animal bites, which is expressed as follows: loss of consciousness, convulsions, sudden shortness of breath, vomiting, rash on the body, uncontrolled urination and defecation. If such allergy symptoms occur, you should immediately call an ambulance.

Manifestation of allergies on the skin

This type of allergy indicates that an allergen has entered the mucous membrane or blood and manifests itself in the form of redness and itching. Allergies on the skin are most pronounced in those areas to which clothing either fits tightly or is located a large number of skin folds.

Skin allergies can be a consequence of food allergies, as the body’s reaction to a variety of foods, of which the most potentially dangerous are honey, whole milk, nuts, and citrus fruits.

Not only food allergies, but also other types of this disease can cause skin manifestations, for example, pollen, animal hair, dust, household chemicals, medications and some types of fabrics can also become allergens.

Skin allergies differ from ordinary rashes in that without eliminating the allergen, the rashes cannot be treated.

Allergies in a child

Signs of allergies in a child are similar to allergy symptoms in adults:

2. rash on the body, buttocks, cheeks;

3. peeling and irritation of the skin of the cheeks (diathesis);

4. excessive sweating, even in cases of mild overheating;

5. constant diaper rash;

7. peeling on the scalp and eyebrows;

8. various manifestations of digestive disorders;

9. Quincke's edema (sudden swelling of the mucous membranes, skin, subcutaneous tissue);

10. wheezing.

There are several ways to identify allergens in a child:

• Careful monitoring by parents of when and under what conditions the child’s allergy symptoms intensify; in particular, it is recommended to keep a food diary and make notes in it regarding the child’s body’s reaction to various foods;
• Specific tests, in particular a blood test for immunoglobulin E;
• Scratch tests, which allow you to identify the substance that causes an allergy in a child, starting from the age of five: a minimal amount of the allergen is applied to the skin of the forearm, and the body’s reaction to it is observed.

The manifestation of allergies in a child should be distinguished from pseudo-allergic reactions, which most often indicate disorders in the digestive tract.

Allergy treatment

Complete elimination and treatment of allergies should include general improvement of the body and strengthening of the immune system; also, effective treatment of allergies involves avoiding contact with allergens.

Treatment of allergies in most cases comes down to stopping the allergic reaction and relieving painful symptoms. However, there is a way to effectively prevent the reaction - treatment of allergies using ASIT, allergen-specific immunotherapy. It reduces the sensitivity of the immune system to allergens, as if “accustoming” the body to them. Thanks to this, when the body encounters an allergen in real life, an allergic reaction does not develop. It is important to start a course of immunotherapy in advance, during remission, since its results do not appear immediately (on average, within 3-6 months). In addition, during the course of immunotherapy, if it has not yet been completed, you may need symptomatic remedies from allergies. This approach helps to “prepare” the body for periods of exacerbations and achieve stable remission even when in contact with allergens.

Medicines that traditional medicine recommends for the treatment of allergies include the following:

– steroid preparations for external use;

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The information is generalized and is provided for informational purposes. At the first signs of illness, consult a doctor. Self-medication is dangerous to health!

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Respiratory allergy is a disease that is caused by various substances and is characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs. Allergic diseases are a big problem in modern society. Approximately 15-27% of the population suffers from this pathology. Damage to the respiratory system accounts for a third of all diseases. For the most part, they are not considered severe, but they bring significant inconvenience in social life, study, professional activity and financial costs.

Allergic pathologies of the respiratory system include allergic rhinitis, hay fever and bronchial asthma. Often these diseases are combined, which is why they are called respiratory allergies.

Causes

Respiratory allergies are caused by various substances. They can be divided into several groups:

1. Household irritants - mites in house dust, animal dander and saliva, insects, house plants, feathers and fluff in pillows.
2. Natural allergens – plant pollen, mold fungi.
3. Substances that pollute the environment - tobacco smoke, car exhaust gases, nitrogen and sulfur oxides.
4. Professional pollutants – latex, chemicals used in production.
5. Medicines – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin.

Respiratory Allergy Symptoms

Respiratory allergies happen along the way seasonal And year-round. Seasonal is characterized by periods of exacerbations and remissions. Exacerbations have a clear beginning and end. More often this is the spring-summer period - the flowering period. This form is characterized by a cross-allergic reaction to plant products - nuts, honey, seeds, halva.

Year-round is characterized by a more constant course and is more often associated with household allergens. Minor remissions are observed when away from home. There is also some seasonality during the breeding season of mites in house dust.

A typical manifestation of a respiratory allergy is:

• Itching of the nose, palate.
• Sneezing.
• Mucous discharge from the nose.
• Swelling of the nasal cavity.
• Cough.

With a prolonged course, difficulty in nasal breathing and impaired sense of smell appear. Symptoms of eye damage are often associated - lacrimation, redness of the conjunctiva, itching.

At chronic course The disease affects the general condition of the body and affects internal organs. TO systemic manifestations include:

• Irritability.
• Fatigue, lethargy.
• Headache.
• Lack of appetite.
• Weight loss, depression.
• Increase in body temperature to 37.5 C.
• Shortness of breath, suffocation.
• Damage to joints, kidneys, heart.

Diagnostics

To identify respiratory allergies, a systematic approach is needed using laboratory and instrumental research methods. It is necessary to consult an allergist who will help determine the cause of the disease.

For an accurate diagnosis, consultation with an ENT doctor, ophthalmologist, or pulmonologist may be required. Skin tests are performed to determine the specific cause of the disease. Inflammatory changes in the nasal mucosa are confirmed by taking smears and swabs from the nasopharynx.

To exclude other pathologies, it may be necessary to conduct X-ray studies - radiography of the sinuses, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Allergic inflammation can also be detected in a detailed blood test - an increase in ESR and an increase in the number of eosinophils are noted.

Treatment

Several groups of medications are used to treat allergic reactions. The leading position is occupied by antihistamines. This is a long-known and used group that relieves the symptoms of the disease well. All drugs can be divided into 3 generations. Representatives of the first generation (diazolin, suprastin, fenkarol, tavegil) begin to act immediately after taking the tablet. They are used in injection form to relieve emergency conditions.

But these medications have a side effect - drowsiness, decreased concentration. This feature must be taken into account by drivers and those working in hazardous conditions to people. These drugs become addictive quite quickly, so it is necessary to change the drug every 7-10 days.

Second generation drugs (loratadine, cicerisine) do not affect the central nervous system, but have cardiotoxic effect. They should not be used by people with cardiovascular diseases. The advantages include them long action(24 hours), which allows you to take the drug once a day.

Representatives of the third generation (desloratadine, Telfast) do not have the disadvantages of their predecessors. They can be used long time, without threat to the nervous system and heart. The downside is the higher cost of these medications.

To treat local manifestations of allergic rhinitis, nasal corticosteroids (nasonex, flixonase) are used. These sprays have proven themselves and can be used by both adults and children. A feature of nasal corticosteroids is their exclusively local effect (they are not absorbed into the blood) and the effect persists for up to one month after use.

Vasoconstrictor drops are widely used - xylin, naphazoline. They relieve swelling of the nasal cavity and make breathing easier.

Prevention

Prevention is aimed at eliminating contact with allergens. You need to create a hypoallergenic environment at home. To do this you need:

1. Regularly carry out wet cleaning and ventilation of premises.
2. Replace feather pillows with synthetic ones.
3. Beat pillows and blankets regularly.
4. Limit contact with animals.
5. Place carpets and books in glass shelves.
6. During flowering, limit your time outside.

Following simple preventive measures and taking medications in a timely manner will help avoid exacerbations of respiratory allergies and maintain an active lifestyle.

In 2019, allergies to the microflora of the respiratory tract and nasopharynx can be cured in adults and children using ALT technology. Long-term remission of the disease is achieved in 79% of cases.

Since birth, the human body contains various microorganisms that are not dangerous to its life, since they do not have a pathogenic effect. In most cases, this is a beneficial microflora for humans, participating in various physiological processes, including maintaining the constant activity of the immune system.

If you are allergic to the microflora of the nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract, the so-called infectious-allergic bronchial asthma can develop, which is characterized by moderate and severe forms of the course with year-round manifestation of symptoms.

Factors predisposing to allergies to respiratory tract microflora:

Adverse environmental factors;

Frequent respiratory bacterial and viral infections;

Chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system;

Atopic respiratory diseases: allergies to household, epidermal, pollen allergens;

Uncontrolled reception medicines: antibiotics, antiviral drugs and other medications.

Manifestations of allergies to the microflora of the nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract:

• Problems of a patient with allergies to his own microflora

  Get rid of allergies to your own microflora with autolymphocytotherapy in 2019!

  “Autolymphocytotherapy” (abbreviated as ALT) has been widely used in the treatment of patients with various forms of allergic diseases for more than 20 years; the method was first patented in 1992.

  With the help of Alt, you can successfully treat allergies to microflora in children and adults. For children, treatment with the Autolymphocytotherapy method is carried out after 5 years.

  The “Autolymphocytotherapy” method, in addition to treatment “on one’s own microflora,” is widely used for: atopic dermatitis, urticaria, angioedema, food allergies, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, food allergies, allergies to household allergens, to pets, allergies to cold and ultraviolet rays (photodermatitis).

  The essence of the ALT method is to use one’s own immune cells - lymphocytes - to restore normal immune function and reduce the body’s sensitivity to various allergens.

  An advantageous difference between ALT and ASIT therapy is the possibility of treating hypersensitivity to several allergens at once, for example, allergies to microflora and hay fever at the same time.

  Autolymphocytotherapy is carried out on an outpatient basis, in an allergology office as prescribed and under the supervision of an allergist-immunologist. Lymphocytes are isolated from a small amount of the patient's venous blood under sterile laboratory conditions.

  The isolated lymphocytes are injected subcutaneously into the lateral surface of the shoulder. Before each procedure, the patient is examined in order to individually prescribe the dose of the administered autovaccine. Apart from its own lymphocytes and physiological solution, the autovaccine does not contain any drugs. Treatment regimens and the number and frequency of immune cells administered depend on the severity of the disease. Autolymphocytes are administered in gradually increasing doses with an interval between injections of 2 to 6 days. Course of treatment for allergies to microflora: 6-8 procedures.

  

  Normalization of the functions of the immune system and a decrease in the body's sensitivity to allergens occurs gradually. Cancellation or reduction of inhaled corticosteroids during basic therapy in patients with bronchial asthma, as well as endonasal steroids for allergic rhinitis, is carried out gradually under the supervision of an allergist. The patient is given the opportunity to have 3 free follow-up consultations within 6 months of observation after completing the course of treatment using the Autolymphocytotherapy method.

  The effectiveness of treatment is determined by the individual characteristics of the immune system. This process to a certain extent depends on the patient’s compliance with the recommendations of the allergist during the period of treatment and rehabilitation.

  You can familiarize yourself with possible contraindications.

  Ask a question to a specialist

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  Benefits of treating allergies with ALT

  We treat the cause of the disease, not its symptoms

  Minimum contraindications

  No hospitalization or time away from work required

  The course of treatment is only 3-4 weeks

  1 procedure takes only 1-2 hours

  Treatment is possible in the absence of persistent remissions

  Autolymphocytotherapy can be combined with any symptomatic treatment

  THE METHOD IS AUTHORIZED BY THE FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION IN THE FIELD OF HEALTHCARE

  The effectiveness of autolymphocytotherapy in the treatment of allergies to one’s own microflora:

  When assessing the long-term results of treatment for allergies to microflora, the following remission rates are achieved:

  • Remission over 5 years - in 19% of cases
  • Remission from 1 to 5 years - in 60% of cases
  • Remission of less than a year was observed in 21% of patients

  How much does treatment cost?

  The cost of 1 ALT procedure is 3700 rubles. The cost of a course of subcutaneous autolymphocytotherapy (6-8 procedures) is respectively 22,200-29,600 rubles.

  After a course of ALT, 3 free consultations are carried out by an allergist during 6 months of observation. In cases where a repeated course of treatment for allergies to microflora is necessary, an individual system of discounts is provided.

  Initial allergy testing and diagnosis are carried out in accordance with the standards of the Department of Health. Previously conducted examinations and test results in other medical institutions are taken into account.

  A blood test for IgE and tests for allergens can be taken at official medical centers where autolymphocytotherapy is performed.

  Allergist-immunologist Nadezhda Yuryevna Logina will see you in Moscow on a weekday

  • Fill out the application for admission

  The inner surface of the nose is covered with a huge number of small vessels. When in nasal cavity an allergen or antigen enters, the vessels of the nasal mucosa dilate and blood flow increases, this is a kind of defense system for the immune system. A large influx of blood causes swelling of the mucous membrane and provokes copious mucus secretion. Decongestants act on the walls of mucosal vessels, causing them to narrow, which reduces blood flow and reduces swelling.

  These drugs are not recommended for children under 12 years of age, as well as nursing mothers and people with hypertension. It is also not recommended to use these drugs for more than 5-7 days, since with prolonged use they can cause a backlash and increase swelling of the nasal mucosa.

  These drugs may also cause side effects such as dry mouth, headaches, and weakness. Very rarely, they can cause hallucinations or an anaphylactic reaction.

  You should consult your doctor before starting to use these medications.

  Leukotriene inhibitors(Montelukast (Singulair) are chemicals that block reactions caused by leukotrienes (leukotrienes are substances released by the body during an allergic reaction and cause inflammation and swelling of the airways). Most often used in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Leukotriene inhibitors can be used together with other medications, since no interactions with them have been found.Adverse reactions are extremely rare and can manifest themselves in the form of headache, ear pain, or sore throat.

  Steroid sprays(Beclomethasone (Beconas, Beclazon), Flucatisone (Nazarel, Flixonase, Avamis), Mometasone (Momat, Nasonex, Asmanex)) - these drugs are essentially hormonal drugs. Their action is to reduce inflammatory processes in the nasal passages, thereby reducing the symptoms of allergic reactions, namely nasal congestion. The absorption of these drugs is minimal so that all possible adverse reactions disappear, however, with long-term use of these drugs, in rare cases, such adverse reactions as nosebleeds or sore throat are possible. Before using these medications, it is advisable to consult your doctor.

  Hyposensitization(immunotherapy) - In addition to avoiding contact with allergens and drug treatment, there is such a treatment method as: immunotherapy. This method involves the gradual, long-term introduction of gradually increasing amounts of allergens into your body, which will lead to a decrease in the sensitivity of your body to a given allergen.

  This procedure involves the introduction of small doses of the allergen in the form subcutaneous injection. Initially, you will be given injections at intervals of a week or less, while the dose of the allergen will be constantly increased, this regimen will be followed until a “maintenance dose” is reached, this is the dose at which there is a pronounced effect of reducing the usual allergic reaction. However, once this “maintenance dose” is reached, it will be necessary to administer it every few weeks for another period of time. at least, 2-2.5 years. This treatment method is usually prescribed when a person has a severe form of allergy that does not respond well to conventional treatment, as well as for certain types of allergies, such as allergies to bee stings, wasp stings. This type of treatment is carried out only in a specialized medical institution under the supervision of a group of specialists, since this method treatment may provoke a severe allergic reaction.

  Anaphylaxis(Anaphylactic shock)

  
  This is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction. People most often affected by anaphylaxis are:
  • Respiratory tract (provokes spasms and pulmonary edema)
  • Act of breathing (breathing disorder, shortness of breath)
  • Blood circulation (lowering blood pressure)
  The mechanism of development of anaphylaxis is the same as that of an allergic reaction, only the manifestation of anaphylaxis is tens of times more pronounced than with ordinary, even quite strong allergic reactions.

  Causes of anaphylaxis

  The causes are generally similar to common allergic reactions, but it is worth highlighting the causes that most often cause anaphylactic reactions:
  • Insect bites
  • Certain types of food
  • Some types of medications
  • Contrast agents used in diagnostic medical studies
  Insect bites– despite the fact that the bite of any insect can cause an anaphylactic reaction, bee and wasp stings are the cause of anaphylactic shock in the vast majority. According to statistics, only 1 in 100 people have an allergic reaction to a bee or wasp sting, and only a very small number of people have an allergic reaction that develops into anaphylaxis.

  Food– Peanuts are the main cause of anaphylactic reactions among foods. However, there are a number of other foods that can cause anaphylaxis:

  • Walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds and Brazil nuts
  • Milk
  • Shellfish and crab meat
  The following products are least likely to cause an anaphylactic reaction;
  • Bananas, grapes and strawberries
  Medicines– there are a number of medications that can provoke the development of anaphylactic reactions:
  • Antibiotics (most often from the penicillin series ( penicillin, ampicillin, bicilin))
  • Anesthetics (substances used during operations, intravenous anesthetics Thiopental, Ketamine, Propofol and inhalational anesthetics Sevovlurane, Desflurane, Halothane)
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen)
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (drugs used in the treatment of hypertension Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril)
  People taking any drugs from the above groups, except angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, may cause an allergic reaction or anaphylaxis at the first dose, which will manifest itself within a short time after taking the medication, from several minutes to several hours.
  An allergic reaction or anaphylactic shock can be triggered by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor drugs, even if the patient has been using these drugs for several years.

  However, the risk of any allergic reactions when taking any of the above drugs is very low and cannot be compared with the positive medical effects achieved during treatment various diseases.
  Eg:

  • The risk of developing anaphylaxis when taking penicillin is approximately 1 in 5,000
  • When using anesthetics 1 in 10,000
  • When using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1 in 1500
  • When using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 1 in 3000
  Contrast agents- these are special chemicals that are administered intravenously and are used for a detailed examination of any part of the body or the vessels of any organ. Contrast agents are used in diagnostic medicine most often in studies such as computed tomography, angiography and x-ray examination.

  The risk of developing an anaphylactic reaction when using contrast agents is approximately 1 in 10,000.

  Symptoms of anaphylaxis

  The time at which any symptoms appear depends on the route the allergen enters your body, so an allergen ingested through food can trigger symptoms from a few minutes to several hours, while an insect bite or injection can trigger symptoms within anywhere from 2 to 30 minutes. Symptoms vary depending on the severity of the reaction; in some people they may be mild itching and swelling, and in some they can be fatal if not treated promptly.

  Symptoms of anaphylaxis include the following:

  • Red rash with severe itching
  • Swelling in the eye area, swelling of the lips and limbs
  • Narrowing, swelling and spasms of the airways that can cause difficulty breathing
  • Feeling of a lump in the throat
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Metallic taste in the mouth
  • Feeling of fear
  • A sudden drop in blood pressure, which can lead to severe weakness, dizziness and loss of consciousness

  Diagnosis of anaphylaxis

  At this stage of medical development, it is not possible to determine in advance whether you will develop anaphylaxis. The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is made already during the onset of an anaphylactic reaction based on symptoms, or after the reaction has occurred. Monitoring the development of all symptoms is also not possible, since in most cases they lead to sharp deterioration health conditions and can lead to death, so it is necessary to immediately begin treatment at the first signs of this disease.

  After the occurrence and treatment of an anaphylactic reaction, studies are carried out aimed at detecting the allergen that caused this reaction. If this is your first manifestation of anaphylaxis and allergies in general, you will be prescribed a range of tests used to make an allergy diagnosis, including some of the following specific tests:

  • Skin tests
  • Blood test for IgE
  • Skin or patch tests (Patch-testing)
  • Provocative tests
  The main goal of the study after an anaphylactic reaction is to detect the allergen that caused this reaction, also depending on the severity of the reaction to detect the allergen, it is necessary to use the safest possible test to in order to avoid a repeat reaction. The safest test is:

  Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) this study allows you to determine the allergen that caused an anaphylactic reaction in the following way: a small amount of blood is taken from the patient, then small amounts of suspected allergens are placed in this blood; if a reaction occurs, namely the release of a large number of antibodies, the identified allergen is considered the cause of the reaction.

  Treatment of anaphylactic shock

  
  

  Anaphylaxis is an emergency medical condition and requires immediate provision of qualified medical care.

  If you notice any of the symptoms in yourself or someone else, you must immediately call an ambulance.

  If you notice a possible cause for the development of symptoms, such as a bee sting site with a protruding sting, it is necessary to remove it.

  If you, as an allergy sufferer or a survivor of anaphylactic shock, or a victim, have adrenaline auto-injectors, you must immediately administer a dose of the drug intramuscularly. These autoinjectors include:

  • EpiPen
  • Anapen
  • Jext
  If any of them is available, one dose must be administered immediately (one dose = one injector). It should be injected into the thigh muscle on the dorsal lateral surface; injection into adipose tissue should be avoided as then no effect will follow. It is necessary to carefully read the instructions before use to ensure correct administration. After administration, it is necessary to fix the injector within 10 seconds in the same position in which the drug was administered. For most people, the condition should improve within a few minutes after administering the drug; if this does not happen, you will need to re-administer another dose of the drug if you have another auto-injector.

  If a person is in unconscious it is necessary to turn him on his side, bending the leg on which he lies at the knee and placing the hand on which he lies under his head. This way he will be protected from vomit entering the respiratory tract. If a person is not breathing or has no pulse, resuscitation measures must be carried out, but only if you know how to do this, resuscitation measures are carried out until breathing and a pulse appear or until the ambulance team arrives.

  Treatment in hospital will be carried out with drugs similar drugs, which are used in the treatment of allergies.

  Typically, the patient can be discharged from the hospital 2-3 days after anaphylaxis.
  If you know allergens that can cause you an allergic reaction or even that can cause anaphylactic shock, you should avoid contact with them as much as possible.
  

  
  
  

  How long does an allergy last?

  In general, allergies as a disease can last a lifetime. In this case, allergy means hypersensitivity of the patient’s body to certain substances. Since such sensitivity is an individual characteristic of the body, it persists for a very long time, and the body will always react with the appearance of corresponding symptoms upon repeated contact with the allergen. Sometimes allergies can only be in childhood or during periods of serious disturbances in the functioning of the immune system. Then it goes away within a few years, but the risk of a reaction upon repeated contact in the future still remains. Sometimes, with age, the intensity of the manifestations of the disease simply decreases, although the body’s increased sensitivity still remains.

  If by allergy we mean its symptoms and manifestations, then their duration is very difficult to predict, since this is influenced by many different factors. The functioning of the immune system and the pathological mechanisms underlying allergic reactions are not fully understood. Therefore, no specialist can give a guarantee when the manifestations of the disease will disappear.

  The duration of an allergic reaction is influenced by the following factors:

  • Contact with an allergen. Everyone knows that an allergic reaction occurs due to contact of the body with a specific substance - an allergen. The first contact in life does not cause an allergic reaction, since the body “gets to know” and recognizes the foreign substance. However, repeated contact leads to the appearance of pathological changes, since the body already has a set of necessary antibodies ( substances that react with the allergen). The longer the contact with the allergen, the longer the symptoms will be. For example, an allergy to pollen will last the entire flowering period of a certain plant if a person is constantly outdoors. If you try to spend more time at home, away from forests and fields, then contact with the allergen will be minimal, and the symptoms will disappear faster.
  • Allergy form. Allergic reactions after contact with an allergen can take various forms. Each of these forms has a certain duration. For example, hives can last from a few hours to several weeks. Watery eyes, coughing and irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract are usually caused by the allergen and disappear within a few days after stopping contact with it. An attack of bronchial asthma caused by allergens can last several minutes ( less than hours) after termination of contact. Angioedema ( Quincke's edema) occurs upon contact with an allergen and is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous fatty tissue. After the start of treatment, it stops increasing, but completely resolves only after a few days ( sometimes hours). Anaphylactic shock is the most severe but short-lived allergic reaction of the body. Vasodilation, drop in blood pressure and breathing difficulties do not last long, but without medical attention they can lead to the death of the patient.
  • Treatment effectiveness. The duration of the allergy manifestation largely depends on what drugs are used to treat the disease. The most rapid effect is observed from glucocorticoid drugs ( prednisolone, dexamethasone, etc.). That is why they are used for severe allergic reactions that threaten the patient’s life. Antihistamines act somewhat slower ( suprastin, erolin, clemastine). The effect of these drugs is weaker, and allergy symptoms will disappear gradually. But more often, antihistamines are prescribed for allergies, since glucocorticoids are similar in action to a number of hormones, which is why they can cause serious side effects. The sooner treatment is started, the faster it will be possible to eliminate allergy symptoms.
  • Immune system status. A number of diseases of the thyroid, adrenal glands and other endocrine glands ( glands internal secretion ), as well as some pathologies of the immune system can affect the duration of allergy manifestations. When they occur, systemic disorders are observed that enhance the body’s immune response to various substances. Treatment of such pathologies will also lead to the disappearance of allergic manifestations.
  To get rid of allergies faster, you should first consult an allergist. Only a specialist in this field can identify the specific allergen or allergens and prescribe the most effective treatment. Self-medication for allergies not only leads to a longer course of the disease, but also does not make it possible to avoid repeated contact with the allergen. After all, the patient can only guess what he is allergic to, but does not know for sure. Only a visit to the doctor and a special test will help determine which substance you should be wary of.

  How quickly does an allergy appear?

  There are several stages in the development of an allergic reaction, each of which is characterized by certain processes in the body. Upon first contact with the allergen ( a substance to which the body is pathologically sensitive) symptoms usually do not appear. The allergy itself occurs after repeated ( second and all subsequent) contact with an allergen. The time of onset of symptoms is very difficult to predict, since it depends on many different factors.

  Upon repeated contact with an allergen, the body begins to release special substances, class E immunoglobulins ( IgE). They affect several types of cells scattered throughout the body, destroying their membrane. As a result, so-called mediator substances are released, the most important of which is histamine. Under the influence of histamine, the permeability of the vascular walls is disrupted, and some of the fluid leaves the dilated capillaries into the intercellular space. This causes swelling. Histamine also stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi, which can cause breathing difficulties. This whole chain takes some time. Nowadays, there are 4 types of allergic reactions. In three of them, all biochemical processes occur quickly. In one, a so-called delayed-type immune reaction occurs.

  On the speed of occurrence various manifestations allergies are influenced by the following factors:

  • Type of allergic reaction.There are 4 types of allergic reactions. Usually immediate reactions predominate.
  • Allergen quantity. This dependence is not always visible. Sometimes even a small amount of an allergen causes certain symptoms to appear almost instantly. For example, when a wasp stings ( if a person is allergic to their poison) almost immediately there is severe pain, redness, severe swelling, and sometimes rash and itching. In general, however, it is fair to say that the more allergen that enters the body, the faster symptoms will appear.
  • Type of contact with allergen. This factor is very important, since different tissues of the body have different numbers of immunocompetent cells that recognize the allergen. If such a substance comes into contact with the skin, for example, itching or redness will appear after a longer time. Inhalation of pollen, dust, exhaust gases ( contact of the allergen with the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract) can almost instantly cause an attack of bronchial asthma or rapidly increasing swelling of the mucous membrane. When an allergen is introduced into the blood ( for example, contrast in some diagnostic procedures) anaphylactic shock also develops very quickly.
  • Clinical form of allergy. Each of possible symptoms allergies are a consequence of exposure to mediators. But it takes different times for symptoms to appear. For example, redness of the skin is due to the dilation of capillaries, which can occur very quickly. The smooth muscles of the bronchi also contract rapidly, causing an asthma attack. But swelling occurs due to the gradual seepage of fluid through the walls of blood vessels. It takes more time to develop. Food allergies usually do not appear immediately. This is due to the digestion of food and the release of the allergen ( it is usually a component of the product) takes time.
  • Individual characteristics of the body. Each body has a different number of cells, mediators and receptors that take part in an allergic reaction. Therefore, exposure to the same allergen in the same doses in different patients can cause the appearance of different symptoms and at different intervals.
  Thus, it is very difficult to predict when the first allergy symptoms will appear. Most often we are talking about minutes or, less often, hours. When a large dose of an allergen is administered intravenously ( contrast, antibiotic, other medications) the reaction develops almost instantly. Sometimes it takes several days for an allergic reaction to develop. This most often applies to skin manifestations of food allergies.

  What can't you eat if you have allergies?

  Nutrition and proper diet are the most important component of treatment for food allergies. However, even if you are allergic to substances that do not enter the body with food, proper nutrition has a certain meaning. The fact is that most people suffering from allergies have a hereditary predisposition to this disease and certain individual characteristics in the functioning of the immune system. Because of this, there is a high chance that their body is hypersensitive to several different allergens ( substances that provoke manifestations of the disease). Following a diet allows you to avoid eating foods that are potentially strong allergens.

  For patients with any form of allergy, it is advisable to exclude the following foods from their diet:

  • Most seafood. Seafood contains a very large amount of various microelements and vitamins. This explains their benefits for most people. However, it should be remembered that contact with new substances is a burden on the immune system, and for people with allergies - additional risk exacerbation of the disease. You should limit your consumption of fish ( especially sea), and from caviar and seaweed It's better to give up completely.
  • Dairy products. They should be consumed in moderation. From fresh milk and fermented milk products homemade preparations should be avoided completely. They contain a large amount of natural proteins, which are potential allergens. Factory-made dairy products go through several stages of processing, during which some of the proteins are destroyed. The risk of allergies remains, but is significantly reduced.
  • Canned foods. Most commercially canned foods are prepared with large amounts of food additives. They are necessary to preserve the taste of products, extend shelf life and other commercial purposes. These additives are harmless to a healthy person, but they are potentially strong allergens.
  • Some fruits and berries. A fairly common option is an allergy to strawberries, sea buckthorn, melon, and pineapples. Sometimes it manifests itself even when eating dishes made from these products ( compotes, jams, etc.). Citrus fruits are very strong potential allergens ( oranges, etc.). In this case, it will be regarded as a full-fledged food allergy. However, even for people, say, with allergies to bee stings or pollen, consuming these products is undesirable due to the burden on the immune system.
  • Products with a large number of nutritional additives. A number of products already include a wide range of different chemical food additives in their production technology. These include sweetened carbonated drinks, marmalade, chocolate, chewing gum. All of them contain a large number of dyes, which themselves can be allergens. Sometimes sweeteners and dyes are found even in improperly prepared dried fruits.
  • Honey. Honey is a fairly common allergen, so it should be consumed with caution. You need to be equally wary of nuts and mushrooms. These products contain a lot unique substances, with which the body rarely comes into contact. The risk of developing an allergy to such substances is much higher.
  It would seem that the diet of patients with allergic diseases should be quite meager. However, this is not entirely true. The above products are not strictly prohibited. Patients should just carefully monitor their condition after consuming them and not eat them often and in large quantities. It is recommended to follow a more strict diet with the complete exclusion of this number of products during exacerbations of allergies ( especially after angioedema, anaphylactic shock and other dangerous forms of the disease). This will be a kind of precautionary measure.

  If you have a food allergy, you need to completely exclude those foods that contain a specific allergen. For example, if a patient is allergic to strawberries, they should not eat strawberry ice cream or drink fruit tea with strawberry leaves or flowers. You need to be very careful to avoid contact with even small amounts of the allergen. In this case, we are talking specifically about pathological sensitivity to a previously known substance. Modern treatments can help gradually get rid of this problem ( for example, using immunotherapy). But for preventive purposes, the diet should still be followed. More precise instructions regarding permitted products for a particular patient can only be given by an allergist after all the necessary tests have been carried out.

  Do allergies happen during pregnancy?

  Allergic reactions in pregnant women are quite common. In principle, allergies rarely appear for the first time after conception. Usually women already know about their problem and notify their doctor about it. With timely intervention, diagnosis and treatment of allergic reactions during pregnancy are completely safe for both mother and fetus. Moreover, if the mother is allergic to any drugs that are used to eliminate serious problems, treatment may well be continued. They will simply add additional medications to the course that eliminate the manifestations of such allergies. In each individual case, doctors determine separately how to manage the patient. There are no uniform standards due to the wide variety of forms of the disease and the different conditions of patients.

  In pregnant women, allergies can take the following forms:

  • Bronchial asthma. This disease may be of an allergic nature. It usually occurs when an allergen is inhaled, but can also be a consequence of skin or food contact. The cause of the disease and the main problem is spasm of smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchioles ( small air passages in the lungs). Because of this, breathing difficulties arise, which severe cases may result in the death of the patient. In case of pregnancy, prolonged breath holding is also dangerous for the fetus.
  • Hives. Represents a skin allergic reaction. Most often it occurs in pregnant women in the last trimester. Itchy rashes appear on the stomach, less often on the limbs, which cause a lot of discomfort. This form of allergy is usually easily relieved with antihistamines and does not pose a serious threat to the mother or fetus.
  • Angioedema ( Quincke's edema). It occurs mainly in women with a hereditary predisposition to this disease. Edema can be localized in almost any part of the body where there is a lot of subcutaneous tissue. The most dangerous swelling is in the upper respiratory tract, as it can lead to respiratory arrest and hypoxic damage to the fetus. In general, this form of allergy in pregnant women is quite rare.
  • Rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is a very common problem in pregnant women. This form is especially common in the 2nd – 3rd trimester. Rhinitis is caused by allergen contact with the nasal mucosa. As a result, swelling occurs, fluid begins to leak from the dilated capillaries, and nasal discharge appears. At the same time, breathing difficulties arise.
  Thus, some forms of allergies in pregnant women can be dangerous for the fetus. That is why it is recommended to consult a doctor at the first manifestations of the disease. medical care. If the patient knows that she has an allergy, then it is possible to prescribe certain medications prophylactically to prevent an exacerbation of the disease. Of course, it is necessary to avoid contact with known allergens at all costs. If contact does occur, the focus is on adequate and prompt medical treatment.
  

  Options for drug treatment of exacerbations in various forms of allergies in pregnant women

  Allergy form	Recommended drugs and treatment
  Bronchial asthma	Inhalation forms of beclomethasone, epinephrine, terbutaline, theophylline. In severe cases of the disease - prednisone ( first daily, and after the main symptoms are relieved - every other day), methylprednisolone extended ( prolonged) actions.
  Rhinitis	Diphenhydramine ( diphenhydramine), chlorpheniramine, beclomethasone intranasally ( baconase and its analogues).
  Bacterial complications of rhinitis, sinusitis, bronchitis (including purulent forms)	Antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial complications - ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, cefaclor. Ideally, an antibiogram is done to select the most effective drug and the most effective course. However, antibiotics are started even before the results are received ( then, if necessary, the drug is changed). Beclomethasone is indicated locally ( baconase) to eliminate an allergic reaction.
  Angioedema	Subcutaneous epinephrine ( urgently), restoration of airway patency if swelling of the mucous membrane of the throat is observed.
  Hives	Diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, tripelenamine. In more severe cases, ephedrine and terbutaline. For prolonged periods, prednisone may be prescribed.

  
  Very important point When managing pregnant women with allergies, childbirth is the most important aspect. The fact is that in order to successfully carry out this procedure ( or caesarean section, if planned in a particular case) you will need to administer a large number of drugs ( including anesthesia if necessary). Therefore, it is important to notify the anesthesiologist about previous use of anti-allergy medications. This will allow you to optimally select drugs and doses, eliminating the danger adverse reactions and complications.

  The most severe type of allergic reaction is anaphylaxis. It manifests itself as serious circulatory disorders. Due to the rapid expansion of capillaries, blood pressure decreases. At the same time, breathing problems may occur. This creates a serious threat to the fetus, since it does not receive enough blood and, accordingly, oxygen. According to statistics, anaphylaxis in pregnant women is most often caused by the administration of any pharmacological drug. This is quite natural, since different stages During pregnancy, a woman receives a significant amount of various medications.

  Anaphylaxis in pregnant women is most often caused by the following medications:

  • penicillin;
  • oxytocin;
  • fentanyl;
  • dextran;
  • cefotetan;
  • phytomenadione.
  Treatment of anaphylactic shock in pregnant women is practically no different from that in other patients. To restore blood flow and quickly eliminate the threat, epinephrine must be administered. It will narrow the capillaries, dilate the bronchioles and increase the pressure. If anaphylaxis occurs in the third trimester, the possibility of a cesarean section should be considered. This will avoid danger to the fetus.

  Why are allergies dangerous?

  In most cases, patients with allergies do not see their disease as particularly dangerous. This is due to the fact that severe cases of allergies that actually threaten the health or life of the patient are extremely rare. However, the danger should not be ignored. Evidence shows that people who have suffered from hay fever or eczema for years may develop anaphylactic shock ( the most severe type of allergic reaction) upon new contact with the same allergen. It is quite difficult to explain this phenomenon, since the mechanism of development of allergic reactions has not yet been fully studied.
  • rash;
  • skin redness;
  • peeling of the skin;
  • nasal discharge;
  • burning in the eyes;
  • redness of the eyes;
  • dry eyes;
  • tearfulness;
  • sore throat;
  • dry mouth;
  • dry cough;
  • sneezing.
  All these symptoms in themselves do not pose a serious threat to the patient's health. They are associated with local destruction of mast cells, mastocytes and other cells involved in the development of an allergic reaction. A special mediator is released from them - histamine, which causes local damage to neighboring cells and corresponding symptoms. However, in severe cases, allergies also affect the functioning of the cardiovascular or respiratory system. Then the disease becomes much more serious.

  The most dangerous forms of allergic reactions are:

  • Bronchial asthma. Bronchial asthma is a disease in which the small bronchi in the lungs narrow. Often this occurs precisely after contact with allergens, if the patient has hypersensitivity. An asthma attack is a very serious and dangerous condition as it affects breathing. Air does not enter the lungs in sufficient quantities, and the person may suffocate.
  • Angioedema ( Quincke's edema) . With this disease, the entry of allergens into the body causes swelling of the subcutaneous fatty tissue. In principle, swelling can develop in almost any part of the body, but most often it is localized on the face. A life-threatening form of Quincke's edema is localized near the windpipe. In this case, due to swelling, the airways will close, and the patient may die.
  • Anaphylactic shock. This form of allergic reaction is considered the most dangerous, as various organs and systems are affected. The greatest significance in the development of shock is the sharp expansion of small capillaries and a drop in blood pressure. At the same time, breathing problems may occur. Anaphylactic shock often ends in the death of the patient.
  In addition, allergies are dangerous due to bacterial complications. For example, with eczema or rhinitis ( inflammation in the nasal mucosa) local protective barriers weaken. Therefore, microbes that have entered the allergy-damaged cells at this moment receive favorable soil for reproduction and development. Allergic rhinitis can develop into sinusitis or sinusitis with the accumulation of pus in the maxillary sinuses. Skin manifestations of allergies can be complicated by purulent dermatitis. This course of the disease occurs especially often if the patient has itching. In the process of scratching, it further damages the skin and introduces new portions of microbes.

  What to do if your child has allergies?

  Allergic reactions in children, for a number of reasons, occur much more often than in adults. Most often we are talking about food allergies, but almost all forms of this disease can be found even in early childhood. Before starting treatment for a child with allergies, it is necessary to determine the specific allergen to which the patient’s body is sensitive. To do this, contact an allergist. In some cases, it turns out that the child does not have allergies, but is intolerant to some food. Such pathologies develop according to a different mechanism ( we are talking about a lack of certain enzymes), and their treatment is carried out by pediatricians and gastroenterologists. If an allergy is confirmed, treatment is prescribed taking into account all age-related characteristics.

  A special approach to treating allergies in a child is necessary for the following reasons:

  • young children are not able to complain about subjective symptoms ( pain, burning in the eyes, itching);
  • a child’s immune system is different from the immune system of adults, so the risk of allergies to new foods is higher;
  • Due to their curiosity, children often come into contact with various allergens in the house and on the street, so it is difficult to determine what exactly the child is allergic to;
  • some strong drugs Allergy suppressants can cause serious side effects in children.
  In general, however, allergic reactions in children involve the same mechanisms as in adults. Therefore, priority should be given to the same drugs in appropriate dosages. The main criterion when calculating the dose in this case will be the child’s weight, and not his age.

  Of the medications used in the treatment of allergies, preference is given to antihistamines. They block receptors for the main allergy mediator, histamine. As a result, this substance is released, but does not have a pathogenic effect on the tissue, so the symptoms of the disease disappear.

  The most common antihistamines are:

  • suprastin ( chloropyramine);
  • tavegil ( clemastine);
  • diphenhydramine ( diphenhydramine);
  • diazolin ( mebhydrolin);
  • fenkarol ( quifenadine hydrochloride);
  • pipolfen ( promethazine);
  • arolin ( loratadine).
  These drugs are prescribed mainly for allergic reactions that do not threaten the child’s life. They gradually eliminate urticaria, dermatitis ( skin inflammation), itchy, watery eyes or sore throat caused by an allergic reaction. However, in case of serious allergic reactions that pose a threat to life, it is necessary to use other means with a stronger and faster effect.

  In emergency situations ( Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock, bronchial asthma attack) urgent administration of corticosteroids is necessary ( prednisolone, beclomethasone, etc.). Drugs in this group have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect. The effect of their use comes much faster. Also, to maintain the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, it is necessary to administer adrenaline or its analogues ( epinephrine). This will dilate the bronchi and restore breathing during an asthma attack, and increase blood pressure ( important for anaphylactic shock).

  With any allergies in children, it is important to remember that the child’s body is more sensitive in many ways than an adult. Therefore, even ordinary manifestations of allergies cannot be ignored ( watery eyes, sneezing, rash). You should immediately consult a doctor who will confirm the diagnosis, give appropriate preventive recommendations and determine the appropriate course of treatment. Self-medication is always dangerous. The response of a growing body to an allergen may change with age, and the risk of developing the most dangerous forms of allergy with improper treatment very high.

  What are some folk remedies for allergies?

  Folk remedies for allergies should be selected depending on the location of the symptoms of this disease. There are a number of medicinal plants that can partly affect the immune system as a whole, reducing the symptoms of allergies. Another group of funds can interrupt pathological process at the local level. These include ointments and compresses for skin manifestations.

  Of the folk remedies that affect the immune system as a whole, the following are most often used:

  • Mumiyo. 1 g mumiyo dissolves in 1 l hot water (high-quality product dissolves even in warm water quickly and without sediment). The solution is cooled to room temperature ( 1 – 1.5 hours) and taken orally once a day. It is advisable to take the product in the first hour after waking up. The course lasts 2 – 3 weeks. Single dose for adults – 100 ml. Shilajit solution can also be used to treat allergies in children. Then the dose is reduced to 50 - 70 ml ( depending on body weight). This remedy is not recommended for children under one year of age.
  • Peppermint. 10 g dry leaves peppermint pour half a glass of boiling water. Infusion lasts 30 - 40 minutes in a dark place. The product is taken three times a day, 1 tablespoon for several weeks ( if the allergy does not go away for a long time).
  • Calendula officinalis. 10 g of dried flowers are poured into a glass of boiling water. Infusion lasts 60 – 90 minutes. The infusion is taken twice a day, 1 tablespoon.
  • Swamp duckweed. The plant is collected, washed well, dried and ground into a fine powder. This powder should be taken 1 teaspoon three times a day, washed down with plenty of boiled water ( 1 – 2 glasses).
  • Dandelion root. Freshly picked dandelion roots are well scalded with boiling water and ground ( or rub) into a homogeneous paste. Pour 1 tablespoon of this slurry into 1 glass of boiling water and mix thoroughly. The mixture is drunk, shaking before use, 1 glass per day in three doses ( one third of a glass morning, afternoon and evening). The course can last 1 – 2 months if necessary.
  • Celery root. 2 tablespoons of crushed root should be poured into 200 ml of cold water ( approximately 4 - 8 degrees, temperature in the refrigerator). Infusion lasts 2 – 3 hours. During this period, you should avoid direct sunlight on the infusion. After this, the infusion is taken 50–100 ml three times a day, half an hour before meals.
  
  

  The above remedies are not always effective. The fact is that there are several various types allergic reactions. Universal remedy, suppressing all these types, there is no. Therefore, you should try several treatment regimens to determine the most effective treatment.

  As a rule, these recipes relieve symptoms such as allergic rhinitis ( for allergies to pollen), conjunctivitis ( inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes), asthma attacks. For skin manifestations of allergies, preference should be given to local treatment methods. The most common are compresses, lotions and baths based on medicinal plants.

  For skin manifestations of allergies, the following help best: folk remedies:

  • Dill juice. The juice is best squeezed from young shoots ( in the old ones there is less of it, and more dill will be needed). After squeezing out approximately 1 - 2 tablespoons of juice, they are diluted with water in a ratio of 1 to 2. Gauze is moistened in the resulting mixture, which is then used as a compress. You need to do it 1 - 2 times a day for 10 - 15 minutes.
  • Mumiyo. Shilajit can also be used as a lotion for skin allergies. It is diluted in a concentration of 1 to 100 ( 1 g of substance per 100 g of warm water). Clean gauze or a handkerchief is generously moistened with the solution and the affected area of ​​skin is covered. The procedure is done once a day, and it lasts until the compress begins to dry out. The course of treatment lasts 15–20 procedures.
  • Pansies. Prepare a concentrated infusion of 5 - 6 tablespoons of dried flowers and 1 liter of boiling water. Infusion lasts 2 – 3 hours. After this, the mixture is shaken, the petals are filtered and poured into a warm bath. Baths should be taken every 1 to 2 days for several weeks.
  • Nettle. Mash freshly picked nettle flowers into a paste and pour boiling water over them ( 2 – 3 tablespoons per glass of water). When the infusion has cooled to room temperature, moisten gauze in it and apply lotions to the area of ​​allergic eczema, itching or rash.
  • Hop cones. A quarter cup of crushed green hop cones is poured with a glass of boiling water. The resulting mixture is mixed well and left for at least 2 hours. After this, gauze is soaked in the infusion and compresses are applied to the affected area. The procedure is repeated twice a day.
  The use of these remedies in many patients gradually eliminates itching, redness of the skin, and eczema. On average, for a noticeable effect you need to carry out 3–4 procedures, and then until the end of the course the goal is to consolidate the result. However, treatment with folk remedies for allergies has a number of tangible disadvantages. It is because of them that self-medication can be dangerous or ineffective.

  The disadvantages of treating allergies with folk remedies are:

  • Nonspecific action of herbs. Not a single medicinal plant can compare in strength and speed of effect with modern ones. pharmacological drugs. Therefore, treatment with folk remedies, as a rule, lasts longer, and the chances of success are less.
  • Risk of new allergic reactions. A person who is allergic to something is usually predisposed to other allergies due to the way the immune system works. Therefore, treatment with folk remedies can lead to contact with new allergens that the patient’s body cannot tolerate. Then the manifestations of allergies will only worsen.
  • Masking symptoms. Many of the above folk remedies do not affect the mechanism of allergy development, but only its external manifestations. Thus, the state of health when taking them can only improve externally.
  Based on all this, we can conclude that folk remedies are not best choice in the fight against allergies. With this disease, it is advisable to consult a doctor to determine the specific allergen that the body cannot tolerate. After this, at the request of the patient, the specialist himself can recommend any remedies based on the action of medicinal herbs, which are the safest in this particular case.

  Is there a human allergy?

  In the classical sense, an allergy is an acute response of the immune system to the body’s contact with any foreign substance. In humans, as a certain biological species, the structure of tissues is very similar. Therefore, there cannot be allergic reactions to the hair, saliva, tears and other biological components of another person. The immune system simply will not detect the foreign material, and the allergic reaction will not start. However, in medical practice Allergies in very sensitive patients may appear regularly when interacting with the same person. However, this has a slightly different explanation.

  Each person comes into contact with a very large number of potential allergens. At the same time, the carrier himself does not suspect that he is a carrier of allergens, since his body does not have increased sensitivity to these components. However, for a patient with an allergy, even a tiny amount of a foreign substance is enough to cause severe symptoms of the disease. Most often, such cases are mistaken for “human allergies.” The patient cannot figure out what exactly he is allergic to, and therefore blames the carrier.

  Most often, sensitivity to the following allergens is mistaken for human allergies:

  • Cosmetics. Cosmetical tools ( even on a natural basis) are strong potential allergens. Contact with lipstick, inhalation of perfume, or tiny particles of powder can be taken as an allergy to a person. Of course, when everyday contact These substances enter the surrounding space in negligible quantities. But the problem is that for people with specific hypersensitivity, even this is enough.
  • Industrial dust. Some people who work in manufacturing are carriers of specific allergens. The smallest particles of dust settle on the skin, clothes, linger in the hair, and are inhaled by the lungs. After work, a person, coming into contact with his friends, can transfer dust particles to them. If you are allergic to its components, this can cause a rash, redness of the skin, watery eyes and others. typical symptoms.
  • Animal fur. The problem of “human allergies” is well known to people with allergies to pets ( cats or dogs). Owners usually have a small amount of their pet's hair or saliva on their clothes. If you are allergic ( person with allergies) comes into contact with the owner, a small amount of the allergen may come into contact with him.
  • Medications . Not many people think about what happens in the human body after taking any medications. Having fulfilled their therapeutic function, they are usually metabolized by the body ( bind or split) and are output. They are mainly excreted in urine or feces. But a certain amount of components can be released during breathing, with sweat, tears, sperm or secretions of the vaginal glands. Then contact with these biological fluids is dangerous for a person with an allergy to the medications used. In these cases, it is very difficult to detect the allergen. It is misleading if the patient believes that the rash occurred after, say, contact with the sweat of another person. Indeed, it is easier to mistake this for a human allergy than to trace the path of a specific allergen.
  There are other options when a very specific person is a carrier of a specific allergen. Even an allergist is not always able to understand the situation. In these cases, it is important to temporarily stop contact with the “suspect” ( so as not to provoke new manifestations of the disease) and still contact a specialist. An extensive skin test with a large number of different allergens usually helps to identify what exactly the patient is sensitive to. After this, you need to talk in detail with the potential carrier to find out where the allergen could have come from. Changing your perfume or stopping any medications usually solves the problem of “human allergies.”

  In rare cases, a person's allergy may occur due to certain mental disorders. Then symptoms such as coughing, sneezing or watery eyes are not caused by contact with any allergen, but by a certain “psychological incompatibility.” At the same time, manifestations of the disease sometimes appear even when a person is mentioned, when physical contact with him is excluded. In these cases, we are not talking about allergies, but about mental disorders.

  Is there an allergy to alcohol?

  There is a common misconception that some people are allergic to alcohol. This is not entirely true, since ethyl alcohol itself, which is meant by alcohol, has a very simple molecular structure and practically cannot become an allergen. Thus, allergies to alcohol, as such, practically do not exist. However, cases of allergies to alcoholic beverages are not uncommon. However, here it is not ethyl alcohol that acts as an allergen, but other substances.

  Typically, an allergic reaction to alcoholic beverages is explained as follows:

  • Ethyl alcohol is an excellent solvent. Many substances that are insoluble in water dissolve easily and without residue in alcohol. Therefore, any alcoholic drink contains a very large amount of dissolved substances.
  • A small amount of allergen sufficient to trigger a reaction. The amount of allergen is not critical for the development of an allergic reaction. In other words, even negligible impurities of any substance in alcohol can cause an allergy. Of course, the more allergen enters the body, the stronger and faster the reaction will appear. But in practice, even very small doses of an allergen sometimes cause anaphylactic shock - the most severe form of an allergic reaction that threatens the patient’s life.
  • Low quality control. High-quality alcoholic products always indicate the composition of the drink and the number of ingredients. However, currently the production and sale of alcohol is very profitable business. Therefore, a significant proportion of products on the market may contain some kind of impurity that is not listed on the label. A person may be allergic to these unknown components. Then it is very difficult to determine the allergen. Alcoholic drinks produced at home are even more dangerous for people with allergies, since the composition is simply not carefully controlled.
  • Incorrect storage conditions. As mentioned above, alcohol is a good solvent, and only a small amount of the substance is needed to develop an allergy. If an alcoholic drink is stored incorrectly for a long time ( usually it's about plastic bottles ), some components of the material from which the container is made may get into it. Few buyers know that plastic packaging also has an expiration date and must also be certified. Poor quality plastic or plastic with expired shelf life begins to gradually deteriorate, and complex chemical compounds gradually pass into the contents of the vessel in the form of a solution.
  • Drinking alcohol internally. Allergies can occur through various types of contact with an allergen. When it comes to drinking alcoholic beverages, the allergen enters the gastrointestinal tract. This contributes to the development of a more intense and faster allergic reaction than if the allergen came into contact with, say, the skin.
  In recent years, cases of allergies to various alcoholic beverages have become more frequent. People with hereditary predisposition or allergies to other substances should be very careful when choosing drinks. It is advisable to exclude those products that contain various natural flavors or additives. As a rule, components such as almonds, some fruits, and barley gluten in beer are strong potential allergens.

  Patients may experience the following manifestations of allergies to alcoholic beverages:

  • attack of bronchial asthma;
  • redness of the skin ( spots);
  • hives;
  • angioedema ( Quincke's edema);
  • anaphylactic shock;
  • eczema.
  Some doctors note that alcohol may not itself lead to allergic reactions, but rather stimulate their occurrence. According to one theory, in a number of patients, after drinking alcohol, the permeability of the intestinal walls increases. Because of this, more microbes can enter the blood ( or their components), which normally inhabit the human intestine. These microbial components themselves have a certain allergenic potential.

  You should consult a doctor if there are any signs of an allergic reaction after drinking alcohol. The fact is that in this case we are often talking about a bad habit ( alcoholism), which is a drug problem, and about allergies that can pose a threat to the health and life of the patient. Therefore, the allergist should, if possible, identify the specific allergen and notify the patient about his sensitivity to this component. The patient will definitely be advised to undergo a course of treatment for alcoholism ( if such a problem exists). Even if in the future he drinks drinks that do not contain the detected allergen, the very influence of alcohol will only aggravate the situation, further disrupting the functioning of the immune system.

  Can you die from allergies?

  Allergic reactions are an increased response of the immune system to contact with any foreign body. This activates a number of different cells in the human body. It is very difficult to predict the manifestations of an allergic reaction in advance. Often they come down to fairly “harmless” local symptoms. However, in some cases, the enhanced immune response can affect vital important systems body. In these cases, there is a risk of death of the patient.

  Most often, allergies manifest themselves with the following symptoms:

  • runny nose with “watery” nasal discharge;
  • the appearance of spots or rashes on the skin;
  • dry cough;
  • inflammation of the mucous membranes.
  All these manifestations can seriously worsen the patient’s quality of life, but they are not life-threatening. In this case, there is a local release of a special substance from the cells - histamine ( as well as a number of other, less active substances). They cause local expansion of capillaries, increased permeability of their walls, spasm of smooth muscles and other pathological reactions.

  In some patients the reaction is more severe. Biological mediators released during allergies disrupt the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Symptoms typical of ordinary allergies simply do not have time to develop, as much more dangerous disorders come to the fore. This condition is called anaphylactic shock or anaphylaxis.

  Anaphylactic shock is the most severe form of allergy and without special treatment can lead to the death of the patient within 10 to 15 minutes. According to statistics, the probability fatal outcome without first aid reaches 15 - 20%. Death during anaphylactic shock occurs due to the rapid expansion of capillaries, a drop in blood pressure, and, as a consequence, a cessation of oxygen supply to tissues. In addition, a spasm of the smooth muscles of the bronchi often occurs, which causes the airways to narrow and the patient practically stops breathing.

  The main distinguishing features of anaphylactic shock from ordinary allergies are:

  • rapid spread of redness or swelling at the site of contact with the allergen;
  • breathing problems ( noisy breathing, shortness of breath);
  • drop in blood pressure ( disappearance of pulse);
  • loss of consciousness;
  • sharp paleness of the skin, sometimes blueness of the fingertips.
  All these symptoms are not typical for a local allergic reaction. If possible, the patient is given assistance on the spot ( if necessary medications are available) or urgently call an ambulance for hospitalization. Otherwise, anaphylactic shock can be fatal.

  Another dangerous form of allergy is Quincke's edema. With it, the same mechanisms lead to rapidly increasing swelling of the subcutaneous tissue. Swelling may appear in various parts of the body ( on eyelids, lips, genitals). This reaction in rare cases can also lead to the death of the patient. This happens mainly in children when the swelling spreads to the mucous membrane of the larynx. The swollen mucous membrane closes the airway, and the patient simply suffocates.

  Are there any allergies to medications?

  Allergic reactions to medications are a fairly common problem in the modern world. Almost 10% of all side effects from various drugs are allergic in nature. This high frequency is also facilitated by the fact that nowadays people receive a large amount of pharmacological products from childhood. Because of this, there is a higher chance that the body will develop pathological sensitivity to certain components of the drugs.

  Allergies to medications are considered a very dangerous phenomenon. It often takes serious forms ( Quincke's edema, anaphylaxis), life threatening patient. If contact occurs at home, there is a risk of death. In medical institutions, the risk is less, since any department must have a special first aid kit for anaphylactic shock.
  
  
  The danger of allergies to medications is due to the following reasons:

  • many medications are administered intravenously in large quantities;
  • modern medications have a high-molecular structure and a strong potential for provoking allergic reactions;
  • patients who are allergic to a certain drug are already sick ( because the drug is prescribed for a disease), therefore they suffer an allergic reaction even more severely;
  • frequency of anaphylactic shock ( the most dangerous form of allergy) higher than with allergies to other substances;
  • many doctors neglect special tests for drug tolerance and immediately administer large doses of drugs to patients;
  • neutralize the effect of certain drugs and completely remove them from the body within short term it can be difficult;
  • Much of today's pharmaceutical products come from the so-called black market and may therefore contain various impurities ( which cause allergic reactions);
  • It is difficult to immediately diagnose an allergy to a drug, since it can give other side effects of a non-allergic nature;
  • sometimes patients are forced to take medications to which they are allergic, simply because there are no effective analogues against the underlying disease.
  According to modern research, it is believed that the risk of developing hypersensitivity to a particular drug after its first use averages 2 – 3%. However, it is not the same for different pharmacological groups. The fact is that some medications contain natural ingredients or high molecular weight compounds. They have a higher potential to trigger allergies. Other drugs have a relatively simple chemical composition. This makes them safer.
  );
  • local anesthetics (lidocaine, novocaine, etc.).
  Many other drugs can also cause allergic reactions, but much less frequently. Sometimes even drugs with low molecular weight can cause allergies due to the impurities they contain.

  Manifestations of drug allergies can be very diverse. Immediate reactions include anaphylactic shock, acute urticaria or angioedema ( Quincke's edema), which may appear within the first minutes after administration of the drug. Within 3 days after contact, so-called accelerated reactions may occur. Their manifestations range from a minor rash or spots on the body to a fever with severe general condition. The latter is more common if the drug is taken regularly. There are also cases of delayed reactions that develop only a few days after administration of the drug.

  The severity of allergy symptoms to medications is very difficult to predict. It is also almost impossible to predict in advance a patient's sensitivity to a particular drug. The fact is that some drugs do not detect their allergic activity in reactions in vitro with the patient’s blood. Intradermal tests can also be false negative. This is due to the influence of many different factors ( both external and internal).

  The likelihood of an allergy and the severity of its manifestations may depend on the following factors:

  • patient's age;
  • patient's gender;
  • genetic factors ( hereditary predisposition to allergies in general);
  • accompanying illnesses;
  • social factors ( place of work - doctors or pharmacists are more likely to come into contact with drugs, and the likelihood of developing specific sensitivities is higher);
  • simultaneous use of several medications;
  • duration of first contact with a certain medication;
  • quality of medicine ( largely depends on the manufacturer);
  • shelf life of the drug;
  • method of drug administration ( on the skin, subcutaneously, orally, intramuscularly, intravenously);
  • drug dose ( does not play a decisive role);
  • metabolism of the drug in the body ( how quickly and by what organs it is normally excreted).
  In the best way avoiding drug allergies is good health. The less sick a person is, the less often he comes into contact with various medications, and the more less likely development of allergies. Additionally, before using a potentially dangerous drug ( especially serum and other drugs containing complete antigens) special skin test, which most often allows one to suspect an allergy. Small doses are administered fractionally intradermally and subcutaneously. In case of hypersensitivity, the patient will experience severe swelling, pain, and redness at the injection site. If the patient knows that he is allergic to certain drugs, he must notify the doctor about this before starting treatment. Sometimes patients, not hearing a familiar name, are not worried about this. However, there are many analogues of drugs with different trade names. They can cause serious allergic reactions. Only a qualified doctor or pharmacist can figure out which drugs are best to prescribe.

  Are there allergies to water, air, sun?

  Allergic reactions by their nature are a consequence of activation of the immune system. They are triggered by contact of certain substances ( allergens) with specific receptors in the skin, mucous membranes or blood ( depending on how the allergen entered the body). Therefore, there cannot be an allergic reaction to the sun, for example. Sunlight is a stream of waves of a certain spectrum and is not associated with the transfer of matter. We can talk about allergic reactions to water or air conditionally. The fact is that allergens, as a rule, are quite complex in nature. chemical composition substances. Molecules of water or gases from the atmospheric air cannot cause allergic reactions. However, both air and water usually contain a large number of different impurities, which cause allergic reactions.

  Behind last decades Several reports have been made of cases of allergies specifically to water molecules. However, most experts question their reliability. Perhaps the researchers simply could not isolate the impurity that causes the allergy. Be that as it may, there are very few such cases, so there is still no reliable information on them. More often we are talking about allergies to substances dissolved in water. In city water supplies this is usually chlorine or its compounds. The composition of well, spring, or river water depends on the specific geographic area. There are, for example, areas with high fluorine content and other chemical elements. People who are allergic to these substances will experience symptoms of illness after contact with plain water. At the same time, contact with water in other geographical areas will not cause such a reaction.

  An allergy to impurities in water usually manifests itself with the following symptoms:

  • dry skin;
  • peeling of the skin;
  • dermatitis ( skin inflammation);
  • the appearance of red spots on the skin;
  • the appearance of a rash or blisters;
  • digestive disorders ( if the water was drunk);
  • swelling of the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx ( rarely).
  An allergy to air is simply impossible, since it is necessary for breathing and a person with such a disease would not survive. In this case, we are talking about any specific air or the impurities contained in it. It is their exposure that usually causes allergic reactions. Additionally, some people are very sensitive to dry or cold air. Exposure to it can cause allergy-like symptoms in them.

  Allergic reactions to air are usually explained by the following mechanisms:

  • Impurities in the air. Gases, dust, pollen or other substances that are often present in the air are the most common cause of such allergies. They get on the mucous membrane of the nose, larynx, respiratory tract, skin, and mucous membrane of the eyes. Most often, the patient's eyes become red and watery, a cough, sore throat, and nasal discharge appear. In severe cases, there is also swelling of the mucous membrane of the larynx and an attack of bronchial asthma.
  • Dry air. Dry air cannot cause an allergic reaction in the generally accepted sense. Most often, such air simply causes dryness and irritation of the mucous membranes of the throat, nose, and eyes. The fact is that normally ( at humidity 60 – 80%) cells of the mucous membranes secrete special substances that protect tissues from the effects of harmful impurities in the air. Due to dry air, these substances are released in smaller quantities, and irritation occurs. It can also manifest itself as a cough and sore throat. Patients often complain of dry eyes, a feeling of a foreign body in the eye, and redness.
  • Cold air. Allergies to cold air exist, although there is no specific allergen that triggers the reaction. It’s just that in some people, exposure to cold air causes the release of histamine from special cells in the tissues. This substance is the main mediator in allergic reactions and causes all the symptoms of the disease. Allergy to cold air is very rare disease. People suffering from it usually have allergies to other substances. Often they also have some hormonal, nervous or infectious diseases. In other words, there are third-party factors that explain such a non-standard reaction of the body to cold.
  Sun allergy is often called photodermatitis. When it occurs, the patient's skin is too sensitive to sun rays, therefore various pathological changes appear. By and large, talking specifically about an allergic reaction in this case is not entirely correct due to the absence of an allergen. But histamine is under the influence ultraviolet radiation may stand out, and the symptoms of photodermatitis sometimes closely resemble skin manifestations allergies.

  Increased sensitivity to sunlight may manifest itself in the following ways:

  • the appearance of a rash;
  • rapid redness of the skin;
  • thickening of the skin ( its coarsening, roughness);
  • peeling;
  • rapid appearance of pigmentation ( tan, which is usually unevenly distributed in patches).
  Such reactions to sunlight usually appear in people with serious congenital diseases ( then this is an individual feature of the body due to a lack or excess of any cells or substances). Photodermatitis can also appear in people with diseases of the endocrine or immune system.

  Thus, allergies to water, air or sunlight, by and large, do not exist. More precisely, exposure to these factors under certain conditions can cause symptoms similar to allergies. However, these manifestations do not cause severe attacks of asthma, anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema and other life-threatening situations. If there is a severe allergic reaction to water or air, it is most likely due to the impurities they contain.

  Are allergies inherited?

  It is currently believed that the characteristics of the immune system that predispose to the development of allergic reactions are genetically determined. This means that certain people have special proteins, receptors or other molecules ( more precisely - an excess of certain cells or molecules), responsible for the development of immune reactions. Like all substances in the body, these molecules are a product of the implementation of genetic information from chromosomes. Thus, a certain predisposition to allergies can indeed be inherited.

  Numerous studies conducted around the world show in practice the importance of hereditary factors. Parents who are allergic to anything have a very high chance of having a child with similar immune system characteristics. However, it should be noted that the correspondence of allergens is not always observed. In other words, both parents and children will suffer from allergies, but one of the parents may have it, for example, to pollen, and the child may have it to milk proteins. Hereditary transmission of hypersensitivity to any one substance over several generations is quite rare. This is because in addition to genetic predisposition, other factors also play a significant role.

  The following factors may predispose to the development of allergies:

  • artificial ( not breastfeeding) feeding in childhood;
  • early contact in childhood with strong allergens;
  • frequent contact with strong chemical irritants ( strong detergents, industrial toxins, etc.);
  • life in developed countries ( It has been statistically shown that natives of third world countries are significantly less likely to suffer from allergies and autoimmune diseases);
  • the presence of endocrine diseases.
  Under the influence of these external factors, allergies can appear even in people who do not have a hereditary predisposition. People with birth defects immune system, they will lead to stronger and more frequent manifestations of the disease.

  Despite the fact that the occurrence of allergies is influenced by hereditary factors, it is almost impossible to predict it in advance. Often parents with allergies give birth to children without this disease. Currently, there are no special genetic tests that can determine whether the disease is inherited. However, there are recommendations prescribing what to do in case of allergies in a child.

  If a child shows signs of an allergy to something, and his parents also suffer from this disease, the situation should be approached with the utmost seriousness. The fact is that a child can be hypersensitive to a number of different substances. In addition, there is a risk of an extremely strong immune system response called anaphylactic shock, which is life-threatening. Therefore, at the first suspicion of an allergy, you should consult an allergist. He can perform specific tests on the most common allergens. This will allow you to promptly identify the child’s hypersensitivity to certain substances and avoid contact with them in the future.
  

  Respiratory allergies

  Allergic reactions are caused by allergens. A particularly severe form of allergic reaction is anaphylactic shock, which often occurs upon contact with food allergens, medications or insect bites. Allergy symptoms can also occur due to inhalation of allergens. These are substances in the air, in particular: grass and tree pollen, waste products of dust mites, mold spores and particles of the epidermis and hair of pets. Although inhaled allergens do not cause anaphylactic shock, they can cause a variety of distressing respiratory symptoms.

  Allergy symptoms of asthma patients

  Most common manifestations of respiratory allergies these are: allergic rhinitis, as well as bronchial asthma. However, it should be remembered that similar symptoms can occur in the course of diseases caused by a cause other than allergies. Therefore, a thorough diagnosis carried out by a medical specialist plays an important role.

  TO respiratory allergy symptoms relate:

  • watery nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing;
  • dry, tiresome cough, chest tightness, difficulty breathing;
  • watery, itchy and inflamed eyes;
  • headache, inflammation of the sinuses;
  • sleep problems;
  • difficulty concentrating, feeling irritable and tired.

  Symptoms of an allergy to plant pollen appear only at certain times of the year, that is, during the period of pollen production of a given plant. In turn, in the case of household allergens, allergy symptoms can accompany the whole year, becoming more active in the winter. The allergy symptoms of asthmatics may improve with climate change or in places that are very warm and dry or very cold.

  Main causes of respiratory allergies

  Attacks of allergic asthma are very difficult for patients to tolerate.

  The allergen that most often stimulates the immune system of an allergic person is the droppings of house dust mites. It is very dry and breaks down into small particles, penetrating along with the air into the human respiratory tract. Fragments of mite excrement accumulate in the recesses of pillows, mattresses, blankets, curtains and on carpets.

  For many allergy sufferers, allergy symptoms also appear upon contact with fur and particles of the epidermis (skin) of pets. The exfoliated cells of the animal enter the allergy sufferer's body with air and cause symptoms from the respiratory system, itchy eyes and general symptoms. It is worth understanding that every animal, even one without hair, can become a source of allergic reactions.

  Allergy to mold spores is common. Mold usually appears in damp, warm rooms (bathroom, kitchen), but can develop, for example, in the mattress of a bed. Mold spores are sometimes hidden under wallpaper or in the soil of plants. Respiratory Allergy Symptoms, caused by mold growing, as a rule, on cloudy days, with high air humidity. And in the case of pollen allergies, allergy symptoms become especially annoying on dry, windy days.

  Allergen identification causing a reaction in the patient, it is critical to control the disease by limiting his exposure to this substance.

  Respiratory allergies

  Breathing is a very important process for the body as a whole, since disturbances in its functioning impair heat exchange and lead to a decrease in protective and immune functions. Respiratory allergies are one of the most common diseases of the respiratory system.

  The first manifestations of respiratory allergies most often occur in childhood. However, such an allergy can be detected for the first time in an adult, for example, as a consequence of one of the previous diseases of the respiratory system.

  Due to the similarity of symptoms, the respiratory immune reaction is often mistaken for other inflammatory diseases: rhinitis, bronchitis, etc.

  Respiratory allergies and their causes

  The disease occurs when an allergen enters the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Allergens that cause a respiratory immune response are microscopic in size. They are in the air, entering the body when inhaled. That's why they are called aeroallergens.

  Even in small quantities, they can cause a response in a person prone to hypersensitivity.

  Aeroallergens can easily enter the body both at home and in in public places, during a walk, on vacation outside the city. Examples of aeroallergens are:

  • pollen and fungal spores;
  • dust mite;
  • song;
  • animal hair or dander;
  • household chemicals;
  • aromatics;
  • building materials.

  Depending on the cause of occurrence, the following types of respiratory allergic reactions are distinguished:

  The disease worsens in the spring and summer, because... It is during these seasons that there is a large amount of pollen and odors in the air.

  Common respiratory diseases allergic type are:

  A feature of respiratory allergies is the rapidity of development of the disease after the allergen enters the body (from several minutes to a couple of hours). The manifestations of this immune reaction are similar to a cold.

  But unlike acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, the patient’s general condition is normal, there is no headache, no fever is observed, appetite and activity do not deteriorate.

  Respiratory allergies include the following symptoms:

  • sneezing;
  • cough;
  • nasal congestion;
  • irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat;
  • redness, burning and tearing of the eyes;
  • wheezing in the lungs;
  • swelling of the throat and eyelids.

  As a rule, the patient experiences 1-2 of the listed symptoms. Based on these signs, we can draw a conclusion about the nature of the allergic disease.

  Allergic conjunctivitis

  Allergic conjunctivitis is an allergic inflammation of the outer membrane of the eye. Allergic conjunctivitis is often caused by dust mites that live in feather pillows, mattresses, etc.

  The presence of an aquarium in the house can also cause the disease, because... the chitinous cover of daphnia crustaceans, which are used as fish food, is very strong allergen. Mold spores, animal hair and dander, feathers, bird droppings, pollen and plant particles can also cause allergic conjunctivitis.

  Allergic conjunctivitis includes the following symptoms:

  About 15% of the population suffers from this disease. Allergic conjunctivitis occurs as a concomitant reaction in many systemic immunological disorders. The disease often occurs when allergic bronchitis and rhinitis, atopic dermatitis.

  Allergic rhinitis

  Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa of the allergic type.

  The disease is seasonal and is caused by pollen. This seasonal allergic rhinitis is called hay fever. Often hay fever is accompanied by allergic conjunctivitis.

  The disease is characterized by the following symptoms:

  Clinical picture

  What doctors say about antihistamines

  

  Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Emelyanov G.V. Medical practice: more than 30 years.
  Practical medical experience: more than 30 years

  According to the latest WHO data, it is allergic reactions in the human body that lead to the occurrence of most fatal diseases. And it all starts with the fact that a person has an itchy nose, sneezing, runny nose, red spots on the skin, and in some cases, suffocation.

  7 million people die every year due to allergies, and the scale of the damage is such that the allergic enzyme is present in almost every person.

  Unfortunately, in Russia and the CIS countries, pharmaceutical corporations sell expensive medications that only relieve symptoms, thereby hooking people on one drug or another. This is why in these countries there is such a high percentage of diseases and so many people suffer from “non-working” drugs.

  • runny nose;
  • nasal congestion;
  • sneezing;
  • increased lacrimation;
  • swelling of the eyelids.

  Allergic laryngitis

  Allergic type inflammation of the larynx is called allergic laryngitis.

  Polluted, polluted air in industrial areas, chemical emissions in factories, and exhaust gases can cause the development of the disease.

  Characteristic symptoms are:

  

  The most common concomitant diseases are allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma.

  Asthmatic bronchitis

  Allergic bronchitis (asthmatic) is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi of the allergic type. The development of the disease can be triggered by allergens that we encounter in everyday life (dust, fur, animal dander, pollen or spores).

  Asthmatic bronchitis can occur after contact with viral and bacterial allergens (staphylococcus). Often such bronchitis occurs against the background of ARVI.

  The following symptoms appear when the disease occurs:

  In 10-15% of cases, advanced asthmatic bronchitis develops into bronchial asthma.

  Allergic alveolitis

  An allergic-type inflammatory process that occurs in the alveoli of the lungs is called allergic alveolitis. Common cause occurrence is the presence of bird protein contained in the droppings.

  Plant (sawdust, pollen) and animal allergens (wool dust) are also found.

  The disease is characterized by the following symptoms:

  Treatment and prevention of respiratory allergies

  The first thing to do is to avoid contact with the allergen. During treatment, antihistamines are used to help quickly remove antigens from the body and restore the functioning of the immune system. In addition to them, local treatment of the respiratory mucosa is used. Antihistamines include:

  • antiallergic drugs 1-3 generations;
  • corticosteroid drugs;
  • drugs for local treatment: sprays, drops, ointments.

  The drug is selected individually, based on factors such as the severity of the disease and the patient’s age. Allergy treatment necessarily includes strengthening the body's immunity.

  In order to reduce the risk of allergies, it is enough to reduce the number of potential allergens and follow simple rules:

  • vacuum regularly and carry out wet cleaning in the room;
  • remove possible sources of dust mites: remove carpets, replace feather pillows with pillows with synthetic filling;
  • do not keep pets or indoor plants;
  • do not use clothes and shoes containing animal hair and fur;
  • no smoking;
  • do not use aromatic substances, perfumes and air fresheners;
  • avoid excess humidity in the room;
  • ventilate the room;
  • do not travel outdoors during the flowering season;
  • install an air conditioner or air filter in the room;
  • Wear safety glasses when outdoors.

  What to do if the allergy does not go away?

  You suffer from sneezing, coughing, itching, rashes and redness of the skin, and maybe your allergies are even more serious. And isolating the allergen is unpleasant or completely impossible.

  In addition, allergies lead to diseases such as asthma, urticaria, and dermatitis. And for some reason the recommended medications are not effective in your case and do not combat the cause in any way...

  Differences between immediate and delayed type allergies.

  Symptoms and treatment of accumulative allergies.

  What foods are contraindicated for consumption with this allergy.

  What are the symptoms of such a disease and how to cure it.

  Signs of allergies in adults

  Alveolitis after tooth extraction

  Treatment of allergic rhinitis