Solid dosage forms

• Fees [show]

  Fees- mixtures of dry medicinal plant materials, sometimes with an admixture of salts, essential oils and etc.

  The collection for the preparation of infusions, decoctions, lotions, baths, etc. is usually dosed by the patient himself. Doses are usually measured in tablespoons.

  The fees are:

  • regular (a mixture of raw materials packed in standard boxes);
  • pressed (tablets and briquettes);
  • instant teas (finely ground, in filter bags).

  The collections are stored in a dry place at a temperature of 15 to 25 °C. Shelf life is on average 1.5-3 years.

• Powders [show]

  Powders- a dosage form that has the property of flowability.

  Powders are:

  • simple, consisting of one substance;
  • complex, consisting of two or more ingredients.

  And also - divided and not divided into separate doses.

  Powders are intended for both internal and external use. Powders for internal use When consumed, drink it with water (or other liquid, such as milk). These powders are produced divided or not divided into doses.

  Powders for external use (for example, powders) are usually not divided into doses.

  Powders are stored in original packaging during specified period suitability; in a dry and, if necessary, cool place, protected from light.

• Granules [show]

  Granules- dosage form for internal use in the form of round, cylindrical or irregular shape containing a mixture of active and auxiliary substances.

  The granules are intended for oral administration. Some granules are dissolved in water before use.

  Store the granules in a dry and, if necessary, cool place, protected from light.

• Pills [show]

  Pills- dosage dosage form obtained by pressing the active substances (or their mixture with auxiliary ingredients): round, oval, square, triangular with rounded edges, flat-cylindrical plates with a scored separator or a biconvex surface that facilitates swallowing.

  Tablets are classified according to methods of use:

  • for oral (orally through the mouth) use (including effervescent - for preparing a solution);
  • for external use (for preparing a solution for rinsing, washing, lotions);
  • sublingual (under the tongue) and buccal (behind the cheek);
  • vaginal (in the vagina);
  • for subcutaneous implantation (sterile tablets are sewn subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall or subscapular region to a depth of 3-4 cm)

  Tablets should be stored in their original packaging to protect them from exposure external environment and ensuring the stability of the drug during the established shelf life; in a dry and, if necessary, cool place, protected from light.

  Many tablets are prohibited from chewing, because there is a certain sequence of absorption of the active substances in the human stomach and intestines. In addition, some medications have a bitter taste and/or irritate the oral mucosa. Such tablets are usually coated.

• Dragee [show]

  Dragee- dosage form for internal use, which is obtained by layering active and auxiliary substances onto sugar granules.

  In addition to the usual dragees, there are:

  • prolonged (extended) action;
  • microdragees, or microgranules (size from 1 to 3 mm)

  Unlike tablets, the process of releasing active substances is longer, but the layering technology makes it possible to isolate substances that should not come into contact from each other in one tablet. Therefore, in particular, many multivitamin preparations are produced in the form of dragees (Undevit, Duovit, Revit, Gendevit, Biovital, Benfogamma 150, etc.).

  Dragees are taken orally without chewing or crushing. They are either dissolved or swallowed (according to the manufacturer's instructions).

  Storage conditions for dragees are the same as for tablets.

• Pills [show]

  Pills- a spherical dosage form made of plastic for internal use, which, along with the active substances, includes excipients (as the basis of pills).

  The mass of pills ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 g, and their diameter ranges from 4 to 8 mm. Pill manufacturing technology allows you to combine a wide variety of active ingredients that are incompatible in other forms. Recently, dietary supplements are often produced in the form of pills (for example, Huato Boluses, Ideal and many others).

  This dosage form allows you to hide the unpleasant taste and smell of the active ingredients, and the spherical shape of the pills and the surface that hardens in the oral cavity make it easier to swallow.

  Pills are stored in a dry, cool place.

• Capsules [show]

  Capsules- a dosage dosage form consisting of a mixture of active and excipients placed in a shell that dissolves in the human body. Capsules are intended for oral administration, as well as for rectal (into the rectum) and vaginal administration.

  Capsules can be of various sizes, with a capacity of up to 1.5 ml.

  Capsules usually contain active ingredients that have bad taste and (or) irritating the oral mucosa. Therefore, capsules intended for oral administration should be swallowed without biting. It is also not allowed to open the capsules and take only the powder contained in them.

  Capsules are stored in original primary packaging (aluminum foil blisters, glass bottles, etc.) to ensure stability active substance within the stated expiration date and, if necessary, in a cool place.

• Medulas and spansulas [show]

  Meduli- these are gelatin capsules, inside of which there are microgranules coated with a fat-soluble shell (in spansul- polymer shell).

  Usually available in the form of medula and spansule medications long-acting, for example, the anti-influenza drug Koldakt.

  Medulas and spansules are stored in the same conditions as capsules.

Soft dosage forms

• Ointments [show]

  Ointments most often used externally - to affect the skin and mucous membranes (ocular, vaginal, urethral, ​​rectal). Ointments consist of a hydrophobic (greasy, water-repellent) or hydrophilic (water-based) base and active ingredients evenly distributed in the base. Sometimes the ointment contains active ingredients that are easily absorbed through the skin into the blood or lymph (for example, ointments containing nitroglycerin as an active ingredient).

  Some ointments are used as protection against the harmful effects of acids or alkalis on the skin.

  Depending on the consistency, ointments themselves are distinguished, as well as gels, jellies, creams, liniments and pastes.

  All ointments (gels, jellies, creams, liniments, pastes) are stored in the original packaging, ensuring the stability of the active substance during the specified shelf life, in a cool place, protected from light, unless otherwise indicated in the instructions for the drug.

• Gels [show]

  Gels- transparent ointments on a hydrophilic basis (derivatives of cellulose, gelatin, polymers of acrylic acid and other substances) with active ingredients distributed in it.

  Gels are:

  • for external use;
  • ophthalmic;
  • nasal (for the nose);
  • dental;
  • for internal use;
  • rectal;
  • vaginal

  Unlike ointments, gels are better absorbed, do not stain clothes and, most importantly, as a rule, release active ingredients more easily. Currently, more and more soft dosage forms are produced in the form of gels (for example, alpizarin gel for the treatment of herpes, benzyl benzoate gel for the treatment of scabies, gel with chloramphenicol and methyluracil for wound healing, etc.).

• Jelly [show]

  Jelly- transparent ointments on a hydrophilic basis for external use.

  Jelly has a more viscous consistency than gel and is applied to the skin in a thicker layer.

• Creams [show]

  Creams- emulsion ointments, which contain a hydrophobic base, water and an emulsifier (a substance that promotes the penetration of active substances through the cell membrane).

  Creams are less viscous in consistency than ointments; they are more often used in medicinal cosmetics ( antifungal creams Clotrimazole, Lamisil and Terbifin, herpes cream Zovirax, etc.).

• Liniments [show]

  Liniments- ointments, which are a thick liquid or gelatinous mass, applied externally by rubbing into the skin (from the Latin linire - “to rub”), for example, streptocide liniment for the treatment of skin diseases, Vishnevsky liniment (anti-inflammatory), lidocaine liniment (used for pain relief in dentistry and pediatrics), etc.

  The most common liniments based on fats are: vegetable oils(sunflower, flaxseed, etc.), lanolin, sometimes lard, etc.

• Pastes [show]

  Pastes- the most viscous of all ointments. Their solids content exceeds 20%.

  Most toothpastes are produced in this form, as well as, for example, Lassara paste, consisting of zinc oxide, etc.

• Plasters [show]

  Plasters- dosage form for external use, providing therapeutic effect on the skin subcutaneous tissue, and in some cases - to the entire body. IN last years transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) have been created that have the property not only of adhering to the skin, but also of carrying drugs (most often cardiovascular, lowering) through the skin barrier. arterial pressure, painkillers, sleeping pills).

  Examples of TTS: Nitrodur-TTS (with nitroglycerin), Catopress-TTS, Scopoderm-TTS, etc. The advantage of TTS is that the entire dose of the active substance is outside the human body, and the patient himself can regulate it by removing a strip of patch from the skin or reducing its area.

  The patches are produced in the form of a plastic mass (corn plaster), on a special backing (adhesive plaster, pepper plaster) and without it, as well as in the form of a pad with active ingredients attached to an adhesive tape (pepper plaster with extract capsicum, arnica and belladonna).

  Plasters without active ingredients in the form of adhesive tape (adhesive plasters) are used to fix bandages and for other purposes.

  Store the patches in a dry place, protected from light, unless otherwise indicated in the instructions.

• Suppositories [show]

  Suppositories- dosage forms that melt or dissolve at body temperature.

  There are suppositories:

  • rectal (for insertion into the rectum);
  • vaginal (for insertion into the vagina);
  • urethral (for insertion into the urethra);
  • sticks (for insertion into the vagina and urethra)

  The rectal suppository (maximum diameter 1.5 cm) may be a cone or have another shape.

  The weight of one suppository for adults is 1-4 g. If the weight is not indicated, then it is 3 g. The weight of the suppository for children is 0.5-1.5 g.

  Vaginal suppositories can be spherical (balls), ovoid (ovules) or flat with a rounded end (pessaries). Their weight is 1.5-6 g. If the weight of the vaginal suppository is not indicated, then it is not less than 4 g.

  Sticks (candles) - have the shape of a cylinder with a pointed end and a diameter of no more than 1 cm. The mass of the stick is 0.5-1 g.

  Suppositories packaged in paraffin paper, cellophane, foil or plastic cases are stored in a cool, dry place.

Liquid dosage forms

• Solutions [show]

  Solutions for injections- transparent sterile liquids, the introduction of which into the body is associated with a violation of the skin.

  Solutions are available in ampoules, vials (glass and polyethylene) and syringe tubes.

  Solutions with a volume of more than 100 ml are called infusion solutions. Infusion solutions include solutions that are administered intravenously using a dropper (hemodynamic, regulators water-salt balance, detoxification, solutions for oxygen transfer, etc.), as well as preparations for parenteral nutrition and multifunctional solutions with a wide range of action.

  Examples of infusion solutions:

  • saline: Ringer - Locke, Quartosol;
  • detoxification: Hemodez, Reopoliglyukin, Poliglyukin, Neo-hemodez, etc.;
  • for parenteral nutrition: Lipofundin, Venolipid, Intralipid, Lipozin

  Solutions for internal and external use

  • Transparent, homogeneous (uniform) systems.
  • Release form - bottles with a dropper stopper closed with a screw cap

  Storage of solutions

  Solutions are stored at room temperature (15-25 °C) or in the refrigerator (4-8 °C), protected from light. More specific instructions on storing solutions are given in the instructions for the drug.

• Potions [show]

  Potions- liquid or powder (dry mixture), soluble in water.

  Liquid mixtures consist of solutions of salts, syrups (sugar), as well as extracts and aromatic waters. Such mixtures are prepared in a pharmacy according to an individual recipe.

  Dry mixtures at home are diluted with water until required volume. For example, dry cough syrup.

  Dry mixtures should be stored in a dry place (at room temperature) or in the refrigerator (at a temperature of 4-8 ° C). Liquid mixtures are stored in the refrigerator for no more than a few days. The method of storage and use of such mixtures is always indicated on the bottle.

• Infusions and decoctions [show]

  Infusions and decoctions- dosage forms, which are aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials, as well as aqueous solutions dry or liquid extracts (concentrates).

  Infusions and decoctions are mainly taken orally, less often they are used externally.

  In the absence of instructions on the amount of medicinal plant raw materials, infusions and decoctions are prepared in a ratio of 1:10 (from 1 g of raw materials you should get 10 g finished product. You need to take a little more water, taking into account the water absorption coefficient); from adonis herb, valerian roots - 1:30. Infusions and decoctions from medicinal plant materials containing potent substances, prepared in a ratio of 1:400.

  When preparing an infusion or decoction using an extract (concentrate), the latter is taken in an amount corresponding to the volume of medicinal plant material specified in the recipe.

  To prepare infusions and decoctions, crushed medicinal plant materials are poured boiled water room temperature, infuse in a suitable container in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring: infusions - for 15 minutes, decoctions - for 30 minutes; then cool at room temperature: infusions - at least 45 minutes, decoctions - 10 minutes, filter (squeezing out the plant material) and add water to the required volume of infusion or decoction.

  Decoctions from bearberry leaves, lingonberries and raw materials containing tannins (oak bark, serpentine rhizome, etc.) are filtered immediately without cooling; decoctions from senna leaves are filtered after complete cooling.

  Store the infusions for the specified period (usually several days) in a cool place. Shake infusions and decoctions before use.

• Tinctures [show]

  Tinctures- colored liquid alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic extracts from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating.

  Basically, tinctures are taken orally, diluted in a small amount of water or dripped onto sugar.

  Store tinctures in well-closed bottles for the indicated shelf life (longer than the shelf life of infusions and decoctions), in a cool place, protected from light. During storage, sediment may form.

• Drops [show]

  Drops- dosage forms (suspensions, emulsions, solutions), dosed in drops.

  Drops are available for external (eye, ear, nasal) and internal (for example, nitroglycerin drops) use. The drops are dosed using a drop meter-dispenser installed in the bottle.

  Drops are stored in a cool place, protected from light.

• Suspensions (suspensions) [show]

  Suspensions (suspensions)- a dosage form consisting of one or more crushed powdery substances distributed in a liquid (water, vegetable oil, glycerin, etc.).

  Suspensions are available for internal, external and parenteral use. The latter are administered intramuscularly (for example, insulin preparations).

  Before use, shake the suspension for 1-2 minutes.

  Suspensions are stored in the original packaging with a dosing device at a temperature of 4 to 8 ° C (freezing is not allowed!), if necessary, in a place protected from light.

• Extracts [show]

  Extracts- concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials.

  Extracts are:

  • liquid;
  • thick (viscous masses with a moisture content of no more than 25%);
  • dry (loose masses with a moisture content of no more than 5%)

  Extracts are used internally; liquid extracts are dosed by volume; dry extracts, as a rule, are included in solid dosage forms.

  Store extracts in their original packaging, if necessary, in a cool place, protected from light. During storage of liquid extracts, sediment may form. On average, extracts are stored for 1-5 years.

• Emulsions [show]

  Emulsions- opaque, homogeneous-looking liquids, consisting of two mutually insoluble liquids - the active substance (oil, balm) and water.

  Emulsions are intended for internal, external or parenteral use.

  The shelf life of emulsions prepared in a pharmacy is usually several days. They must be shaken before use. Store emulsions in a cool place, without freezing. Shelf life of emulsions industrial production at least 1.5 years.

• Syrups [show]

  Syrups- concentrated aqueous solutions of sucrose, which, in addition to active ingredients, may contain fruit food extracts.

  Syrups are thick, clear liquids with a characteristic taste and smell (depending on the composition).

  Syrups are taken orally; they are especially widely used in pediatrics to correct the taste of the drug. Syrups have a more pronounced therapeutic effect compared to solid dosage forms.

  Syrups are stored in well-closed glass containers, in a cool place and, if necessary, protected from light. The shelf life of industrially produced syrups is at least 2 years.

• Baths [show]

  Baths- aqueous solutions that affect the human body during medical procedures(usually auxiliary). Baths have a restorative, calming, tonic, and bactericidal effect. For example, pine or oxygen baths, etc.

Gaseous dosage forms

• Gases and vapors [show]

  Gases and vapors- a dosage form in which gas (air, oxygen, water vapor) is used as a medium.

  Gases and vapors enter the human body through the lungs and are absorbed into the blood. In terms of the speed of development of the therapeutic effect, gases are comparable to injections.

  Gases and vapors are used in balneological hospitals under medical supervision (for example, for the treatment asthmatic bronchitis) or at home for inhalation for respiratory diseases (for example, vapors of essential oils).

• Aerosols [show]

  Aerosols- a dosage form in which the active and excipients are evenly distributed in a gaseous medium.

  Aerosols are intended for inhalation for respiratory diseases, allergic diseases, as well as topically - for spraying onto areas of the skin or mucous membranes (for diseases of the skin, oral cavity, gynecological diseases).

  Aerosols are stored in a cool, dark place, away from fire.

• Sprays [show]

  Sprays- a dosage form in which the active substance is sprayed with air enclosed in an elastic can (drynos nasal drops, etc.).

To obtain the necessary therapeutic effect great importance has the form in which the drug is used.

Dosage forms are forms given to drugs for ease of use. Dosage forms are prepared in pharmacies or pharmaceutical plants. There are liquid, soft and solid dosage forms, as well as dosage forms for injections. The same drug can be manufactured in different dosage forms.

Liquid dosage forms - solutions, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, mixtures, mucus, emulsions and suspensions.

Solutions are prepared by dissolving solid or liquid medicinal substances in a solvent. Distilled water is most often used as a solvent, and in some cases - ethanol, glycerin, liquid oils (vaseline, olive, peach, sunflower). Solutions must be clear and free of visible particles or sediment. They are taken orally or taken externally (lotions, rinses, rubdowns, drops in the nose, eyes and ears, enemas, compresses, douching). Solutions intended for internal use are dosed with tablespoons (15 ml), dessert spoons (10 ml), teaspoons (5 ml), as well as graduated cups (beakers). Some solutions containing toxic and potent medicinal substances are dosed in drops. Solutions intended for administration into the nose, ears, or used in ophthalmic practice are dosed in a similar manner (in drops).

Infusions and decoctions are medicinal forms that are aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials, mainly herbs, leaves, roots, bark and flowers. In addition to the active principles, infusions and decoctions contain harmless, but not medicinal value impurities, or ballast substances (sugars, tannin, pigments, etc.). Infusions and decoctions have a limited shelf life. Therefore, they are prepared in pharmacies immediately before dispensing to the patient and prescribed in quantities intended to be taken within 3-4 days. At home, infusions and decoctions should be stored in a cool place. They are intended for internal and, less often, for external use, for example for rinsing. Infusions and decoctions for oral administration are dosed in tablespoons or graduated cups for adults, and dessert spoons or teaspoons for children.

Tinctures are transparent liquid alcohol, water-alcohol or alcohol-ether extracts from plant medicinal raw materials, which are prepared without heat treatment at pharmaceutical enterprises. Tinctures are intended primarily for oral administration, and are dosed in drops, which can be diluted in a small amount of water before taking. Unlike infusions and decoctions, they are a stable dosage form and can be stored long time. Store tinctures in a dark place at room temperature, in well-sealed bottles.

Extracts, like tinctures, are also extracts from plant materials, only more concentrated. Depending on the consistency, there are liquid, thick and dry extracts. Extracts are used mainly internally. Liquid extracts dosed in drops. Thick and dry extracts are usually included in various solid dosage forms (tablets, suppositories). Tinctures and extracts are called galenic preparations in honor of the Roman physician Claudius Galen, who first began to take extracts from medicinal plants.

Mucilages are thick, viscous liquids that are obtained by dissolving or swelling in water of various mucous substances, for example, acacia and apricot gum, starch. Mucus protects against the irritating effects of various harmful factors skin, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract.

In this regard, mucus is usually taken to reduce the irritating effects of medications.

Emulsions are a type of liquid dosage forms in which water-insoluble liquids ( fixed oils, balms) are suspended in the form of tiny particles. Emulsions are homogeneous, opaque liquids that look like milk. Medicinal substances with an unpleasant taste or irritating effect are usually prescribed in the form of emulsions to mask them. undesirable effect. Emulsions are unstable, so their shelf life is limited to 3-4 days and they are sold with labels “Shake before use”, “Store in a cool place”.

Suspensions (suspensions) are liquid dosage forms in which finely crushed medicinal substances (in the form of solid particles) are suspended in a liquid (water, vegetable oils, glycerin). Suspensions are prepared in cases where the drug substance is insoluble in liquid. Before using the suspension, shake thoroughly.

Medicines are mixtures of various medicinal substances dissolved or suspended in a particular liquid. The mixtures may include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, emulsions, soluble and insoluble powders. Medicines are prescribed for oral administration and sometimes for external use. Medicines intended for oral administration are dosed in the same way as solutions. Many mixtures have an original name (Pavlov's, Mikheev's, Kvater's, etc.). Potions containing insoluble substances must be shaken before use. Potions that include infusions, decoctions and emulsions should be stored in a cool place.

Soft dosage forms - ointments, liniments, pastes, suppositories and patches.

Ointments are homogeneous, without grains, soft to the touch. Ointments consist of medicinal substances and ointment bases. Fats of vegetable and animal origin are used as ointment bases. fat-like substances, petroleum products, synthetic substances. Ointments are often prescribed externally to affect the skin and mucous membranes. Sometimes medicinal substances are prescribed in the form of ointments, which are easily absorbed into the blood through the skin and mucous membranes. In such cases, ointments are used to influence pathological

processes occurring in internal organs, for example, nitro ointment for the prevention of angina attacks. Store ointments in well-sealed jars or tubes in a cool place.

Liniments (liquid ointments) differ from ointments in consistency and are thick liquids or gelatinous masses. They are for external use only.

Pastes are ointments containing at least 25% powdery substances, which gives them a denser (doughy) consistency. Pastes stay on the skin longer than ointments. In this regard, pastes are prescribed externally for skin diseases or to protect it from damage. chemicals, ultraviolet radiation and other harmful factors.

Suppositories (candles) are a dosage form that has a solid consistency at room temperature and spreads at body temperature. Suppositories consist of medicines and a base. There are rectal suppositories (suppositories), which are intended for insertion into the rectum, and vaginal suppositories. The former usually have the shape of a cone or cylinder with a pointed end. As rectal suppositories medicines can be prescribed not only for local effects (for diseases of the rectum), but also for the treatment of diseases of other internal organs, since the absorption of drugs through the rectal mucosa is quite high (Cefekon suppositories).

Vaginal suppositories can be spherical, ovoid, or flat body with a rounded end. They are prescribed mainly for the treatment of diseases of the female genital organs and as contraceptives.

Due to the fact that the drugs contained in suppositories are easily absorbed into the blood, you should strictly follow the doctor's instructions regarding the dosage of this dosage form. Store suppositories in a cool, dry place, wrapped in paraffin paper, cellophane or foil.

Solid dosage forms - powders, granules, tablets, dragees, pills.

Powders are a solid dosage form with free-flowing properties. Powders are intended for

external and internal use. Powders for external use are usually prescribed not divided into doses. They are used mainly for application to wound surfaces and mucous membranes, including in the form of powders. Powders intended for internal use are taken with a sufficient amount of water, milk or mineral water. Powders for internal use can be divided or not divided into doses. Low-toxic drugs are produced in the form of undivided powders. Patients dose such powders as directed by the doctor, most often in tablespoons or teaspoons, etc. Divided powders are sold from pharmacies in bags made of plain, parchment or wax paper. In some cases, powders are also sold in capsules.

Capsules are shells for dosed powder, paste or liquid medications used internally. Medicines that have an unpleasant taste, odor or irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract are prescribed in capsules. There are gelatin and starch capsules. In some cases, when the drug substance may be destroyed in acidic environment stomach, use special capsules that dissolve only in the intestines under the influence of its alkaline contents. Capsules should be swallowed without chewing. It is not recommended to open the capsules and take their contents separately.

Granules are a solid dosage form in the form of grains (grains) of round, cylindrical or irregular shape. The granules are prescribed for oral administration. Granules are used in the same way as powders. In some cases, the granules are dissolved in water before use. In this case, you should follow the instructions of your doctor or the instructions included with the drug.

Tablets are a solid dosage form obtained by pressing medicinal substances on special machines. Tablets have the form of round, oval or other shaped plates with a flat or biconvex surface. They are easy to use, portable and last for a long time. The unpleasant taste of medicinal substances is less noticeable in them. In addition, by creating multilayer tablets, it is possible to ensure a certain sequence of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the ingredients included in the composition, so chewing of many tablets is strictly prohibited, and the number of drugs produced by the pharmaceutical industry in tablets is increasing every year.

It should be borne in mind that depending on a number of conditions (the properties of medicinal substances, the nature of diseases, etc.), the methods of using tablets may be different. Most often, tablets are prescribed for oral administration. In some cases, tablets are used to prepare solutions, including injections, as well as for subcutaneous implantation (esperal). In most cases, it is recommended to swallow the tablets without crushing or chewing them, especially if the tablets are coated with special coatings that ensure the release of active substances in the desired parts of the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is advisable to take some tablets crushed. Tablets containing drugs that are well absorbed through the mucous membrane oral cavity, prescribed under the tongue (for example, tablets of nitroglycerin, isadrin, methyltestosterone, etc.). These tablets should not be swallowed. They must be kept under the tongue until completely absorbed. In this regard, when taking any tablets, you need to follow the doctor’s instructions.

Dragee is a solid dosage form obtained by layer-by-layer accumulation (drageeing) of drugs and excipients onto sugar granules. The dragees have a regular spherical shape, smooth and smooth surface. Use the pills internally, without chewing or crushing.

A special type of solid dosage forms are medicinal fees, which are mixtures of chopped or coarsely crushed, less often - whole plant medicinal raw materials, sometimes with an admixture of salts and essential oils. The collections are used for external and internal use. As a poultice, the mixtures are poured before use. hot water, wrapped in canvas and applied to the skin. Collections for dry poultices are applied to the sore spot in a linen bag, moderately heated. Collections intended for use in the form of infusions are poured with boiling water and infused. Collections are released in paper bags, boxes or bottles. Store the collections in packaged form in a dry place.

Dosage forms for injection include aqueous and oil solutions, suspensions, emulsions, as well as sterile powders and tablets, which are dissolved in a sterile solvent immediately before administration. The main requirement for these dosage forms is sterility, since they serve mainly for injection, that is, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intraarterial administration, as well as for administration into body cavities. With these methods of administration, high dosage accuracy is achieved; healing effect usually manifests itself much faster than when substances are administered through the gastrointestinal tract. The administration of medications by injection requires appropriate knowledge and skill. Therefore, the administration of dosage forms for injections when providing assistance, even at home, is carried out by medical personnel (nurses, paramedics).

Pharmacology: lecture notes Valeria Nikolaevna Malevannaya

2. Solid dosage forms

Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, etc. Pills(Tabulette, Tab.) is obtained by pressing a mixture of medicinal and excipient. There are simple and complex in composition.

1. Rp.: Tab. Analgini 0,5 № 10

D.S. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

2. Rp.: Amidopyrini

Butadioni aa 0.125

№ 20 in tab.

S. 1 tablet 3 times a day (after meals).

Dragee(Dragee) is made by layering medicinal and excipients onto granules.

Rp.: Nitroxolini 0,05

D.t. d. № 50 in dragee

S. 2 tablets 4 times a day with meals.

Powders(Pulveres, Pulv.) are intended for internal, external or injection (after dissolution) use. There are non-dosed, simple and complex powders, including powders, and dosed, simple and complex powders.

The mass of dosed powder should be 0.1–1.0. When the dose is less than 0.1, indifferent substances are added to the composition, most often sugar ( Saccharum).

Volatile, hygroscopic dosed powders are dispensed in special paper (waxed, paraffin or parchment) and the recipe indicates: D. t. d. No. 20 in charta(paraffinata, pergaminata).

1. Rp.: Streptocidi 10,0

D.S. For covering wounds.

2. Rp.: Pul. foliorum digitalis 0,05

D.t. d. № 30

S. 1 powder 2 times a day.

Capsules(Capsulae) – gelatin shells, which contain dosed powdered, granular, paste-like, semi-liquid and liquid medicinal substances.

Rp.: Olei Ricini 1,0

D.t. d. № 30 in capsules gelatinosis

S. 1 capsule per dose.

Granules(Granulae) is a solid dosage form in the form of particles 0.2–0.3 mm in size, intended for oral administration.

The granules contain both medicinal and auxiliary substances.

Rp.: Granulum urodani 100,0

S. 1 tsp. 4 times a day (before meals, in 0.5 glasses of water).

In addition, there are films And records(Membranulae et Lamellae) – special solid dosage forms that contain medicinal substances on a polymer basis; glossets(Glossetes) – small tablets intended for sublingual or buccal administration; caramel(Caramela) are prepared in the form of candies containing sugar and molasses.

Used to treat oral diseases poultices(Cataplasmata) – semi-solid preparations that have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects.

Soluble tablets(Solvellenae) dissolved in water. The solution is used externally (for example, furatsilin tablets).

From book Latin language for doctors author A. I. Shtun

38. Dosage forms Aerosolum, -i (n) - aerosol - a dosage form, which is a dispersed system obtained using special packaging. Granulum, -i (n) - granule - a solid dosage form in the form of grains, grains. Gutta, - ae (f) – drop – dosage form,

From the book Pharmacology: lecture notes author

2. Solid dosage forms Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, etc. Tablets (Tabulette, Tab.) are obtained by pressing a mixture of medicinal and excipients. There are simple and complex in composition.1. Rp.: Tab. Analgini

From the book Pharmacology author Valeria Nikolaevna Malevannaya

4. Dosage forms for injections. Soft dosage forms Injectable dosage forms include sterile aqueous and oily solutions. There are simple and complex in composition. Rp.: Sol. Glucosi 5% – 500 ml; Rp.: Sol. Camphorae oleosae 20% – 2 mlSteril.! D.t. d. No. 10 in amp.D. S. drip Solutions in

From the book Family Book author Tatyana Demyanovna Popova

3. Validity periods of prescriptions and dosage of medications. Solid dosage forms Prescription for narcotic and poisonous agents valid 5 days; for ethyl alcohol – 10 days; for all others - up to 2 months from the date of discharge. Solid dosage forms include

From the book 33 Recipes for men author V. D. Sheremetyev

Dosage Forms Homeopathic medicines are prepared in the form of grains, tablets, powders and alcohol solutions in pharmaceutical laboratories and specialized pharmacies. The most common form currently is

From the book Golden Mustache. Treatment and prevention colds author Yulia Ulybina

Dosage forms and use Orally - infusion of dry rhizomes (10 g of raw materials per 200 ml of boiling water) a quarter glass 3-4 times a day for 30 minutes. before meals. Tincture of dry rhizomes (prepared in a ratio of 1: 5 with 40% alcohol or vodka) 0.5 teaspoon 3 times a day before meals; juice (fresh

From the book Siberian Health Recipes. Miracle cures for all diseases author Maria Vitalievna Nikitina

Dosage forms and use: Orally – a decoction of the roots (25 g of roots per 0.5 liters of water, boil for 10 minutes) taken 4 times a day before meals; Fresh Juice from the herb or roots, take 1 tablespoon in half a glass of water with the addition of honey, 3 times a day. PRIMORSKIAN BLUE BLUE

From the book Dandelion, plantain. Natural Medicines author Yuri Konstantinov

Dosage forms Juice is obtained from the succulent parts of the plant and syrup, ointment, tea, decoction for poultices and other dosage forms are prepared. Juice Plant juice is squeezed from freshly collected raw materials immediately or within 24 hours after collection. Use internally for colitis and ulcers

From the book Ginger - a universal healer author Olga Vladimirovna Romanova

Dosage forms Powders, pills, ointments, and tinctures are made from bear bile. Dried bile is marketed in the form of gallbladder. The cost of such a bag ranges from 200 to 250 rubles per gram. Whole gallbladder bear weighs on average 30–80 g. To market

From the book Directory of Essential Medicines author Elena Yurievna Khramova

Dosage forms Bear and badger fat supplied to the market in in kind (rendered fat); sold in pharmacies in biological form active additive to food; included in medicinal and cosmetic creams and ointments. Bear and badger have proven themselves

From the author's book

Dosage forms Manufacturers supply to the market beaver stream in its natural form (whole dry iron), as well as in the form of powders and ready-made tinctures. Some traditional healers potent rubs and ointments are made from natural raw materials. Essential

From the author's book

Dosage forms The complex complex of active ingredients of ginseng has not been separated, and they have not yet been obtained individually, therefore from the roots of this medicinal plant make tinctures and extracts. The most common in medical practice is alcoholic

From the author's book

Dosage forms Buy fresh cedar resin possible from the manufacturers. There are a lot of private advertisements and offers from various companies on the Internet. To prepare turpentine balsam, the collected resin is cleaned and filtered, and then mixed with cedar and

From the author's book

Dosage forms Decoction 1. Prepare as follows: 1 tbsp. pour a spoonful of crushed roots into 1 cup hot water, simmer over low heat for 15 minutes, cool for 45 minutes and filter. Take 1/3-1/2 cup 3 times a day 15 minutes before meals with liver diseases,

From the author's book

Dosage forms If you are interested in getting rid of an illness, you need to clearly understand what and how to take for a particular illness, which folk remedies include ginger and how these folk remedies use so that their effect is as gentle as possible,

From the author's book

Dosage forms All medicines can be divided according to their state of aggregation into the following forms: – solid; – liquid; – soft; – gaseous. Medicines are also divided according to the method of their administration into the body (orally, in the form of injections,

Soft dosage forms

Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, suppositories.

Ointment (Unguentum) is a non-dosed dosage form for external use. It is written out in total. There are simple and complex ointments. Most ointments are produced by industry in finished form.

A simple ointment is prescribed in an expanded and abbreviated manner. In expanded form, the prescription lists all the ingredients of the ointment - the active substance, the ointment base and indicates their quantities, followed by instructions for mixing (M.f. unguentum).

Rp. Zinci oxydi 2.5

Vaselini ad 50.0

In the abbreviated form of the recipe, the concentration of the active substance is indicated as a percentage.

Rp. Unguenti (Ung.) Zinci oxydi 5% - 50.0

D.S. Lubricate affected areas of the body

Ointment complex composition, which has a special proprietary name, is written out only in an abbreviated manner.

Rp. Unguenti (Ung.) "Neoderm" 20.0

D.S. Lubricate affected areas of the body

Suppositories (Suppositoria) - a dosage form that melts at body temperature. There are rectal and vaginal suppositories. Suppositories may contain one or more ingredients and a base. Currently, most suppositories are produced in finished form by pharmaceutical industry enterprises. They are written out using the abbreviated form of the copybook. In this case, the prescription begins with an indication of the dosage form - Suppositorium.... Next, after the preposition cum (c), comes the name of the medicinal substance (in singular units) and its dose. The prescription ends with the prescription - D.t.d. No.... and signature.

Rp. Suppositorium (Supp.) cum Novocaino 0.1

In some cases, official suppositories of complex composition are given commercial name. When prescribing such suppositories, the prescription is limited to indicating the dosage form in the wine list. plural (Suppositoria), names and numbers of suppositories. Doses of medicinal substances are not given in the prescription.

Rp. Suppositorium (Supp.) "Anaesthesolum" No. 10

D. S. 1 suppository into the rectum at night

Relatively rarely, rectal and vaginal suppositories are prepared in pharmacies according to main prescriptions. Such suppositories are prescribed in recipes in expanded form, listing all the ingredients and their doses. The dose of substances included in the suppositories is indicated per suppository. The amount of base may not be indicated in the recipe. In this case, instead of the quantity of the forming substance, you should write q.s. (quantum satis). Then the required line in the copybook is M. f. suppositorium…, followed by D.t.d. No.... and signature.

Rp. Novocaini 0.1

M.f. suppository rectale

S. 1 suppository into the rectum at night

Pasta is a type of ointment containing at least 25% powdery substances. Pastes are among the non-dosed dosage forms, so they are prescribed in bulk. Main pastes are prescribed only in expanded form, indicating all the ingredients and their quantities. The recipe ends with the prescription for M. f. pasta

Rp. Dermatoli 10.0

Zinci oxydi aa 5.0

Vaselini ad 50.0

D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin

Other dosage forms.

Aerosols are aerodisperse systems in which the dispersion medium is air, gas or a mixture of gases, and the dispersed phase is particles of solid or liquid substances 0.5 - 10 micrometers in size. Most often, liquefied gases, usually freons, are used as propellants. They are in special cans with a valve device and a spray head. Medicinal aerosols used to treat respiratory diseases.

Aerosols are prescribed in an abbreviated form.

Rp. Aerosolum "Berodualum" No. 1

D.S. Inhale 3 times a day

IN modern medicine Medicines are used mainly in the form of finished dosage forms. The doctor is not deprived of the right to write prescriptions for the extemporaneous production of medicinal forms in a pharmacy. However, those produced by pharmaceutical companies in large quantities and in a wide range of ready-made dosage forms are much more convenient for dispensing and use. As a rule, finished dosage forms have a significantly longer shelf life than similar drugs manufactured ex tempore.

Finished dosage forms are produced in various types and dosages for different ways applications. A large number of The drug is currently produced in the form of prolonged dosage forms (“depot”, “retard”). Prolongation of action is ensured by the inclusion of increased doses of the substance in polymer carriers, microencapsulation and other technological methods. The effect is achieved due to the slow release of the active substance. In some cases, the use of such dosage forms allows not only to reduce the number of doses, but also to improve its tolerability and increase efficiency.

Control questions

1. Rules for prescribing solid dosage forms: powders, tablets, capsules

2. Rules for prescribing liquid dosage forms: solutions, extracts, mixtures, infusions and decoctions, drugs for injection.

3. Rules for prescribing soft dosage forms: ointments, pastes, suppositories, liniments.

Solutions (Solutio) – a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving a medicinal substance in a solvent. The solvents most often used are distilled water (Aqua destillata), ethanol (Ethanol; ethyl alcohol, Spiritus aethylicus) 70%, 90%, 95% and liquid oils - peach (Oleum Persicorum), petroleum jelly (Oleum Vazelini), etc. Solutions must be transparent and free of suspended particles or sediment. Solutions are used for external and internal use, as well as for injection.

Solutions for external use used as ophthalmic ear drops, nasal drops, lotions, rinsing, washing, syringing. There are two forms of prescribing solutions - shortened and expanded.

Abbreviated form of copybook solution begins with the name of the dosage form, i.e. from the word Solutionis (genus Solution). Next, indicate the name of the medicinal substance in the genitive case, the concentration of the solution and its quantity. Next comes D.S. If the solvent is water, then in the abbreviated recipe the nature of the solution (aqueous) is not indicated.

The concentration of a solution can be indicated in three ways:

in percentages;

ratios (for example, 1:1000, 1:5000, etc.);

mass-volume ratios (for example, 0.6-200ml, i.e. 200 ml contains 0.6 g of medicinal substance).

For example:

Rp.: Solutionis Nitrofurali 0,02% - 500 ml

D. S. To gargle 4 times a day.

Rp.: Solutionis Nitrofurali 1:5000 – 500 ml

D. S

Rp.: Solutionis Nitrofurali 0,1 – 500 ml

D. S. To gargle 4 times a day

Alcohol and oil solutions in abbreviated form are prescribed with the designation of the nature of the solution - alcohol (spirituosae), oil (oleosae), which is given after the name of the medicinal substance.

For example:

Rp.: Solutionis Acidi borici spirituosae 1% - 10ml

D. S. Ear drops. 3 drops 2 times a day.

Rp.: Solutionis Camphorae oleosae 10% - 30 ml

D. S. For rubbing the joint area.

In cases where an oil or alcohol solution requires a specific oil or alcohol of a certain concentration, only a detailed prescription of the solution is possible. In this case, the soluble substance is indicated first, and then the solvent with the designation of quantities. The prescription ends with the prescription M.D.S. and S.

For example:

Rp.: Mentholi 0,1

Olei Vaselini ad 10 ml

M. D. S. Place 5 drops into your nose.

Solutions for internal use They are usually dosed in graduated cups, tablespoons, teaspoons, and drops.

1 tablespoon contains an average of 15 ml of aqueous solution;

in 1 teaspoon – 5 ml;

1 ml of water contains 20 drops.

Knowing the single dose of the drug and the single amount of solution, you can calculate its concentration.

For example:

Rp.: Solutionis Natrii bromidi 1% - 180 ml

D. S

Suspensions (Suspensio) – suspension of particles of solid medicinal substances in a liquid. Suspensions are prescribed internally and externally. Sterile suspensions can be administered intramuscularly. Typically, water is used to make the suspension. In this case, an abbreviated formulation of the suspension is possible. This prescription begins with the name of the dosage form Suspensionis (genus Suspension), followed by the name of the medicinal substance, the concentration of the suspension, its quantity and D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Suspensionis Hydrocortisoni acetatis 0,5% - 10 ml

D. S. Place 2 drops into the eye 4 times a day.

Emulsions (Emulsum) – a liquid dosage form in which water-insoluble liquids (for example, liquid oils) are suspended in the form of tiny particles. Emulsions are used internally and externally. Oil emulsions are most often used. They are prepared from liquid oils (castor, almond, etc.). To emulsify the oil (separation into small particles), special emulsifiers are added.

The emulsion prescription begins with the name of the dosage form - Emulsi (generic Emulsion), after which the amount of oil in ml and the total amount of emulsion are indicated.

For example:

Rp.: Emujsi olei Ricini 20ml – 100ml

D. S. for 1 appointment.

Infusions (Infusum) and decoctions (Decoctum). When processing plant medicinal raw materials (leaves, grass, roots, etc.) with water at a temperature of 100 0 C, they are extracted from medicinal plants active principles with some admixture of ballast substances. They are called infusions and decoctions. Infusions more often prepared from leaves, flowers, grass. Decoctions- from coarser, denser parts of plants (roots, rhizomes, bark) and therefore differ from infusions in the longer extraction of active principles.

To prepare infusions and decoctions, a weighed amount of medicinal raw material is placed in a vessel called an infundirka and filled with water at room temperature. The infundirka is placed in boiling water water bath: infusions - for 15 minutes, decoctions - for 30 minutes. Then the medicine is filtered and filtered: decoctions - after 10 minutes. (hot), infusions - after complete cooling. Because infusions and decoctions quickly deteriorate; prepare them immediately before giving them to the patient, in quantities necessary for no more than 3-4 days.

Infusions and decoctions are most often prescribed orally in tablespoons. In addition, these dosage forms are also used externally for rinsing, washing, etc.

There is only one form of prescription for infusions and decoctions. After the name of the dosage form: Infusi... (Infusion...) or Decocti...(Decoction...) indicate the part of the plant from which the medicine is prepared (leaves, herb, root, etc.), the name of the plant, the amount of medicinal raw material and (through a dash) the total amount infusion or decoction. Then D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Infusi herbae Thermopsidis 0,5 – 200 ml

D. S. 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.

Galenic preparations - tinctures (Tinctura) and extracts (Extractum) – most often these are alcoholic extracts from plant medicinal raw materials. Tinctures prepared in a concentration of 1:5 or 1:10, and extracts: 1:1 or 1:2. Unlike infusions and decoctions, they can be stored for a long time, and therefore they are produced in factories according to certain technical standards. The recipes do not indicate the parts of the plants from which they are made, as well as their concentrations.

The prescription of tinctures begins with the name of the dosage form - Ticturae... (genus Tinctures...). Then indicate the name of the plant and the amount of tincture. This is followed by D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Tincturae Valerianae 25 ml

D. S. 25 drops 3 times a day.

Extracts, depending on consistency, are divided into liquid, thick and dry. Liquid extracts, like tinctures, are colored liquids. Thick – viscous masses with a moisture content of no more than 25%. Dry – loose masses with a moisture content of no more than 5%.

The prescription of extracts begins with the name of the dosage form - Extracti... (Extract...). Then follows the name of the plant and the type of extract must be indicated - Fluidi (liquid), spissi (thick), sicci (dry). Then indicate the amount of extract and D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Extracti Frangulae fluidi 25 ml

D. S. 25 drops at night.

Novogalenic drugs

New galenic preparations are extracts from plant medicinal raw materials, maximally freed from ballast substances (contain the sum of biologically active substances of plants) and suitable not only for oral administration, but also for parenteral administration. Each novogalenic drug has a special name. They are prepared in factories.

When prescribing a drug for oral administration, indicate its name, quantity and D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Adonisidi 15 ml

D. S. 15 drops 3 times a day.

Potions– mixtures of liquid or liquid and solid medicinal substances. The mixtures may be clear, cloudy, or even have sediment (the latter should be shaken before use). Medicines are prescribed mainly internally.

Medicines are prescribed in expanded or semi-abbreviated form. The recipe indicates all the components of the mixture and their quantities, followed by M.D.S. The word “potion” is not used in the recipe.

For example:

Rp.: Solutionis Natrii bromidi 2% - 180 ml

Coffeini-natrii benzoatis 0.6

M. D. S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Liniments (Linimentum) – dosage forms for external use. Most liniments are homogeneous mixtures in the form of thick liquids.

Liniments are most often written out in expanded copybook form. After listing the components of liniment and their quantities, write M.f. linimentum (Misce ut fiat linimentum – Eat to make liniment); followed by D.S.

For example:

Rp.: Chloroformi 20 ml

Olei Hyosciami 40 ml

M.f. linimentum

D. S. For rubbing joints

Liniments for industrial production are written out in abbreviated form.

For example:

Rp.: Linimenti Synthomicini 5% - 25 ml

D. S. Apply to the wound.