home Audience 6 The first symptoms of gallbladder problems that should not be ignored. Gallbladder disease. Medicines and treatment with folk remedies Medicine gallbladder symptoms of the disease treatment

The first symptoms of gallbladder problems that should not be ignored. Gallbladder disease. Medicines and treatment with folk remedies Medicine gallbladder symptoms of the disease treatment

The gallbladder is a fairly small organ, representing a pear-shaped reservoir with a capacity of 60-80 ml. The location of the gallbladder is on the lower surface of the right lobe of the liver, with which this organ is connected by bile ducts. The main function of the gallbladder is the accumulation of bile produced by liver cells and its release into the intestines to process incoming food. Through the membrane of the gallbladder, the absorption process of transporting salts, proteins, amino acids takes place, the organ itself produces mucus and produces the hormone anticholecystokinin.

Various diseases and dysfunctions, pathological processes, developing in the gallbladder, can negatively affect not only the digestion process, but also the health of the entire body as a whole. Selected diseases and gallbladder pathologies end without timely therapy fatal.

What is the gallbladder?

The structure of this organ is divided into a fundus, a body and a neck, which passes into the cystic duct with a diameter of 1 to 3 mm and a length of 1 to 3 cm. In most people, the cystic duct flows into the common bile duct at a slight slope, facilitating the outflow of bile. But every fifth person has some deviations: from changes in the angle and place of confluence to spiral-shaped twists around the common hepatic duct, which often contributes to the development of dyskinesia and functional stagnation of bile in the bladder. The length of the common bile duct can also vary and affect the efficiency of the organ.

Main diseases and pathologies of the gallbladder

Among diseases of the biliary system, most are associated with dysfunction of the organ due to improper composition of the diet or non-compliance with the timing of meals.

Cholelithiasis

Symptoms of major gallbladder diseases

The clinical picture and symptoms of diseases vary not only depending on the disease, but also on its stage and form. For acute attacks Most gallbladder diseases are characterized by pain in the right side and/or the area of the right hypochondrium with irradiation (spread) to the back on the right up to the shoulder and collarbone. Dyspeptic symptoms are expressed in nausea, periodic or repeated vomiting. The abdominal muscles on the right are tense under the right ribs or in general with right side peritoneum.
Differences in disease symptoms:

Type of symptom	Cholelithiasis (Cholelithiasis) in acute form	Chronic form of cholecystitis	Dyskenesia	Cholangitis	Cancerous tumors
Pain or discomfort	Acute pain in the right rib cage after a diet break	Discomfort, heaviness, “aching” pain due to non-compliance with nutritional rules	When bile pressure increases: acute pain for 10-15 minutes. With reduced pressure: It's a dull pain, heaviness in the right abdomen	Acute pain of a paroxysmal nature that can provoke loss of consciousness	Aching dull pain at an advanced stage of development
Itchy skin	Present	Present	Absent	Present	Absent
Hyperthermia, feverish state		In 60% of cases it is not observed		Hyperthermia up to 40°C, chills, increased sweating	Low-grade body temperature

Diagnostic methods and interpretation of laboratory parameters for diseases of the biliary tract and bladder

Main ways primary diagnosis diseases affecting gallbladder and bile ducts, are taking anamnesis, palpation of the peritoneal area, laboratory test blood and ultrasonography organ. If necessary, a laparoscopic diagnostic method is used, as a rule, for the pathological form of cholecystitis and cancerous tumors.
What changes in the blood formula correspond to gallbladder diseases?

Abnormal indicator	Possible sign of disease
Increased unconjugated bilirubin	The presence of obstructive jaundice is likely as a symptom of cholelithiasis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstruction, trauma, neoplasm in the bladder and bile ducts
Increased conjugated bilirubin	Sign hemolytic anemia, genetically determined developmental abnormalities
Elevated AST, ALT levels	The presence of inflammatory and/or necrotic processes in liver cells, which is typical for hepatitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cancer tumors
Elevated alkaline phosphatase	A sign of congestion in the liver tissues and gall bladder cavity, characteristic of cholelithiasis and chronic form cholecystitis

Diet as the basis of treatment and prevention

The basic principles of treatment for diseases of the hepatobiliary system are based on compliance with the principles of nutrition. Without strictly following the diet rules drug therapy will not contribute to full recovery. What can you eat if you have diseases and pathologies of the bladder and bile ducts?

avoid fatty, spicy foods, fried foods, alcoholic and carbonated drinks;
meals should be timely and divided, at least 4-6 times a day, with the obligatory inclusion of warm food in the menu;
recommended porridges made from oatmeal, rice, semolina, vegetable soups, lean varieties of meat, poultry, fish, cooked in water, steamed, baked, dairy and dairy products with low fat content;
Strong tea, coffee, cocoa should be avoided, giving preference to compotes, nectars, herbal teas;
It is recommended to include first cold-pressed vegetable oils in the diet: olive, flaxseed, etc.

Drug therapy is selected based on general clinical and individual characteristics course of the disease. Enzyme-containing options, pain relievers, antispasmodics, medications for resolving stones or with antibacterial effects may be prescribed. Choice medicine carried out by the attending physician.

The gallbladder is a small organ that looks like a pear. It is capable of holding 60 to 80 ml of digestive fluid. The gallbladder is a reservoir for storing bile, which is produced by the liver. In addition, it removes digestive fluid into the intestines. The organ is located on the lower right lobe of the liver.

Various pathologies and dysfunctions can negatively affect not only digestive process, but also on the body as a whole. Certain painful conditions without timely treatment may result in death. Symptoms of gallbladder disease indicate impaired functioning of the organ, which requires urgent treatment.

Symptoms of gallbladder disease indicate impaired functioning of the organ

Causes of the disease

Through psychosomatic reactions, the brain controls the functioning of all organs and systems of the body. This may lead to various diseases. Regularly occurring negative emotions can provoke stagnation of digestive fluid, which leads to other physiological disorders.

When a person experiences pleasant emotions, bile becomes colored yellow. In addition, the outflow of digestive fluid from the gallbladder increases. This has a positive effect on digestion.

Emotions of anger and anxiety, on the contrary, reduce the intensity of production and secretion of bile. From such studies it was concluded that psychological states are directly related to the state of the digestive fluid removal system.

People who are dissatisfied with their financial situation, work and environment are more at risk of this type of disease.

Other reasons why gallbladder diseases occur:

Cholecystitis – inflammatory processes caused by a bacterial infection.
Changes in the composition of the digestive fluid. A change in the ratio of bile components also leads to diseases.
Violation of the innervation of the bladder, which leads to an excessive amount of ejected bile or its deficiency.
Organ bend.
Malignant neoplasms.

There are many options for what problems with the gallbladder could be.

General symptoms of the disease

All diseases of this organ manifest themselves in the same way. At first, a person feels pain that does not stop even after taking medications. However, symptoms differ in intensity depending on the type of disease in its form. With gallstones and cholecystitis, the discomfort is more pronounced. The patient feels them in the right hypochondrium or in the navel area. In case of illness

Another common symptom is a bitter taste in the mouth. He talks about problems of the biliary system, which affected the outflow of digestive fluid.

Patients often note the following complaints with serious gallbladder diseases:

One of the common symptoms of gallbladder diseases is vomiting.

Such signs of pathologies of the digestive fluid removal system appear in both men and women. Often they indicate JVP. Symptoms that cause serious problems with the gallbladder, it is unacceptable to treat at your own discretion. This can cause serious negative consequences.

Symptoms in women

Most often, symptoms of gallbladder disease in women manifest themselves in digestive disorders. This causes a bitter taste in the mouth and yellowing of the skin. The patient feels acute pain in the right hypochondrium. Such sensations begin to manifest themselves in attacks.

With dyskinesia, the patient feels pain in the right hypochondrium

Another sign biliary colic in women is severe nausea. After vomiting, the pain subsides. Because women more men prone to diets and strong emotional experiences, the symptoms of the disease manifest themselves to a greater extent.

In the case of gallstone disease, the symptoms of the disease directly depend on the position and number of stones. The stone located in the nipple of Vater is felt most acutely by patients. It is practically undetectable on ultrasound.

With dyskinesia, the patient feels pain in the right hypochondrium, he has a high temperature, which may not go away for several days.

Inflammatory processes in the tissues of the gallbladder occur when sedentary life, irregular diet, use of contraceptives, pathologies of the endocrine system. These factors increase the risk of developing cholecystitis in women. In this case, the gallbladder swells, and the following symptoms appear:

nausea;
vomit;
yellowing of the eye sclera and skin.

If you have these signs, you should consult a doctor who will select the appropriate medications.

Diagnosis of diseases

Diagnosis of disorders of the gallbladder is carried out instrumentally and laboratory. Recent methods include various tests. Instrumental tests are carried out using special equipment. To check the condition of the gallbladder and biliary system, both types of examinations should be performed.

The most informative methods are:

duodenal sounding;
blood test - determine its biochemical composition;
coprogram - examine feces;
Analysis of urine.

During duodenal intubation, bile is collected from the patient. This is necessary for an accurate determination of gallbladder diseases.

When performing an ultrasound, the thickness of the walls of the organ, its shape and location, and the absence of kinks are determined. Such a study allows you to learn a lot about the state of the biliary system. Often, ultrasound can detect cholelithiasis or inflammation of the organ.

Types of diseases and their signs

There are several serious types of biliary tract and bladder diseases that need to be treated initial stage development. Among them are:

Gallstone pathology – stones accumulate in the gallbladder ducts

Gallstone pathology – stones accumulate in the ducts of the gallbladder. It begins to develop with increased cholesterol accumulation and a decreased level of bile acid secretion.
Dyskinesia - develops as a result of impaired motor functions of the ducts that remove bile. Digestive fluid stagnates, causing distress digestive system.
Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder itself and its ducts. Pathology often occurs due to infection. As a result of inflammation, the composition of bile changes, which disrupts its outflow.
Neoplasms that appear on the walls of the organ. They can often be confused with cholecystitis.

You should not self-medicate if you experience pain on the right side under the ribs. It is necessary to consult a doctor immediately after symptoms occur. Such gallbladder diseases can have a negative impact on overall health.

Signs of certain diseases manifest themselves in different ways:

With cholelithiasis, the patient feels acute pain after eating disorders or eating bad (low-quality) food. It can radiate to the collarbone and back. Vomiting does not bring relief. The patient develops a high temperature - up to 40 degrees. Skin itching appears.
With chronic cholecystitis, patients may feel a feeling of heaviness and pain after spicy food. You may experience nausea, heartburn, and belching. The patient loses his appetite.
JVP. Acute pain is observed for 20 minutes with the hyperkinetic type. In the case of hypokinetic dyskinesia, the pain is dull and aching. The disease is characterized by a slight rise in temperature.
Acute cholangitis. Acute pain on the right under the ribs, radiating to the collarbone and shoulder. Possible drop in blood pressure. Chills and heavy sweating often occur.
Cancer of the gallbladder. It may not manifest itself for a long time. When dull pain occurs, it is difficult to eliminate it with analgesics.

Such signs, indicating certain diseases, make it clear in which direction to conduct research during diagnosis.

Treatment of diseases

As main reason dyskinesias highlight a violation of a balanced diet. The reason may be long fasting, dry food, consumption. The diagnosis is made based on the results of a study of the clinical picture.

When treating diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract, it is important to maintain proper nutrition, work and rest schedule. It is important to maintain optimal sleep duration. A special role is given to diet therapy.

If a patient is diagnosed with a hyperkinetic form of dyskinesia, he is prescribed drug treatment– neurotropic sedatives. Duspatalin and no-shpa are used to relieve spasms. In addition, the patient is given choleretic drugs.

In the case of the hypokinetic form, the patient takes neurotropic drugs that have a stimulating effect. The doctor prescribes motilium, which improves gastrointestinal motility.

Acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) is treated by following certain principles:

For destructive cholecystitis, surgery is indicated.
For other types of disease it is prescribed antibacterial agents, antispasmodics, detoxification therapy.
When acute stage the disease goes away, and no stones are found in the gall bladder, there is no need for surgery.

Such methods of treating gallbladder diseases are used if there are certain indications.

Psychosomatics of gallstone disease

Many diseases of the digestive system are associated with mental processes controlled by the brain. Gallbladder diseases can develop not only as a result of poor nutrition, but also long-term and regularly occurring mental phenomena. This speaks of a psychosomatic connection between physical and emotional states person.

Features of the human psyche that increase the risk of developing gallbladder diseases:

Anger increases the risk of developing gallbladder disease

Touchiness, storing negative experiences in memory, constantly returning to them.
Anger. A person can accumulate negative emotions without making efforts to eliminate them.
A person often gets irritated; even a slight ridicule can hurt him.
Projecting all current events onto oneself, the habit of taking everything to heart.

The psychosomatics of gallbladder diseases is based precisely on these principles. To reduce the risk of developing pathologies, you need to acquire several useful skills:

Learn to forgive insults. In some cases, certain words do not even imply an intention to hurt a person. This needs to be understood.
Start to control irritability and anger. For example, you should count to ten.
Let go of negative emotions. This means stopping constantly replaying situations in your head that cause negative emotions.
Learn to control the desire for power over others. You need to think about the fact that people around you may also know and be able to do something.
Everyone deserves the right to make mistakes. This should apply to both other people and yourself.

If you learn to subordinate your emotions to your mind, doing many things will be easier and more productive.

Disease Prevention

Since gallbladder diseases pose a threat to both health and life, it is necessary to take some measures to eliminate risk factors. To do this, follow these tips:

Observe dietary food, which does not include harmful and high-calorie foods.
Fractional meals, eliminating long periods between meals.
Get rid of bad habits - drinking alcohol, fast food.
Exercise regularly.
Normalize sleep patterns.
Treat gastrointestinal diseases in a timely manner.
Avoid stressful conditions.

Video

Gallbladder. How to find out the symptoms cholelithiasis.

Dyskinesia of the gallbladder and biliary tract is a disease in which there is a violation of motility (movement) and tone of the gallbladder, as well as its ducts.

Some statistics

Among all diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts, dyskinesia accounts for 12.5%.

Women suffer from this disease approximately 10 times more often than men. What is associated with the characteristics of hormonal and metabolic processes female body(eg, changes during pregnancy, taking oral contraceptives). Women are especially susceptible to the disease young asthenic physique.

Among children, adolescents are the most frequently affected.

In 2/3 of all cases this is secondary disease, which develops against the background of a lesion gastrointestinal tract(colitis, peptic ulcer of the duodenum and/or stomach, pancreatitis, gastritis).

The most common (about 60-70% of all cases) is the hypotonic form. In modern medicine, the disease was first described by surgeons in 1903-1909, who operated on a patient with severe pain in the right hypochondrium. However, after opening the abdominal cavity, they did not find any stones or inflammation in the gall bladder. After which the disease began to be carefully studied by general practitioners.

However, even in ancient times it was noticed that there is a connection between a person’s negative emotions and disease of the gallbladder, as well as its ducts. Therefore, such people were called “bilious.”

In addition, everyone knows about the four types of temperament that were described in medical treatises by ancient doctors.

For example, anger and irritability indicate an excess of energy at the point of the gallbladder - a hypertensive variant of dyskinesia (choleric type of temperament). That is, the wall of the gallbladder is tense and contracts strongly.

While bitterness, lethargy and a tendency to depression indicate a lack of energy at the point of the gallbladder - a hypotonic variant of dyskinesia (melancholic type of temperament). That is, the wall of the gallbladder is sluggish and contracts poorly.

Anatomy and physiology of the gallbladder

Gallbladder- hollow organ. It is usually located on the right side of the upper abdomen, approximately at the level of the middle of the lower hypochondrium (below the last rib).

The length of the gallbladder ranges from 5 to 14 cm, and the width from 3 to 5 cm. Its capacity on an empty stomach ranges from 30 to 80 ml. However, when bile stagnates, its volume increases.

Normally, the gallbladder has an elongated pear-shaped shape (with wide and narrow ends). However, sometimes its shape is quite bizarre: spindle-shaped, elongated, doubled, with a bend or internal jumpers, and so on.

The gallbladder has three parts - the fundus, the body and the neck ( narrow part). The cystic duct departs from the cervix, which subsequently connects with the hepatic duct, forming the common bile duct. In turn, the common bile duct opens into the cavity of the duodenum (12 PC) in the area of the papilla of Vater, which is surrounded by the sphincter (muscle ring) of Oddi.

The structure of the gallbladder wall

The mucous membrane consists of epithelial and various glandular cells that produce mucus. It forms multiple folds that form the Lutkens-Martynov sphincter at the neck of the gallbladder, which prevents the release of bile until certain stages of digestion occur.

The muscular layer, which mainly consists of smooth muscle fibers, located circularly (in a circle)

The connective tissue membrane covers the outside of the gallbladder. It contains blood vessels.

Tasks of the gallbladder

Accumulation, concentration and storage of bile produced in the liver

Release of bile into the lumen of the duodenum as needed

Bile is produced continuously by liver cells (from 0.6 to 1.5 liters per day). Then it enters the intrahepatic ducts, and from them into the gallbladder. In the gallbladder, bile is concentrated due to the absorption of excess water, sodium and chlorine from it by the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane.

The mechanism of bile secretion from the gallbladder

The most important neurohumoral factors regulating this complex process are:

The autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions), which regulates the functioning of almost all internal organs
Normal when activated vagus nerve(vagus), which provides sensory and motor innervation to most internal organs, the gallbladder contracts and the sphincter of Oddi relaxes. If there is a violation of the coordination in the work of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system this mechanism is disrupted.
Intestinal hormones (motilin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, gastrin, secretin, glucagon), which are produced in the gastrointestinal tract during meals
When exposed to cholecystokinin in normal doses, the gallbladder contracts and the sphincter of Oddi relaxes (in large doses, the motility of the gallbladder is inhibited). Gastrin, secretin, glucagon have the same effect as cholecystokinin, but less pronounced.
Neuropeptides (neurotensin, vasointestinal polypeptide and others) are a type of protein molecule that has the properties of hormones
They prevent the gallbladder from contracting.
As a result close interaction Due to these factors, during meals, the muscular layer of the gallbladder contracts 1-2 times, increasing the pressure in it to 200-300 mm of water column. Therefore, the Lutkens-Martynov sphincter relaxes, and bile enters the cystic duct. Next, the bile enters the common bile duct, and then through the sphincter of Oddi into the 12th PC. When diseases occur, this mechanism is disrupted.

The main functions of bile in digestion

Creates the necessary conditions in 12 pcs for loss by pepsin (the main enzyme gastric juice) its properties
Participates in the breakdown of fats, promoting their absorption, as well as digestion fat-soluble vitamins(A, E, D)
Improves motor function (motility) small intestine and increases appetite
Stimulates mucus secretion and the production of intestinal hormones: motilin, cholecystokinin-pancreasemin and others
Activates enzymes necessary for the digestion of proteins (trypsin and lipase - enzymes of pancreatic juice)
Promotes the proliferation of epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa
Has antibacterial properties, which are weakened by stagnation of bile

Causes of gallbladder dyskinesia

There are primary and secondary dyskinesia of the gallbladder and biliary tract (GBD), depending on the causes that led to the disease.

Also currently being considered is the theory that there is a disruption in the functioning of liver cells, so they initially produce bile, the composition of which has already been changed.

Primary dyskinesia of the gallbladder and biliary tract

At the onset of the disease there are only functional disorders, which are not detected by research methods (ultrasound, x-ray). However, as the disease progresses, structural changes develop in the gallbladder and its ducts.

Most common reasons primary dzhvp

Secondary dyskinesia of the gallbladder and biliary tract

Occurs against the background of already developed diseases or conditions. The changes are clearly visible with the following research methods.

The most common causes of secondary VAVP

Symptoms of gallbladder dyskinesia

They depend on the type of disturbance in the motor activity of the gallbladder and its ducts.

Types of diesel fuel

Hypotonic (hypomotor) dyskinesia develops with insufficient contractility of the gallbladder and its ducts. Occurs in patients with a predominance of the tone of the sympathetic nervous system (normally dominant during the day), which reduces the tone and motor activity Gastrointestinal tract, as well as the gallbladder and its ducts. Most often this form of the disease affects people over 40 years of age.
Hypertonic (hypermotor) dyskinesia develops with increased contractility of the gallbladder and biliary tract. It occurs in people with a predominance of the parasympathetic nervous system (normally dominant at night), which enhances the motor function and tone of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the gallbladder and its ducts. Most often, teenagers and young adults suffer from this form of the disease.
Hypotonic-hyperkinetic dyskinesia is a mixed variant of the course of the disease. The patient has symptoms of both hypotonic and hypertensive forms of dyskinesia in varying degrees of severity.

Signs of gallbladder dyskinesia

Symptom	Manifestations	Development mechanism
Hypotonic dyskinesia
Pain	Constant, long-lasting, dull, bursting, aching. It is located in the right hypochondrium, but has no clear localization. As a rule, it intensifies during meals or immediately after it.	The bottom of the gallbladder is stretched, which is caused by stagnation of bile due to insufficient production of cholecystokinin in the gastrointestinal tract.
Belching is an involuntary release of gas from the stomach into the oral cavity with a characteristic sound and sometimes smell	It usually occurs after meals, but sometimes between meals.	The regulation of the gallbladder by the nervous system is disrupted, so the patient makes more frequent swallowing movements, swallowing air while eating. As a result, the pressure in the stomach increases. Therefore, the muscular wall of the stomach contracts, and the tone of the outlet sphincter decreases - and air is expelled.
Nausea and/or vomiting (sometimes with an admixture of bile, if there is a reflux of bile from 12 PCs into the stomach)	More often occurs after eating and eating errors: eating fatty foods, fast food, overeating and others	Due to impaired motor skills, the nerve receptors of the gastrointestinal tract are irritated, which send an impulse to the vomiting center (located in the brain). From it, impulses are sent back to the gastrointestinal tract and diaphragm, leading to contraction of their muscles and the occurrence of reverse movements. Also, with bacterial and viral infections, helminthiases, the vomiting center is irritated by their waste products (toxins).
Bitterness in the mouth (most typical for the hypotonic variant of dyskinesia)	Mainly in the morning, after meals or physical activity.	Motor skills are impaired, and the gastrointestinal sphincters relax. The result is antiperistaltic movements (food moves in the opposite direction). Therefore, bile from 12 PCs enters the stomach, then into the esophagus, then into the oral cavity.
Bloating (flatulence)	There is a feeling of abdominal distension at the height of digestion, which is often accompanied by pain. After the gas passes, the pain subsides.	Digestion is impaired due to insufficiency of bile. As a result, the processes of decay and fermentation in the lumen of the small intestine intensify. Therefore, gases are released in large quantities.
Decreased appetite		Bile stagnates due to poor contractility of the gallbladder. Therefore, it is not sufficiently released into the lumen of 12 PCs.
Diarrhea (rare)	As a rule, it occurs soon after eating.	If there is insufficiency of bile, digestion is disrupted: proteins, fats and carbohydrates are poorly broken down. As a result, the cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine are irritated, which increase the secretion of water, sodium and chlorine. At the same time, their absorption decreases. Therefore, the volume of the food bolus increases, and its movement through the intestines accelerates.
Constipation (occurs frequently)	There is no stool for more than 48 hours or there is systematic insufficient bowel movement.	It occurs as a result of a slowdown in the movement of the food bolus through the intestines due to spasm or relaxation of the tone of the intestinal wall. Therefore it increases reverse suction water. At the same time, feces decrease in volume, and their density increases. In addition, there is a lack of bile acids (contained in bile), which normally have a stimulating effect on the intestinal muscles.
Obesity	Develops during a long course of the disease or is the cause of its occurrence	Due to insufficiency of bile, the process of digestion and breakdown of fats is disrupted. Therefore, the production of insulin by the pancreas increases. As a result, the synthesis of fats increases and their accumulation in fat cells of subcutaneous fat, as well as on internal organs.
	Decreased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, redness of the facial skin, sweating, increased salivation.	The development mechanism is complex and not fully understood. However, it is believed that there is low resistance of the heart and blood vessels to stress. Therefore, during it, less oxygen reaches the brain, organs and tissues. As a result, the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is disrupted, and the internal organs receive incorrect commands to work.
Hypertensive dyskinesia
Pain	The pain is intense, colicky, occurring acutely in the right hypochondrium after stress or emotional stress (most often), errors in diet, or physical activity. The pain lasts from 20 to 30 minutes and repeats several times during the day. Often it radiates from the right side to the back, shoulder blade or arm. However, sometimes the pain radiates to the left (to the area of the heart), simulating an attack of angina. In the period between attacks, as a rule, a feeling of heaviness in the right hypochondrium persists.	The pain is associated with a sharp contraction of the gallbladder during increased tone sphincters of Oddi and Lutkens-Martynov, so bile does not drain.
Decreased appetite	Bile is a stimulant of appetite, intestinal motility and the production of intestinal hormones.	The gallbladder is in a spasmodic state and contracts excessively. However, in this case, the sphincters responsible for the timely flow of bile into the 12 PCs do not work or relax between meals. Therefore, bile in insufficient or large quantities enters 12 PCs.
Loss of body weight (develops frequently)	The subcutaneous fat layer thins and decreases muscle mass.	Due to the secretion of bile between meals, foods are poorly broken down. Therefore, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals are absorbed in insufficient quantities. In addition, due to decreased appetite, patients do not eat enough.
Nausea and vomiting	They often accompany the attack of biliary colic itself, but outside the attack they are usually absent.	Gastrointestinal tract receptors are irritated due to impaired motility, so nerve impulses are sent from them to the vomiting center (located in the brain). Impulses are sent back from it to the receptors of the gastrointestinal tract and diaphragm, intercostal muscles, so they contract, expelling gastric contents.
Diarrhea (occurs frequently)	As a rule, it occurs soon after eating or during an attack.	Bile enters the lumen of the small intestine in large quantities between meals (asynchronously). As a result, bile acids found in bile inhibit absorption and also increase the secretion of water and salts (sodium, chlorine), causing an increase in volume feces and accelerating their movement through the intestines.
Symptoms of dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (the center is in the brain)	During an attack, sweating, rapid heartbeat, general weakness, headache, rises arterial pressure. Outside of an attack, irritability, fatigue, sleep disturbances, increased blood pressure, aching pain in the heart area, rapid heartbeat and other symptoms are noted.	The mechanisms of development have not been fully established. It is assumed that the basis of the disease is the lability of the nervous system due to weakness of the heart and blood vessels, which, at times of stress, poorly supply blood to organs, tissues and the brain. Therefore, the autonomic nervous system gives incorrect commands to the vessels, gastrointestinal tract, internal organs, as well as the gallbladder and its ducts.
Signs that can develop in both forms of ADHD with the same manifestations
Yellowness of the skin and visible mucous membranes (rarely develops)	Appears when there is a severe violation of the outflow of bile (stone, narrowing of the common bile duct). In this case, the feces are colorless, and the urine is dark in color.	When bile stagnates, bilirubin (a pigment contained in bile) is absorbed into the blood and spreads throughout the body, settling in the skin and mucous membranes, giving them a jaundiced tint. Since bile does not enter the gastrointestinal tract, the stool becomes colorless.
Plaque on the tongue (can also develop with other diseases: colitis, gastritis and others)	It may be white or with a yellowish tint when bile flows back (most often occurs with the hypotonic variant of dyskinesia). If the plaque is severe, patients may experience a feeling of discomfort on the tongue and a dull sense of taste.	Appears as a result of disruption of keratinization processes (transformation of mucosal cells into scales) and desquamation of the epithelium from the surface of the tongue. Occurs due to disruption of transfer nutrients to the tongue.

Diagnosis of dyskinesia of the gallbladder and biliary tract

Objectives: to determine the type of biliary dyskinesia and identify concomitant diseases that may support their dysfunction.

Ultrasound examination (ultrasound)

Allows you to determine the shape and presence of congenital anomalies of the gallbladder, as well as the degree of its emptying.

Basic X-ray examinations

They are leading methods in diagnosing diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

Cholecystography
It is based on the oral administration of drugs containing iodine (Biliselectan, Kholevid, Yodobil and others).
Indications
- Studying the structure and identifying the presence of stones in the gall bladder
- Study of the excretory and storage (concentration) function of the gallbladder, as well as its distensibility.
Flaw
It is impossible to determine the condition of the bile ducts, since they are not visible on the photographs.
Methodology
On the eve of the study at 19.00 the patient takes two raw eggs. Starting from 21.00, he takes a contrast agent at intervals of 30 minutes, washed down with water. The contrast agent is absorbed into the blood in the intestine and then released by liver cells.
In the morning on an empty stomach, several overview photographs of the right side of the abdomen are taken. Then the patient is offered a choleretic breakfast (usually an egg yolk) and a series of photographs is again taken.
Interpretation of results
At hypertensive form the gallbladder sharply and quickly contracts from its original volume: by 75% in the first 5-15 minutes, by 90% in the next 1.5-2 hours. Then long time is in this state, without emptying due to the spasm of the sphincter of Oddi.
In the hypotonic form, the gallbladder is enlarged, and its contraction after a choleretic breakfast is very slow from the initial volume: by 20-30% within 15 minutes and remains so for three to four hours.

Infusion cholecystography
The method is based on the intravenous administration of a contrast agent containing iodine, which accumulates in the gallbladder and its ducts.
Indications
Determination of sphincter of Oddi tone.
Methodology
The patient in the morning on an empty stomach in the X-ray room on the table is given an intravenous drip of Bilignost solution over 15-20 minutes. And at the same time, a morphine solution is administered to artificially contract the sphincter of Oddi. After 15-20 minutes, a picture is taken showing the gallbladder and its extrahepatic ducts. The normal width of the common bile duct is 3-7 mm.
Interpretation of results
In case of insufficiency of the sphincter of Oddi, the contrast agent enters 12 PCs 15-20 minutes after administration when the width of the common bile duct is 9 mm or more.

Cholangiography
It is carried out to examine the bile ducts after the injection of a contrast agent into them.
Indications
- Suspicion of severe narrowing of the bile duct
- Yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes caused by blockage of the bile duct with a stone or compression by a tumor
- Severe and prolonged pain syndrome
Basic methods for diagnosing dyskinesia

If necessary, during the procedure, small stones are removed from the lumen of the common bile duct, and a tube is installed into it to facilitate the outflow of bile.

Duodenal sounding

The goal is to study bile, as well as the function of the gallbladder and its ducts,

On an empty stomach, a 12 PC probe is inserted into the patient through the oral cavity and stomach. Then he is placed on his right side and bile is obtained in portions:

The first phase (“A” portion) is a mixture of pancreatic juice and 12 PCs. It is collected from the moment of insertion of the probe until the introduction of the stimulator (magnesium sulfate solution). Normally, 15-20 ml of golden-yellow secretion is obtained in 10-20 minutes.
The second phase is the period of time from the moment of administration of the stimulant (choleretic) until the appearance of the next portion of bile (closed sphincter of Oddi phase). Normal duration is from 3 to 6 minutes.
The third phase is obtaining the contents of the cystic duct. Normally, about 3-5 ml of secretion is obtained in 3-5 minutes.
The fourth phase (portion “B”) - obtaining the contents of the gallbladder. Bile is thick, dark Brown. Normally, 30 to 50 ml of bile is released in 15-25 minutes.
The fifth phase (portion “C”) is the hepatic phase, during which light yellow liquid bile is obtained from the intrahepatic bile ducts.

Interpretation of results

Treatment of diseases that lead to the development of dyskinesia is carried out:

Worm infestation(for example, giardiasis or opisthorchiasis)
Peptic ulcer (use of two or three component regimens)
Fighting infection (prescribing antibiotics)
Removing gallstones and treating other ailments

Outside the period of exacerbations:

Apply mineral water: in the hypertonic version - waters of low mineralization (Slavyanovskaya, Narzan, Essentuki 2 or 4), in the hypotonic version - waters of high mineralization (Arzani, Essentuki 17).

It is recommended to stay in a sanatorium with a focus on treating diseases of the digestive system.

Diet for gallbladder dyskinesia

Compliance with the diet is the basis for success in treating the disease; it is prescribed for a long time (from 3-4 months to a year).

Target- sparing the liver, biliary tract and gastrointestinal tract, as well as normalizing their function.

During an exacerbation of the disease with any type of dyskinesia, the following are excluded:

Fatty meats (goose, duck) and fish (sardine, sturgeon, halibut)
Smoked, fried, fatty, salty, sour and spicy dishes
Alcohol, rich broths, seasonings, onions, garlic, radishes, sorrel
Confectionery with cream, baked goods, chocolate, carbonated drinks, cocoa, black coffee
Products that increase gas formation: peas, beans, Rye bread
Cream, whole milk
Canned foods and marinades

It is recommended to eat fractionally (5-6 times a day) and in small portions.

Cooking:

Products are boiled, baked or steamed: meatballs, steam cutlets and so on.

In the first days of an exacerbation, it is recommended to consume foods in liquid pureed form or minced through a meat grinder. As acute symptoms subside, this is no longer necessary.

Features of the diet for hypomotor dyskinesia

Allowed for consumption

Yesterday's rye bread or wheat flour second class
Lactic acid products no more than 6% fat: sour cream, cottage cheese, kefir
Lean meats (beef) and fish (hake, pollock, pike perch), poultry (chicken)
Vegetables in any form
No more than one yolk per day
Boiled low-fat sausages and frankfurters
Vegetable fats And butter
Honey, sugar, caramel, marmalade, pastille
Fruit and vegetable juices, as well as fruits and berries of non-acidic varieties (apples, apricots and others)
Tea, coffee with milk
Any cereals and pasta
Vegetable broth soups

Features of the diet for hypermotric dyskinesia

The same foods are allowed to be consumed as for hypomotor dyskinesia, but the following are excluded:

Sausages and sausages (even boiled)
Sugar, caramel
Pork, veal
Egg yolk
Fresh berries, vegetables and fruits

Traditional methods of treating dyskinesia

A good addition to the main treatment with medications, especially after the acute symptoms of the disease have reduced.

Infusions and decoctions	How to prepare and take	What effect to expect
Hypotonic dyskinesia
Decoction of immortelle flowers	3 tbsp. Pour the flowers into an enamel bowl and pour a glass of boiling water. Then heat in a water bath for 30 minutes, stirring constantly. Remove from heat, let cool, and then strain. Take half a glass 20-30 minutes before meals. Course - 2-3 weeks.	Strengthens gallbladder contraction and improves bile flow Normalizes the composition of bile Improves the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract Locally disinfects
Corn silk infusion	1 tsp Pour a glass of boiling water over the crushed raw materials and let it brew for 30 minutes. Then express and take 3 tbsp. l. three times a day half an hour before meals. Course - 2-3 weeks.	Liquefies bile and eliminates its stagnation Reduce blood bilirubin and cholesterol levels
Oregano herb infusion	Pour 2 tbsp. crushed raw materials 200 ml boiling water. After 20-30 minutes, express. Take the entire infusion throughout the day in three doses 30 minutes before meals. Course - 1 month or more.	Strengthens the motor activity of the intestines and bile ducts Has a local anti-inflammatory and choleretic effect Normalizes the functioning of the nervous system
Hypertensive dyskinesia
Peppermint infusion	2 tsp peppermint and pour 200 ml of boiling water. Let it sit for 30 minutes, then express. Take 1/3 cup 20 minutes before meals twice a day. Course - 3-4 weeks.	Reduces pain and nausea, Relaxes the muscles of the bile ducts and sphincters, promoting the flow of bile Improves digestion and appetite Has a local anti-inflammatory effect
Licorice root decoction	2 tsp crushed raw materials, pour 200 ml of boiling water, place on water bath within 20 minutes. Let cool, then decant and bring to original volume. boiled water. Take 1/3 cup 30 minutes before meals three times a day. Course - 2-3 weeks.	Relaxes the smooth muscles of the gallbladder and its ducts
For both types of dyskinesia
Chamomile flower decoction or tea	1 tsp dry chamomile flowers pour 200 ml of boiling water. After 3-5 minutes, express. Consume for a long time three times a day as tea.	Reduces bloating Improves the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract Helps reduce or eliminate belching Normalizes the functioning of the nervous system, helps fight insomnia Accelerates the healing of wounds on mucous membranes (ulcers, erosions) Fights locally against pathogens Increases appetite

The gallbladder is a thin-walled hollow organ that accumulates and concentrates bile, which passes into duodenum. Its length is 80-140 mm, width 30-50 mm, content - 40-70 cm3. The wall consists of 3 layers: mucous, muscular, adventitial membranes. At the first signs of illness, you should go to the hospital as soon as possible.

The body performs the following functions:

Concentration - the concentration of bile due to the absorption of acid by the bladder is several times greater in comparison with hepatic bile.
Hormonal - the antagonist cholecystokinin is released from the walls of the organ.
Absorption - absorbs individual elements of bile.
When an organ contracts, bile enters the bile ducts.
Hydrostatic - the pressure of the biliary tract is maintained, bile easily enters and exits the gallbladder due to the secretion of mucus.
Thanks to bile, the body is cleansed of toxins.
Promotes the breakdown of fats into components with a fine structure.
Actively absorbs useful components and vitamins.
Participates in the creation of synovial fluid in joints.
Stimulates the functionality of the small intestine.
Prevents the growth and reproduction of negative intestinal microflora and fermentation.

Causes of development of gallbladder pathologies

Gallbladder (symptoms of organ disease and causes of occurrence manifest differently in all people) may have several variants of pathologies:

Signs of gallstone disease

Cholelithiasis (cholelithiasis) is the formation of stones in bile ducts or bubble. The main cause of the disease is disruption of bilirubin, cholesterol and other metabolic processes. After a while, the settling components adhere to each other, hardening occurs, and stones form.

Main symptoms:

The appearance of colic under the right rib.
The skin turns yellow.
Heaviness appears in the abdominal area.

Symptoms of gallbladder dyskinesia

The gallbladder (symptoms of the disease appear as a consequence of motor dysfunction) may have a common pathology called dyskinesia. The main reason is traumatic situations.

With dyskinesia, a person experiences the following symptoms:

Pain appears under the right rib.
After eating, the pain intensifies.
There is a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, more often in the morning.
Weakness.
Feels physically overstrained.
The psychological state is disturbed, depression is becoming more frequent.
There is a frequent feeling of fatigue.
Mood worsens.
Bad dream.
Appetite worsens.

Manifestations of cholecystitis

When the intestinal microflora becomes infected, the outflow of bile is disrupted, and inflammation manifests itself - cholecystitis. Pathology appears as a consequence of complications of cholelithiasis. More often, cholecystitis occurs simultaneously with cholangitis, which is an inflammation of the bile ducts.

Middle-aged and older women get sick more often than men.

The main symptom of cholecystitis is the manifestation sharp pain in the right side below the ribs, which appear spontaneously. The reason for this manifestation is that the duct is blocked by a stone, the organ becomes irritated and inflamed.

Important! With pathology, bile reaches the intestines irregularly. Skin and the sclera of the eyes become icteric in color. Chronic cholecystitis has clearly expressed symptoms; the disease takes on an aggravated form in a more advanced state.

The disease is diagnosed according to the following symptoms:

The doctor takes a medical history.	A person may experience nausea and bloating.
The diagnosis is determined by physical methods.	Stagnation in the organ provokes a coated tongue and the occurrence of discomfort in the right hypochondrium.
Narrow diagnostics help confirm the diagnosis.	Thanks to instrumental and laboratory studies, peristalsis, bile patency and others are determined important functions organ.

Symptoms of gallbladder cancer

The gallbladder may be affected by the rare disease cancer, which develops as a consequence of cholelithiasis or chronic cholecystitis. Most often the tumor is located on the neck and bottom of the organ. If the diagnosis is not made in time and treatment is not started, the symptoms quickly and progressively affect all human organs.

The most common signs of cancer include:

The right hypochondrium hurts.
The size of the liver increases.
A tumor-like formation is felt in the abdominal area.
Sometimes gastric dyspepsia may occur.

Signs of cholangitis

If the ducts are affected, cholangitis is diagnosed. The pathology manifests itself mainly in women in adulthood.

The disease is characterized by the following symptoms:

body temperature rises;
a disease of jaundice, against the background of which itching of the skin progresses;
chills;
sweating increases;
pain on the right side;
intoxication increases;
a person feels weakness, loss of appetite;
I often have a headache.

Attention! When the disease is severe, consciousness is impaired and shock appears.

If a person consults a doctor too late, having advanced the disease, cholangitis may cause complications in the form of liver cirrhosis, sepsis, peritonitis, toxic shock, hepatitis, abscess, and liver failure.

What does jaundice mean if you have problems with the gallbladder?

The main causes of jaundice:

increased level production of bilirubin, red blood cells are quickly destroyed;
the metabolism of bilirubin in liver cells is disrupted, combining with glucuronic acid;
An obstruction forms in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, because of this, bilirubin in the bile does not reach the intestines physiologically.

When stones form in the ducts, the outflow of bile is blocked, and excess bilirubin cannot be removed from the body in time. Gradually appears obstructive jaundice. The remaining bilirubin that is not released accumulates in the blood. An excess of the element contributes to the coloring of all tissues of the body, giving it a yellowish color.

Attention! Jaundice is quite common as a complication of cholelithiasis. First of all, the patient needs to voice his complaints about his health to the therapist, who, if necessary, refers the patient to other specialists.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of diseases is carried out using the following methods:

The doctor carries out palpation, identifies points with pain - the symptom of Kehr, Georgievsky-Mussi, Ortner-Grekov.
By taking a general blood test, changes in its composition that contribute to inflammation are determined.
A urine test makes it possible to determine urobilinogen.
The coprogram identifies disorders of the digestive system.
Bile is collected by probing.
Chemical analysis is used to study the constituent elements of bile.
By inoculating bile, the etiology of the disease can be assumed.
Under ultrasound guidance, a biopsy is taken using a thin needle. The material is further examined to determine
Ultrasound of organs abdominal cavity makes it possible to examine anatomical features organ, the presence of organic changes, inflammation and calculi.
Computed tomography assesses the prevalence of dropouts.
For X-ray contrast examination of the bladder and ducts, a technique called cholangiography is used.

What groups of drugs are used to treat gallbladder diseases?

Depending on the diagnosis, doctors predict further treatment, prescribe medications that normalize the functionality of the gallbladder.

Main groups of drugs:

Cholecystitis as a result of infection is treated with antibiotics. Before taking medication, the patient takes a bile sample to determine the bacteria that have entered the organ.
With antispasmodics, the patient can get rid of pain in the hypochondrium on the right.
Experts prescribe choleretic medications as needed. Main goal: relax muscle tissue and increase the flow of bile.

Effective antibiotics: list, instructions

The gallbladder (symptoms of the disease are relieved with medications prescribed by the leading doctor) is more often treated with medication. Two types of antibiotics are used more often, one of which is called Furazolidone, which removes the presence of bacteria.

As a second drug, which is taken simultaneously with the above, it is recommended to use:

Erythro- or Azithromycin;
Ciprofloxacin;
Ampicillin;
Amoxicillin;
Roxithromycin.

Antibiotics should not be used if:

cholelithiasis and acalculous cholecystitis due to a non-bacterial cause;
allergies to contents;
renal failure.

Choleretic drugs: names, regimen of use

Experts identify several groups of choleretic drugs:

Anti-inflammatory drugs: the best drugs

Effective drugs are used to relieve inflammation, such as:

Ibuprofen;
Tempalgin;
Analgin;
Paracetamol.

Painkillers: names, features of administration

TO effective drugs relate:

Folk remedies for various problems with the gallbladder: step-by-step recipes, dosage regimen

Gallbladder (symptoms of organ disease can be reduced folk remedies) when damaged causes pain.

St. John's wort decoction:

1 tbsp. dry St. John's wort pour 1 tbsp. boiling water;
leave on the stove over low heat for 10-15 minutes;
strain;
drink 1/4 cup before meals 3 times a day.

St. John's wort may raise blood pressure. People with hypertension should take medications with caution.

Corn silk infusion:

1 tbsp. dry herbs pour 1 tbsp. boiling water;
leave for 60 minutes in a thermos;
strain;
drink 1⁄4 tbsp. 30 minutes before meals, 3 times a day.

Dill water:

2 tbsp. l. mix dill seeds with 2 tbsp. boiling water;
leave to simmer over low heat for 10-15 minutes;
cool and strain;
take 1/2 glass before meals 3-4 times a day.

Decoction of barberry and walnut:

chop the leaves of the walnut tree;
grind the dried herbs of wormwood, centaury, barberry bark;
mix all components in equal proportions;
15 g of the mixture pour 1 tbsp. purified chilled water;
leave for half an hour;
put on fire and bring to a boil;
cool and strain through cheesecloth;
It is recommended to take the drink 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

Anti-inflammatory agent:

2 peeled beets pour 3 liters of water in a large saucepan;
boil;
simmer over low heat for about 5 hours;
drain the resulting syrup;
chop the boiled vegetables using a grater and squeeze;
combine juice and syrup;
take 1/3 tbsp. half an hour before meals, warm.

Herbal collection:

mix dried peppermint, common wormwood, St. John's wort, hop cones;
1 tbsp. pour 40 ml of boiling water over the mixture;
leave for 60 minutes;
take 1/3 tbsp. 3 times a day before meals.

Cucumber juice: When cucumbers ripen, it is recommended to drink ¼ glass of freshly squeezed cucumber juice once a day. The drink helps reduce pain and dilute bile.

Medicinal herbal tea:

use the same amount of flowers of tansy, peppermint, celandine, calendula, wormwood, fennel, dandelion roots, pharmaceutical chamomile, corn silk, immortelle;
1 tbsp. Pour 400 ml of boiling water over a spoonful of dried herbs;
leave for 60 minutes;
consume half a glass 3 times a day before starting meals.

Viburnum and honey:

mix viburnum juice (preferably freshly squeezed) with any type of honey;
take 1 tbsp. every morning on an empty stomach;
the course of therapy is carried out for 30 days.

Choleretic plants and their effect on the human body:

Sand immortelle– it contains esters, oils, carotene, ascorbic acid, bitter, coloring, tanning components. The herb promotes bile secretion, increases bile tone, reduces the concentration of bile acids, and increases diuresis.
Medicinal angelica– the rhizome of the plant is used in treatment. It provides a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular and nervous system.
In corn contained healthy fats and esters, vitamin K, C, bitter components. Helps improve the choleretic process, a diuretic effect that stops blood.
In mint there is a lot hidden positive properties. The plant helps reduce itching, constrict blood vessels, reduce nausea and vomiting.

Diet, nutrition rules for gallbladder diseases

To maintain and not worsen your health, you need to adhere to the basic rules of proper nutrition:

The diet should not contain food products based on essential oils and extracts, such as smoked meats, peppers, pickles, meat, cold snacks and others.
You should not eat foods with coarse fiber (nuts, beans, rye bread).
Chocolate and flour products are prohibited.
It is necessary to dilute the diet with dairy products, eggs, cucumbers, and strawberries.
When following a diet, you should use decoctions based on choleretic herbs: immortelle, corn silk, tansy, St. John's wort.
An integral component of the diet is a course of therapy based on mineral water.
You need to drink up to 3 liters of liquid per day.
It would not be superfluous to use buckwheat and oatmeal, low-fat cottage cheese, kefir.

When is surgery necessary?

If not scheduled on time correct treatment or drug treatment does not help, and the patient’s condition worsens, surgical intervention is necessary.

The operation helps the stones disappear, restores the patency of the ducts, and helps ensure the functioning of the organs of the digestive system. After diagnostic procedures, a decision is made to perform emergency or planned surgery.

Possible complications of gallbladder pathologies

The gallbladder, its disease symptoms can progress and cause complications:

chills;
temperature;
liver abscess;
pancreatitis;
obstructive jaundice.

Prevention of gallbladder diseases

When carrying out disease prevention it is necessary:

use mineral waters in your diet;
the daily intake of liquid should not be less than 2 liters;
Vegetable oils should be used in the diet, beet juice, herbal preparations;
carry out daily sports exercises;
add to diet olive oil, whole grain foods that are high in fiber and low in fat.

Don't forget what's right balanced diet and performing sports exercises every day is the best method maintain the health of the gallbladder and other organs, preventing the symptoms of the disease from progressing.

Video about gallbladder diseases and methods of their treatment

The first symptoms of gallbladder diseases:

Symptoms and treatment of gallstone disease:

The third place among all diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is occupied by gallbladder diseases. Symptoms, causes of their occurrence, mechanisms of development may be different, but most often they occur in women over 50 years of age.

Main manifestations

Regardless of the reasons for which the gallbladder fails, the symptoms of diseases of this organ manifest themselves basically the same. Thus, patients complain of:

Pain that is localized on the right side of the abdominal cavity. It can be of varying intensity (mild in cases where there are polyps, kinks in the gallbladder; symptoms and pain are more pronounced in cholecystitis and cholelithiasis).
Indigestion, and in connection with this, nausea, vomiting, and flatulence often occur.
Bitter taste (when the liver and gallbladder are damaged, symptoms of bitterness and pain appear in almost all cases).
Due to the ingress of excess bile acids, the color of the stool changes. It becomes lighter.
The color of the urine also changes. It becomes a deeper yellow or darker brown color. The reason for such changes also lies in bile acids, which partially enter the blood and are then excreted in the urine.

Specific symptoms are:

yellowness of the skin (indicates that bile acids have already entered the blood);
crimson tongue color.

Causes of biliary diseases

For effective treatment, the doctor must not only make a correct diagnosis, but also find out the cause of the disease. The main “sources” of gallbladder disease (symptoms help identify them) are:

infections, including streptococci, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococci;
negative changes in the bile duct at the cellular level, leading to the appearance of benign and malignant tumors;
congenital pathologies of the bladder;
changes in the composition of bile itself (when the relationship between bile acids, proteins, minerals, cholesterol is disrupted);
motility disorders.

Diagnosis

The patient's complaints suggest gallbladder disease. Symptoms do not make it possible to make an accurate diagnosis, and therefore the patient has to undergo comprehensive examination. To begin with, the patient gives general analysis blood (sometimes according to the formula). Indicators that the doctor will pay attention to greatest attention, are ESR and leukocyte count. With their help, you can immediately determine whether inflammatory processes are occurring in the human body at a specific time. Then the patient is sent to ultrasound examination. It provides information about the thickness of the walls of the gallbladder, the condition of the ducts, the bend (if any), the presence of tumors and stones.

The number of people complaining of cholelithiasis is constantly increasing. Quite often, the disease does not manifest itself at all, and symptoms appear only when there are a lot of stones. Pain radiating to right hand, scapula or hypochondrium, nausea, repeated vomiting, renal colic are the main symptoms.

Usually, acute phase cholelithiasis is complemented by inflammation of the gallbladder, which also results in fever and loss of appetite. The main method of treatment is surgical. It allows you to get rid of this disease almost 100%. If the situation is not too advanced, then drug treatment is allowed.

Other diseases

In addition to gallstones, other problems with the gallbladder may occur. Thus, dyskinesia is a common disease. In this case there is no observed structural changes in the ducts, the gallbladder itself does not change. The symptoms are similar to those that occur with gallstone disease. Bile secretion is either excessive or insufficient. The main causes of dyskinesia are stress, constant nervous tension, diseases of the digestive system. Another disease is cholecystitis. Essentially, this is an inflammation of the gallbladder. The main reason for its occurrence is bacterial infection. Worm infestation can provoke true chronic cholecystitis. A congenital disease is a bend in the gallbladder. Its symptoms are:

nausea;
nagging pain;
bloating;
red color of urine;
obstructive jaundice (not in all cases).

Less common is postcholecystectomy syndrome, which occurs as a complication after surgical intervention and tumors of the gallbladder and its ducts.

Diet

Treatment begins with a diet. Proper nutrition is the first step to recovery and smooth functioning of the gastrodigestive tract. First of all, you should pay attention to the number of meals. Food should be divided so that you get 6-7 servings per day. The break between doses can be 2.5-3 hours. This way, bile will not stagnate in the gallbladder. Symptoms acute cholecystitis require the most restrictive diet. You can drink unsweetened tea, juices diluted with water, and vegetable infusions. There is porridge in small quantities. Products that are allowed for gall diseases are fish, lean meat, hard-boiled eggs, olive oil, vegetable oil, jelly, dried fruit decoctions, and rye bread. You will have to exclude from your diet fatty, salty, spicy foods, vegetables and fruits containing essential oils (garlic, radishes, onions, etc.), alcohol, and carbonated drinks.

Drug treatment

The next step is to prescribe appropriate treatment. It includes three types of therapy. The first is designed to eliminate the very cause of the disease and quite often involves the use of antibiotics or even surgery. The second - pathogenetic - reduces intoxication (including tumors and cholecystitis). It also restores the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore patients are often prescribed medications containing bile acids, for example enzymes: Mezim, Festal. The main goal of pathogenetic therapy is the restored gallbladder. Symptoms of diseases are relieved thanks to painkillers (Analgin, Ketanol), antispasmodics (Drotaveron, No-shpa, etc.) and anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, paracetamol).

Surgical method of treatment

If medicinal method does not give the expected result and does not help cure gallbladder diseases, the symptoms of which become more pronounced and complex, then surgical intervention is performed.

So, with cholelithiasis and severe forms For cholecystitis, laparoscopic surgery is performed with one (it is mainly performed in the navel area) or several punctures. This procedure is carried out in parallel with an X-ray contrast study, which not only provides information about the progress of the operation itself, but also helps to identify stones in the bile ducts. A complete cholecystectomy (that is, removal of the gallbladder) is performed only in cases where there is a mortal danger.

ethnoscience

If the disease is not yet advanced, then it can be cured with the help of herbal teas and infusions. Traditional methods help cure many gallbladder diseases. So, with cholecystitis, an infusion of large plantain. It is very easy to prepare: the crushed plant is poured with boiling water and infused for 10-12 minutes. You need to take the liquid daily until complete recovery. An infusion of sage leaves is also easy to prepare. It helps when you feel nauseous, feel discomfort, or when your gallbladder hurts. The symptoms of the disease and treatment have been sufficiently studied, and such therapy should continue until complete solution Problems. For dyskinesia, it is useful to consume and brew rowan tea, and for cholecystitis and cholangitis, corn infusion is appropriate. Other plants that are used for diseases of the gallbladder and its ducts include calendula, St. John's wort, oregano, and yarrow.

Children's gallbladder diseases, symptoms, treatment

Unfortunately, children are also not immune from health problems. Many diseases that occur in adults can also occur in children. The most common diseases are:

1. Biliary dyskinesia. The disease can be recognized by the following symptoms:

Treatment includes thermal procedures, taking choleretic, sedatives and antispasmodics. Organizing proper nutrition and daily routine is important.

2. Cholanitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) can occur in children after suffering from acute respiratory infections, infectious diseases, with giardiasis. In such cases, the child complains of severe sudden pain, elevated temperature, vomiting. Treatment involves the use of painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs. Sometimes you have to take antibiotics.

3. Another disease that manifests itself in schoolchildren is cholelithiasis. Its symptoms are very similar to those that occur with dyskinesia. Disoxyfolic acid is used to dissolve stones. In severe cases, the question of surgical treatment is raised.

Prevention

It is possible to prevent gallbladder diseases, the symptoms of which do not appear immediately. To do this, you should follow several rules:

Food should be taken in small portions 5-6 times a day. The optimal break between consumption is 3-3.5 hours.
Spicy, smoked, too fatty foods, carbonated drinks, and alcohol should be excluded from the diet.
It is also worth avoiding those products that may contain helminths (for example, dried or dried fish, caviar).
Water helps digestion, so the daily amount of fluid you drink should be 1.5-2 liters.
Stagnation of bile can be avoided thanks to physical activity, so you should exercise.

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that in modern world There are many reasons (lack of exercise, fatty foods, irregular schedule, stress, etc.) that negatively affect the digestive system. Patients seek help when their gallbladder already hurts. Symptoms and treatment are closely related to the causes of the disease and the person’s age. Modern medicine, unfortunately, is unable to solve absolutely all problems with the bile ducts, and therefore cannot be delayed. If any symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor.