Gynecological diseases of animals. Gynecological diseases in cows

They don't start it for the sake of beautiful eyes. And the demands placed on this animal are very high. In pursuit of higher milk yields and lower milk costs, owners violate the conditions of keeping animals or make them as strict as possible. The result is an increased susceptibility to gynecological diseases, which makes reproduction more difficult.

Modern cows often suffer from gynecological diseases

The physiology is such that the reproduction function is regulated by neurohumoral processes. That is, nerve impulses, hormones and metabolic products jointly regulate the reproduction function. The cow's nervous system sends out certain signals to which the endocrine system reacts. A hormone is produced, and it is delivered through the bloodstream to the animal’s organs. Control of reproductive function, disease prevention and treatment should be based not only on the histomorphological state of the animal’s genitals, but also on the neurohumoral status.

Main gynecological problems of cows

After calving, 90% of cows have pathological microflora in the uterus by the fifteenth day. When re-analyzed after 2 months (60 days), pathogenic microorganisms are present in 9% of animals. With insufficient care, the herd may have more than half of pregnant cows with various complications. This indicates insufficient sanitary measures and contamination of the genital area with bacteria. The types of microflora that cause gynecological diseases are quite diverse. It can be:

• streptococci;
• paired bacteria (gonococci);
• staphylococci;
• coli;
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa and others.

In secreted fluids (exudate), pathogenic microorganisms are found in various combinations. Bacteria and fungal diseases penetrate into the genital area of ​​cows not only through the blood, udder or internal organs, but also from the environment. The first, internal version of penetration is called the endogenous path, the second, external - exogenous.

Escherichia coli is an extremely dangerous pathogen in cows

Most often, bacteria and fungi enter the vagina with contaminated medical devices and sperm during artificial insemination. This becomes the cause of major gynecological diseases that require treatment.

Obstetric and gynecological pathologies

Veterinarians in medical practice Most often we have to deal with the following gynecological problems in cows:

• vaginal prolapse;
• premature antenatal contractions and pushing;
• retention of placenta;
• weak uterine contraction;
• metritis (endometritis);
• inflammation of the ovaries with functional abnormalities;
• salpingitis.

Each of these diseases requires attention and treatment from the owner, since neglect of postpartum complications can cause infertility in cows.

If a cow is not treated, she becomes infertile and loses her productivity.

Vaginal prolapse

This postpartum disorder is common occurrence. Self-healing in case of vaginal prolapse does not occur; the animal requires veterinary intervention and treatment, since during prolapse, the vaginal mucous tissues are contaminated and injured. If the disease is neglected, necrosis and further infertility are possible.

Vaginal prolapse can be complete or incomplete. In the first case, the wall falls out of the genital slit and has a spherical shape. The cervix is ​​also visible. In the second case, the protruding vaginal wall resembles a fold of skin when the cow lies down, and when the animal stands up, the prolapse disappears (reduces).

Treatment for incomplete vaginal prolapse is carried out as follows: the perineum, genitals and base of the tail are washed with a warm soapy mixture. The displaced part is irrigated with a solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) or other available antiseptic. A disinfectant ointment is applied to the vaginal mucosa. Then, with your hand, press on the protruding area, pushing it into the pelvic cavity. During the procedure, the cow is placed in a pen that is elevated under the rear of the animal.

Complete vaginal prolapse can also be reduced using a raised machine or platform. Hygienic washing with soapy water and irrigation with disinfectants, as in the first case, is mandatory. The swollen vagina after prolapse is tied up with a sterile dense material (towel), which is pre-soaked in liquid alum or tannin. The tied organ is compressed with both hands and returned inside the pelvis.

The mucous membranes of the vagina must be treated with synthomycin or streptocidal ointment.

To prevent the cow from straining and interfering with the veterinarian’s work, she is given novocaine anesthesia. Next, to prevent vaginal prolapse from happening again, it is secured with a bandage or loop. But, a more stable fixation can be achieved by applying it to the labia special seam. The vagina can be strengthened by suturing it to the lateral surfaces inside the pelvis. Sutures must be removed 10-12 days after treatment.

Bandage scheme against vaginal prolapse

Premature contractions

If a cow begins to have premature contractions and straining, then she needs to be provided with peace, darkness and soft bedding. As a treatment, your veterinarian may recommend distraction exercises (short walks). To stop the process, the cow is given an epidural. The back and croup are wrapped in a warm compress. If it is discovered that there is no living fetus in the uterus, it is quickly removed.

Retention of placenta

If the placenta does not come out, then within eight hours after birth, the cow is conservative treatment. This involves stimulating uterine contractions, increasing muscle tone, and preventing the development of pathogenic flora. The prescriptions include: calcium chloride solution, glucose, sinestrol and oxytocin.

If the placenta has not passed within 48 hours, then it is separated manually, observing aseptic measures. Disinfectant solutions cannot be injected into the uterus. After the manipulation, the cow is given an intramuscular injection of contractile agents (sinestrol, oxytocin or others). Foaming tablets, a mixture of antibiotics, or an aerosol antiseptic are injected into the uterus. After treatment, the animal is observed for one to two weeks.

The placenta should separate a maximum of two days after calving.

The reasons for the retention of the placenta may be associated with a neurohumoral impulse that caused an increase in progesterone levels. IN in good condition It shouldn't be there after calving.

Manual intervention in 90% of cases leads to the appearance of metritis. This in turn affects milk production and often leads to infertility.

Metritis

Today, metritis of various types is the most typical cause of infertility in cows. This inflammatory process can affect different layers of the uterus. Depending on this they distinguish:

• endometritis, that is, inflammation of the mucous surfaces;
• myometritis - an inflammatory focus in muscle tissue;
• perimetritis, that is, inflammation of the peritoneal (serous) uterine lining.

According to the form of development of the disease, 4 types of metritis are distinguished: acute catarrhal, purulent catarrhal, chronic and latent (subclinical).

To avoid infertility, the animal will need restorative procedures and medication. It is necessary to increase immunity, resume the production of secretion by the mucous membranes, suppress pathological microflora, increase uterine contractions, and prevent general intoxication of the body. If the necessary measures are not taken in time, the animal will have to be culled from the herd, since the disease will make it non-milk due to infertility.

Untreated metritis leads to cow culling

Metritis therapy is carried out in several ways. Each of them is effective and complex in its own way. Pathogenetic therapy has proven itself well, but it is used less and less often, since the preparation of the drug and its administration are too labor-intensive processes.

The most used methods for treating metritis and preventing infertility are pharmacological and physiotherapeutic. Medicines are administered intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and locally. The use of antibiotics and sulfonamides is recommended. Intraperitoneal administration of vitamins is indicated, which increases their productivity.

Physiotherapeutic methods include massage, laser therapy, electrotherapy, and the use of mud. In acute forms of metritis, massages cannot be performed, but in chronic and latent forms, they have a very good effect on the organ.

If the animal is highly valuable and expensive treatment methods are justified, then it is performed surgically. The affected area is removed, preserving the functionality of the organ.

It is rational to combine methods and carry out complex treatment of metritis in order to avoid infertility in the future.

Taking antibiotics is mandatory for metritis

Functional disorders

An imbalance in the production of hormones in the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands and ovaries also reduces the fertility and milk production of cows, and is the cause of infertility in livestock.

Violations of ovarian function can occur due to improper maintenance, poor diet, and gynecological diseases. The uncontrolled and incorrect use of hormonal drugs has a great impact.

Ovarian dysfunction reduces the generation of hormones, and the cow’s reproductive cycle becomes incomplete. Treatments include massages, subcutaneous injections of colostrum, and surfagon injections to bring the female into heat. Fergatil is also administered once.

Proper herd maintenance is a good prevention of functional disorders

Follicular cysts

A similar problem is typical for cows during periods of high milk production or milk yield. Another factor is inflammation in the genital area and excess hormones during its healing period. All this can disrupt neuroendocrine regulation and cause the formation of follicular cysts.

To prevent the cyst from causing infertility, it is removed surgically or treated with medication. Surgical removal means crushing the tumor through the rectum or puncture. The effectiveness of treatment is about 15%. Medication method more justified. The animal returns to normal in 80% of cases within 9-10 days.

When treating gynecological diseases of cows, one must act gently and carefully. Rough manipulations injure the mucous membranes and muscle tissue of the genital organs.

Any washing should be carried out only with the permission of the veterinarian, since there are cases when these manipulations are unacceptable. However, for some diseases, rinsing is considered an independent treatment procedure, since it removes inflammatory exudate and dead tissue. This can reduce the level of intoxication in the body. Compliance with hygienic and aseptic measures during all manipulations must be carried out strictly.

Compliance the right conditions maintenance, providing a complete diet and preventing secondary infestations pathogenic microflora helps restore health and prevents gynecological diseases in the future.

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State educational institution Higher professional education

"Altai State Agrarian University"

Industrial practice report

"Obstetrics"

Barnaul 2013

Introduction

Animal insemination methods

Examination of cows for mastitis

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

I did an internship at the Prigorodnoye UOKH, which is located in the suburbs of Barnaul. Form of ownership - federal state unitary enterprise, specialization - dairy farm. The total land area is 10,429 hectares, including agricultural land - 9,144 hectares. Arable lands - 7209 hectares, hayfields - 762 hectares. Communication with the above farm is carried out along public roads. The average distance from the farm to residential areas and production centers does not exceed 1 km. The perimeter of the complex is fenced with a fence 1.9 m high. There is an entrance to the territory, closed with an iron gate. The farm has 2 branches: Central and Mikhailovskoye.

UAH "Prigorodnoye" was organized in 1956 on the basis of the State Land Fund of Economically Weak Collective Farms. In 1958, it was transferred to ASHI as a pilot production facility.

This geographical zone is dominated by a temperate continental climate, and the soils are dominated by lean chernozems. The soil cover of land use is relatively uniform. The total land use area is 100 hectares.

The enterprise breeds black and white Holstein cattle. Breeding farm. The livestock of the first lactation is 400 heads, the second lactation is 470 heads, the third lactation and older is 367 heads. The average live weight of cows of 1st lactation is 480 kg, 2nd lactation - 498, 3rd lactation and older - 520 kg. The average percentage of fat is 3.45%. Almost all herd animals are of the elite-record and elite classes; only 19 goals are 1st class. The milk productivity of the graded cows was 3903 kg. Also, the Prigorodnoye educational farm is the base farm for supplying enterprises of the Altai Territory with pedigree young animals of the black-and-white breed and bulls to the Barnaul breeding enterprise. From 10 to 20% of the main herd of breeding young animals is sold annually.

For the accelerated development of dairy farming important has a developed food base. The basis of the grass stand in the pastures and surrounding areas consists of: creeping clover, awnless brome, yellow alfalfa, meadow rank, creeping wheatgrass, large plantain, wild strawberry, silver cinquefoil, stinging nettle, wormwood, yarrow, dandelion, horsetail.

Gynecological diseases encountered on the farm

The main, most common disease at the Prigorodnoye educational farm is endometriosis.

Endometriosis. This is a common gynecological disease in which endometrial cells (the inner layer of the uterine wall) grow beyond this layer. Since endometrioid tissue has receptors for hormones, the same changes occur in it as in normal endometrium, manifested by bleeding. These small bleedings lead to inflammation in the surrounding tissues and cause the main manifestations of the disease: pain, increased organ volume, infertility. Symptoms of endometriosis depend on the location of its foci. There are genital (within the genital organs - uterus, ovaries) and extragenital (outside the reproductive system - navel, intestines, etc.) endometriosis. Classification Genital endometriosis is divided into:

1. External genital endometriosis, which includes endometriosis of the ovaries and pelvic peritoneum.

2. Internal genital endometriosis, in which the endometrium “grows” into the myometrium. In this case, the uterus acquires a round or spherical shape and can be enlarged.

Based on the distribution and depth of tissue damage by endometriosis, there are 4 stages of the disease: Stage I - single superficial lesions. II degree - several deeper foci.

III degree - many deep foci of endometriosis, small endometrioid cysts of one or both ovaries, thin peritoneal adhesions. IV degree - Many deep lesions, large bilateral endometrioid ovarian cysts, dense adhesions of organs, invasion of the vagina or rectum.

Animal insemination methods

gynecological disease cow insemination

During my internship, I consolidated my theoretical knowledge of mastering obstetric techniques in obstetrics, diagnosing pregnancy, conducting obstetric and gynecological medical examinations, differential diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the genital organs and breast.

Cows are inseminated using the manocervical method. To do this, use sterile disposable instruments: a polyethylene ampoule with a polystyrene catheter and a plastic glove. The animal is first subjected to a thorough clinical examination.

The farm draws up a calendar plan for insemination of animals, the livestock is divided into 3 groups:

pregnant women with clarification of pregnancy;

animals in the postpartum period;

infertile, not pregnant one month after birth.

The uterine composition of all heifers is taken into account, taking into account the time they reach physiological maturity, and they are included in the insemination plan at the appropriate time.

The correct choice of insemination time is one of the main conditions for obtaining high fertility. Since in cows, compared to other animals, sexual heat is much shorter and sexual cycles are recorded more often, much attention is paid to the issue of choosing the time of insemination. Fertilization must be carried out at the moment most favorable for the sperm to meet the egg. Therefore, in production conditions, the heat of females must be determined by a tester male.

Pathologies of the postpartum period

Diseases often occur during the postpartum period. Diseases of the postpartum period include:

uterine prolapse;

subinvolution of the uterus;

postpartum sapremia;

retention after childbirth;

postpartum eclampsia;

postpartum insanity;

postpartum paresis, etc.

The causes are different, but a number of predisposing factors can be identified: lack of active exercise during pregnancy; improper operation; insufficient or one-sided feeding; vitamin and mineral deficiency of feeding, etc.

Diagnosis of newborn diseases and their prevention are an important part of reproduction. The body of a newborn, entering the external environment for the first time, must undergo a number of changes and adapt to new living conditions. This process can be complicated by dysfunction of individual organs and systems of the newborn, sometimes causing their pathological condition. Diseases in newborns develop as a result of errors in feeding, exploitation and maintenance of pregnant females or newborns, improper selection of parental pairs for mating, pathological childbirth and congenital anomalies. The main diseases of newborns are: large-fruited, small-fruited; asphyxia of newborns; constipation in newborns; congenital absence of the anus and rectum; diseases of the circulatory system; bleeding from the navel; inflammation of the navel; navel ulcer; irachus fistula. That’s why prevention of newborn diseases is so important; it includes:

Full, proper feeding, exploitation and maintenance of pregnant females and newborns

Careful selection of parent pairs for mating

Carrying out births in cows in boxes

Raising newborn calves in sectional dispensaries

Pregnancy testing of cows

During my internship, I also took part in rectal examination of cows for pregnancy.

This method of detecting pregnancy is based on determining the condition of: ovaries, uterine horns, body and cervix, uterine mesenteries. As well as the uterine arteries and fetus passing through them.

Rectal examination was carried out with gloves, the hand was soaped before insertion, the assistant moved the animal's tail to the side for convenience rectal examination. The fingers are folded into a cone and inserted into the rectum with smooth movements. Having cleared it of feces and gone through the ampoule-shaped expansion, we began palpation.

At the bottom of the pelvis I felt the cervix in the form of a dense tourniquet running along pelvic cavity. Without letting go of the cervix, she continued palpating in front and behind. From behind I felt the vaginal part of the cervix, and in front I felt the body and horns of the uterus, moving forward the interhornal groove was felt. Then the left and right uterine horns are palpated in turn.

A rectal examination was carried out at the Prigorodnoye farm, where out of 10 cows examined, only 8 were pregnant:

2 cows with a term of 2 months. The horns of the uterus and the ovary are in abdominal cavity. The cervix has moved towards the entrance to the pelvis. The horn is twice the size of the free horn; a slight fluctuation is palpable upon palpation. The horns, when stroking, almost do not contract. The ovary of the horn (fetal receptacle) is larger than the ovary of the free horn, the corpus luteum is not palpable in it. - 3 cows with a period of 3 months. The horn is 3-4 times larger than the free horn. The interhorn groove is almost not palpable. The uterus is enlarged and fluctuates to the touch. The ovaries are located in front of the pubic fusion on the lower abdominal wall.

3 cows with a pregnancy period of 6 months. Uterus in the abdominal cavity. The fruit is not palpable. You can feel the placenta the size of a chicken egg. Fluctuation is not felt, because the uterine wall is not tense, the middle uterine artery of the horn (fetal receptacle) is strongly expressed.

2 cows turned out to be not pregnant; they have symptomatic infertility due to various diseases.

Infertility is a violation of the reproduction of offspring caused by improper living conditions of females and males (errors in feeding, maintenance and exploitation, improper insemination, diseases of the reproductive system and other organs).

Infertility is characterized by 4 main concepts:

1) Infertility - a violation of the reproduction of offspring due to improper conditions of existence of females and males or diseases of the genital and other organs;

2) infertile animal - an animal that has not been fertilized within one month after birth, and a young female - within one month after reaching physiological maturity;

infertility is a biological phenomenon;

elimination of infertility - obtaining offspring from each female at the time necessary for pregnancy and the postpartum period (maximum offspring).

Examination of cows for mastitis

At the Prigorodnoye educational farm, part of the milk produced on the farm is sold. Therefore, cows are checked for mastitis once a month. To do this, from each quarter of the udder, 1 ml of milk is poured into paillettes and 1 ml of a 2% mastidine solution is added to each quarter. The reaction is considered positive if a jelly-like clot has formed. The reaction is negative; the mixture remains homogeneous. They also conduct a clinical examination, paying attention to Special attention on the udder of animals.

During my internship, I took part in the routine medical examination of cattle, namely in the clinical examination of animals, in conducting reactions with mastidine and evaluating the results obtained. Mastitis in cows

Also, in the Prigorodnoye agricultural enterprise, a disease such as mastitis is quite common.

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that occurs as a result of exposure to external and internal environmental factors with a decrease in the resistance of the animal’s body and complications with infection. There are 2 forms of mastitis - clinical, with obvious signs of inflammation of the mammary gland (redness, pain, swelling, temperature and impaired secretory activity) and subclinical, occurring latently, in which there are no signs of inflammation except for a decrease in milk production. Among the clinical forms of mastitis there are: serous, catarrhal, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic, specific.

Serous mastitis is characterized by: effusion of serous exudate in subcutaneous tissue and interlobular tissue of the udder. In animals, mild depression is sometimes noted, appetite decreases, and body temperature rises slightly (up to 39.80C). More often than not, one or two quarters of the udder are affected; they increase in volume, become painful, thickened, with reddened skin and increased local temperature. Nipples are enlarged, erect lymph node on the side of the affected part of the udder, it is enlarged and painful. Milk secretion is reduced by 10-30%, and in the affected quarter by 50-70%. At the beginning of the disease, the milk does not change in appearance; later it becomes watery, flakes and casein clots appear.

It was differentiated from congestive edema, from which serous mastitis is distinguished by strong redness of the skin, increased local temperature with pain, in addition, with swelling of the mammary gland tissue, it is testy, which is easy to determine by palpation, and with serous mastitis, the consistency of the udder is rocky and dense. Also differentiated from:

1) clinical mastitis (Mastitis catarrhalis) - characterized by damage to the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the mammary cistern, milk ducts and canals, and glandular epithelium of the alveoli. The general condition of the animal remains satisfactory. Most often, only one quarter of the udder is affected; compactions are found in it, but the pain is mild. The nipple feels doughy to the touch. Milk is liquid with a bluish or yellowish tint and contains a lot of flakes and casein clots.

2) fibrinous (Mastitis fibrinosa) - Inflammation of the udder, in which fibrin is deposited in the thickness of its tissues, the lumen of the alveoli and milk ducts. The animal is depressed, often refuses food, body temperature is greatly elevated (40-41.0C), and lameness is noted. A quarter, half or all of the udder is affected. The affected quarters are greatly enlarged, red, hot, and very painful. Their tissues become very dense and the nipple is swollen. The suprauterine lymph node is enlarged, painful and inactive. The overall milk yield is reduced by 30-70%, the milk from the affected quarters is yellowish-gray, with fibrinous clots, films, often mixed with blood, and is difficult to milk.

3) purulent mastitis (Mastitis purulenta) - Inflammation of the milk ducts and alveoli of the udder with the formation of purulent or purulent-mucous exudate. The animal is depressed, appetite is sharply reduced, body temperature is increased to 40-41.0C. The affected quarters of the udder are enlarged, painful, hot, the skin is reddened and very dense. The suprauterine lymph node is greatly enlarged. Overall milk yield is reduced to 80%. A small amount of thick purulent or mucopurulent exudate with yellowish or white flakes is milked from the affected quarters.

4) hemorrhagic mastitis (Mastitis haemorrhagia) - acute inflammation of the udder with multiple hemorrhages and tissue soaking with hemorrhagic exudate. The disease occurs more often in the first days after childbirth. The cow is depressed, body temperature is increased to 40.0C. The affected quarters of the udder are enlarged, their skin is swollen, covered with burgundy spots, hot, and painful. The nipple is swollen and swollen. The overall milk yield is reduced by 25-40%, and of the affected quarters - by 60-95%. The milk is watery, reddish in color, with flakes.

If the animal is not helped in a timely manner, acute mastitis may already become chronic on the 5-7th day, and then slow atrophy of the parenchyma occurs in the udder tissues, it is replaced by connective tissue. Milk yield is steadily declining, milk becomes mucopurulent. Complications are possible, including udder gangrene.

5) Subclinical mastitis visible signs absent or weakly expressed, milk secretion and its quality are slightly changed.

The latent inflammatory process is accompanied by a sharp increase in the number of somatic cells in milk, which number over 500 thousand per 1 ml.

The following treatment was prescribed:

Frequent, gentle milking

Rp.: Olii camphoralis 10%-10ml.

D.S. intercisternally, during the first 2 milkings after milking

3) Rp.: Solutionis Calсii chloridi

D.S. intravenously once

4) Rp.: Masticidum 150000 ED 5% -10.0 S.: intercisternally, administer 2 times. per day for 5 days.

5) Light massage from bottom to top for 10-15 minutes for 5 days.

Conclusion

During my internship, I had the opportunity to become practically familiar with the nuances of veterinary work and consolidate the theoretical knowledge acquired during my studies.

I gained a lot of practical skills - the ability to diagnose, prescribe and treat animals, got acquainted with the methods of conducting research on animals for latent forms of mastitis, learned in practice the technique of intravenous administration of solutions to animals, took part in conducting some surgical operations, in preventive and anti-epizootic measures, became familiar with the rules for preparing the necessary veterinary documentation.

Bibliography

1. Goncharov V.L., Cherepakhin D.A. Obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. M.: Kolos, 2--4, 328 p.

2.Mirolyubov M.G. Obstetrics and gynecology of farm animals. M.: Kolos, 2008, 197 p.

3. Nebogatikov G.V. Workshop on obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. St. Petersburg: Mir, 2005, 272 p.

4.G. D. Nekrasov, I. A. Sumanova. Obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. M.: Forum, 2008, 176 p.

5. Studentsov A.P., Shipilov V.S., Nikitin V.Ya. Veterinary obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of reproduction.-M.: Kolos, 1999.495 p.

6. Porfiryev I.A., Petrov A.M. Obstetrics and biotechnology of animal reproduction. Textbook. St. Petersburg: Lan, 2009, 352 p.

7. Taranov A.G. Laboratory diagnostics in obstetrics and gynecology. M.: Eliskom, 2004, 80 p.

8. Khramtsov V.V. Obstetrics and gynecology of farm animals. M.: Kolos, 2008, 197 p.

9. Shipilov V.S., Zvereva G.V., Rodin I.I., Nikitin V.Ya. Workshop on obstetrics, gynecology and artificial insemination of farm animals.-M.: Agropromizdat, 1988.335 p.

10. Elenschläger A.A., Zhukov V.M., Ponamarev N.M., Baryshnikov P.I., Medvedeva L.V., Fedotov V.P., Kolesnichenko I.D., Borisenko N.E., Chernyshov S.E. Guidelines for educational, clinical and industrial practice for 4-5 year students of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine: Barnaul. Publishing house AGAU, 2007.27 p.

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EBook

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Treatment and prevention of gynecological diseases in cows

Igor Alexandrovich Rubinsky

This book describes the causes of infertility in female farm animals. In the vast majority of cases, infertility is not the root cause, but only a consequence.

I. Introduction

Currently, the intensity of use of food producing animals has increased sharply. In this regard, the service life of livestock is reduced, which in turn exacerbates the need to increase the rate of reproduction of the herd. However, this is often hampered by infertility, excessive walking, barrenness and gynecological diseases, as a result of which farms suffer huge losses.

Infertility can be due to various reasons, primarily insufficient or inadequate feeding, poor care, improper maintenance and use of animals, careless attitude to the organization and conduct of artificial insemination. Infertility also occurs as a result of various diseases of the genital organs, which most often appear during childbirth and the postpartum period.

Non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules when providing obstetric care.

Diseases such as acute and chronic endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, not only cause infertility, but also lead to a decrease in milk yield, animal fatness, and worsen the sanitary quality and technological properties of milk.

II. Causes of infertility and its forms

When considering the causes of infertility, one must always keep in mind that it is only one of the symptoms of a violation of the relationship between the animal and its environment.

The causes of infertility in female farm animals are extremely diverse and complex. In the vast majority of cases, infertility is not the root cause, but only a consequence. Moreover, it may have pronounced clinical signs of genital disease, or it may not manifest itself, but, nevertheless, can be detected using simple methods research used by practitioners.

Several classification schemes for factors causing infertility have been proposed. However, the classification of A.P. is most famous. Studentsova. It compares favorably with the others in that factors that impair fertility can equally be attributed to both females and males of farm animals and cover all possible forms infertility, allowing their combinations with each other.

A.P. Students identify seven main forms of infertility:

In conclusion, it should be noted that infertility can be neither physiological nor pathological. Infertility is a dysfunction of the reproductive function of offspring caused by individual forms of infertility or their combinations. Therefore, it is impossible to divide infertility into functional and organic, because dysfunction is always accompanied by morphological changes in organ tissue cells to a greater or lesser extent, and vice versa.

III. Examination of animals and the main diseases causing reproductive disorders in cows

Assessment of the condition of reproductive organs in cows

Early gynecological medical examination includes: firstly, clinical observations of animals in the first days after birth, secondly, rectal and vaginal examinations of cows with difficult and pathological labor carried out 7–8 days after calving, and thirdly, rectal and vaginal examination of all cows 12–14 days after calving.

During a clinical examination, the external genitalia are first examined, and their swelling, the release of lochia or the leakage of exudate can be noticed. Erosion, ulcers, wounds and other changes can also be seen on the mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule. During a vaginal examination using a gynecological speculum, wounds can be detected, sometimes penetrating into the pelvic cavity, a rash, and exudate deposition.

In the normal course of the postpartum process, lochia is viscous on the 7th–8th day after calving dark brown(up to 200 ml), on days 12–14 the lochia are translucent, colorless, about 50 ml.

During subinvolution of the uterus during this period, the lochia have a dark red color. In color, quantity, and consistency they do not differ from lochia observed on the second day after calving.

In acute endometritis, the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix is ​​bright pink with pinpoint and striped hemorrhages. By rectal examination 7–8 days after calving, with subinvolution or postpartum endometritis, the uterus is palpable in the abdominal cavity, the wall of the horns and the cervix are flabby.

With rectal palpation 12–14 days after calving, the uterus is normally palpable in the pelvic cavity, the horn-fetal container is slightly smaller than a fist, the consistency of the horns is elastic, there is no pain reaction, and when massaged, the horns of the uterus contract.

With endometritis or subinvolution, the uterine horns are greatly enlarged and are located in the abdominal cavity, the caruncles are clearly palpable, and wall contractility is weak or absent.

Early gynecological examination is an extremely important stage of work. Firstly, it makes it possible to prevent the introduction of animals with postpartum complications into the main herd and thereby avoid the disease becoming chronic and difficult to treat. Secondly, it helps prevent the dispersion of opportunistic microflora in the barnyard. Otherwise, due to the constant passage through the body of animals, weakly virulent strains of opportunistic microorganisms become highly virulent and cause massive overinfection of animals. Thirdly, it makes it possible to begin treatment of animals in a timely manner, even before irreversible problems arise in the uterus. structural changes, and this ultimately allows you to reduce both the treatment time and the service period.

Early gynecological examination should be supported intensive treatment animals. Cows should enter the milk production workshop only after an appropriate conclusion from a veterinarian.

A planned gynecological examination should be carried out twice a year: in the fall - when placing animals in stalls and in the spring - before turning animals out to pasture. When implementing it, the following is carried out:

Collection general indicators on reproduction.

Individual clinical and gynecological examination of animals.

Laboratory examination of vaginal discharge, blood and urine.

Checking the condition of the maternity ward, preparing animals for calving, organizing obstetric care.

Caring for animals during the postpartum period and preparing them for insemination.

Analysis of the food supply, feeding, maintenance and exploitation of animals.

Checking the condition of artificial insemination points.

Analysis of the effectiveness of artificial insemination of animals.

Routine gynecological examination should be carried out on a commission basis. The commission is headed by a veterinarian-gynecologist or the chief veterinarian of the farm; it includes a livestock breeder, an artificial insemination technician, a foreman and a farm manager.

When collecting reproduction indicators, specialists are interested in primary zootechnical accounting data: the number of cows, heifers and heifers, the age composition of the livestock, the number of offspring per year, the distribution of calvings by season.

Infertile cows and heifers, that is, animals that have not come into heat for a long time or have been inseminated multiple times to no avail, are subject to clinical and gynecological examination.

Methodology for assessing the condition of the reproductive organs of cows

Detection of heat in cows and heifers is usually carried out using a visual method with rectal monitoring of the condition of the reproductive organs.

The main sign of selection of cows for insemination is the “immobility” reflex. In addition, it is necessary to take into account a number of accompanying signs of hunting:

Restless behavior of the animal, continuous movement around the herd, etc.;

Elevation of the tail (tail “sultan”);

Swelling of the vulva and hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule;

Excess of transparent mucus, traces of which can be seen at the root of the tail;

Change in rectal body temperature;

Rectal examination reveals rigidity (ability to contract) of the uterus.

It should be noted that a single observation can detect heat only in 55–60%, a double observation in 75–80%, and a three-time observation in 85–90% of animals. In 10–15% of animals there is a “silent heat”, which is difficult to detect visually, so the basis for successful insemination is the correct and regular selection of cows in heat based on a set of traits.

Gynecological examination of animals begins with examination of the external genitalia, and you can notice:

The presence of exudate on the root of the tail or ischial tuberosities;

Swelling of the vulva, it is often recorded during inflammatory processes in the genitals, is very pronounced in nodular vestibulovaginitis, trichomoniasis, vibriosis;

Retraction of the sacro-isciatic ligaments, it occurs in cows with follicular ovarian cysts;

Deposition of exudate on the mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule, hyperemia (redness), the presence of bubbles and nodules.

Rectal examination should begin with stroking the animals in the croup area, near the rectal pits. First put a plastic glove on your working hand, moisten it with warm water, and soap it (or lubricate it with Vaseline). Next, you need to move the tail to the side and first slowly insert one finger into the rectum, then two, and then, as the female gets used to this manipulation, putting all the fingers together, gradually insert your hand through the sphincter of the anus and, spreading the fingers, allow entry in the rectum air. The air is always colder than the temperature in the rectum, therefore, if this is done slowly, without causing pain to the body, the animal will release the rectum itself. This procedure will put the cow or heifer at ease with the gynecologist, and it will interfere less with the examination. Having inserted your hand into the rectum 25–30 cm, place it on the lower wall (bottom) of the rectum, and if the animal still has feces, remove it from there. Then, after entering the rectum, evaluate how the female reacts to the inserted hand. If she pushes it out, then you need to put it on the bottom of the rectum in the most compressed state and do nothing, not allowing the female to push her hand out. As soon as the animal stops squeezing the hand tightly with its intestine, move it inward up to the elbow and hold it in this position for a while until the cow or heifer stops squeezing the hand tightly. Now, lowering the hand as far as possible and spreading the index, middle and ring fingers, move your hand back. If the cow is not pregnant and healthy, the entire uterus will be in the palm of your hand. Run your fingers along the horns and neck from above, holding your index finger on the interhorn groove, squeeze the body of the uterus between your thumb and index finger and evaluate its thickness. Then use your fingers to determine its length and where it lies (in the pelvic or abdominal cavity). In the area of ​​bifurcation of the horns (bifurcation) of the uterus, fix first one, then the other horn from above with your thumb and forefinger and evaluate their size. Enlarged horns must be checked for the presence of a cavity in them (by moving the walls of the horn between the thumb and forefinger). If, with moderate squeezing of the walls of the horn and moving the fingers, friction of the mucous membrane is felt, then this indicates hidden endometritis. If the horns are located at least partially in the abdominal cavity, it can be assumed that subinvolution is taking place. But it should also be taken into account that in old cows that have calved repeatedly, the normal uterus can descend into the abdominal cavity, and an erroneous judgment about involution may arise.

Normally, the uterus has a cylindrical shape, is mobile, painless, and elastic. With cervicitis, foci of compaction the size of a nut are palpable; sometimes, after suffering from chronic cervicitis, induration (tissue degeneration) of the cervix is ​​observed, it acquires a rocky consistency. This shows

about injuries received during childbirth or due to improper obstetric care, irreversible disease and serves as an indication for submitting the animal for culling. Culling of animals is carried out only in the case of fusion of the cervix with connective tissue and its obstruction, and the final conclusion can only be made by a competent veterinarian-gynecologist. When palpating the uterine horns, their size, consistency, presence or absence of focal compactions, and contractility are determined.

Normally, the horns of the uterus are one and a half fingers thick, located in the pelvic region, the dividing groove is clearly defined, and when stroked, the horns of the uterus contract.

After suffering exudative inflammation, the wall of the horns becomes very thin and, due to atrophy of muscle tissue, it does not respond to massage. This indicates the irreversibility of the process. A non-exudative inflammatory process can lead to increased proliferation of connective tissue. The walls of the uterus become dense and unevenly thickened. With atony and subinvolution of the uterus, its horns are lowered into the abdominal cavity, rigidity is lost: the contractility of the horns is very weak or not observed.

The ovaries are assessed as follows: place your index finger at the bifurcation site on the intercornual groove and move along your fingers 4 cm to the right and 4 cm down - the right ovary will be located diagonally. It is necessary to take the ovary gently, and if the animal does not allow you to grab it, you should, keeping your fingers on top in contact with the ovary, wait until the female relaxes and stops interfering with the study. Taking the right ovary with your thumb, index and middle fingers (sometimes you need to use your ring and little fingers), remove the ovarian ligament. To do this, gently remove it thumb movements from bottom to top, and with the remaining fingers push it out until the “fringe” is removed from the ovary; you cannot work with it (you cannot accurately determine its size and functional state). After removing the ovarian ligament, the ovary can be painlessly raised up 4–6 cm and completely enclosed. Knowing the thickness of the crumbs of your fingers, determine the length with an accuracy of 0.2 cm, remembering the length of the phalanges of the fingers, estimate the thickness and determine the width from above with the index finger. Then, they gently palpate the surface of the ovary, find follicles and corpus luteum (sometimes cysts), determine their size and make a conclusion about the condition of this ovary. Determine where it lies - in the pelvic or abdominal cavity.

The fastest way to find the left ovary in animals is this: placing your little finger on the interhorn groove at the bifurcation of the horns, move 4 cm to the left (along the fingers) and 4 cm down - the left ovary will be located diagonally. Removing the ovarian ligament from the left ovary differs from the right in that, grabbing the ovary from above with the fingers mentioned above, sliding the index and ring fingers from bottom to top and gently pushing down with the thumb, we lift the ligament and, grabbing the exposed ovary with the thumb, fix it with the rest fingers. After that, turn it with its longest - the largest size (like the previous ovary) parallel to the spine towards a smaller angle, since it lies obliquely to the spine, and carry out an assessment similar to that described for the right ovary.

Before examining the ovaries, each specialist should know and remember exactly the size of the hand with which he will work in the rectum. To do this, you need to place your hand on a sheet of paper and trace its contours with slightly extended fingers.

Then measure the width of the first phalanges of all fingers on a ruler and mark the dimensions. Moreover, when placing the phalanges on the ruler when measuring the width with moderate pressure on the readings, discard 0.2 cm - in order to know exactly the amount of contact with the crumbs on the ruler, and in the rectum with the genitals. The length of the phalanges and fingers is measured along the lines of their bends. With these finger sizes we measure the ovaries and the length of the uterus as a template.

When palpating the ovaries, you need to determine the shape, density and pain. Normally the ovary is oval or round shape, in the presence of a corpus luteum - pear-shaped. The surface of a functioning ovary is always lumpy, which is associated with the presence of growing follicles or corpora lutea. At normal function there is a functional asymmetry of the ovaries (one ovary is always 2.0–2.5 times larger than the other). Only in 2–4% of cases with expected simultaneous ovulation in both ovaries at once (opposite twins), the size of the ovaries can be the same. If both ovaries are reduced to the size of a bean or hazelnut and have a smooth surface, then this indicates atrophic changes in them. With cystic degeneration, the ovary greatly enlarges and takes on a spherical shape.

During the stall period, ovarian dysfunction is often observed: the development of follicles for the most part does not reach completion and their atresia occurs (the eggs die). In this case, even in the presence of estrus and heat, fertilization does not occur in inseminated animals. In order to recognize this disease, animals need to be examined 9-11 days after insemination. The absence of the corpus luteum in the ovary indicates that there was no ovulation, i.e., an anovulatory sexual cycle.

Usually, oviducts in normal condition cannot be detected during rectal examination. If, during the examination, oviducts are found with a very dense wall, the thickness of which is about a pencil, then this indicates the presence of chronic proliferative inflammation (salpingitis) in the animal. Sometimes adhesive inflammation of the oviduct and ovary, or fluctuating nodes due to blockage of individual sections of the oviduct, is established. If the ovary is enlarged 5-10 times, has a round or oval shape, does not change in size long time and upon palpation, the animal becomes restless due to a pain reaction, and inflammation of the ovary occurs - oophoritis.

An experienced specialist can detect the corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle through the rectum on the 6-8th day; on the 9-12th day it is well developed, protrudes 1.5–2.0 cm above the surface of the ovary, and has the shape of a mushroom with a cap. From day 14, the corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle begins to dissolve. During the functioning of the corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle, there are no premordial follicles of the first or second order on the surface of the ovary. The corpus luteum is necessarily denser to the touch than the ovarian tissue and has the same consistency at the base and at the apex.

Persistent corpus luteum (delayed) - found on the ovary 20 days from the beginning of the sexual cycle and later, occurs with a hormonal disorder in the body, with embryonic mortality, when some part of the embryo remains in the uterus, with endometritis. It remains on the ovaries for 2–6 months, and its size and shape depend on the period of its existence. The size of the persistent corpus luteum ranges from 1 to 2 cm. It is denser than the corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle, of various shapes, but often a less dense consistency can be felt at its base. This corpus luteum does not allow females to show heat (lack of heat - anaphrodisia), so it must be differentiated as early as possible (the best and most practical is on the 25th day of the cycle, when a gynecological examination is carried out for cows that have not come into heat). It should not be confused with the corpus luteum of pregnancy, in which the horn of a pregnant female enlarges, tenses and passes into the abdominal cavity, and the interhornal groove is smoothed out. It is impossible to make a diagnosis of persistent corpus luteum with a single examination; it is necessary to re-examine the ovary after 14 days. If no changes in the size and consistency of the corpus luteum have occurred, then a diagnosis is made.

If the female is fertilized, then the corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle turns into the corpus luteum of pregnancy; it is larger than the corpus luteum of the cycle and until 3 months does not differ in shape and consistency from the cyclic one. The corpus luteum of pregnancy functions until calving. The only hormone that the corpus luteum produces is progesterone, which is key hormone in the regulation of the reproductive cycle and the only hormone that helps maintain pregnancy. Approximately 7-10 days before birth, the corpus luteum of pregnancy begins to progressively decrease, but even after childbirth it can still be detected, and sometimes even larger, although the secretion of progesterone decreases sharply until it completely stops. If the placenta is retained, the corpus luteum of pregnancy does not lyse (does not dissolve), maintaining its original shape.

As a rule, when performing a rectal examination of a cow, veterinarians and insemination technicians do not take into account the weight of the animal, which correlates with the size of the genitals. In the majority teaching aids The sizes of the uterus and ovaries are indicated only for cows with a body weight of 500 kg, although on farms the weight of cows can vary sharply even in a group of one milkmaid. For a cow's body weight of 300 kg, the normal cervix (non-pregnant) has a diameter (thickness) of 2 cm, a length of 7 cm, and the thickness of the horns at the bifurcation site is 1.0–1.5 cm. One horn is usually in the place where the previous pregnancy was, may be 0.5 cm thicker than the other. The entire uterus, ready for reproduction, is located in the pelvic cavity. In cows after 5 calvings, it returns completely to the pelvic cavity after palpation through the rectum. In all healthy cows and heifers, at the optimal time for the introduction of semen - the uterus, when it is captured, contracts, decreases in size, and becomes rigid (toned). In heifers and cows up to 3 calvings, in this case it fits in the palm of your hand. With such a reaction of the uterus, they talk about its rigidity (sensitivity or responsiveness) and it is right to assume that if mechanical (hand) irritation of the uterus leads to its contraction, then the seed introduced at this time (acts as a chemical or biological irritant) will cause it similar reaction. This will allow the seed to physiologically move from the cervix to its body, which is very important for the timely delivery of the seed to the site of fertilization: the upper part of the uterine horns.

The ovaries in healthy cows and heifers should be 2–5 cm long, 1.5 cm thick, 1 cm wide and located in the pelvic cavity. On the surface of one or both ovaries, tubercles (elevations) - follicles or corpus luteum - should be palpable. They must be distinguished through the rectum by shape, size and consistency. As a rule, several follicles are found; they can be of different sizes depending on the stage of development, but they always have a drop-shaped shape and are more elastic than the surface of the ovary (resemble an inflated ball). There are four stages of follicular development:

I - size 0.1–0.2 cm (“millet grain”), there are many of them on the surface of the ovary, so its surface may resemble a “grater”;

Stage II of follicle development – ​​size 0.5–0.6 cm, they may be smaller. This stage often coincides with the onset of estrus;

Stage III: size 0.8–1 cm, there are several of them (2–5) and their presence indicates the beginning of sexual heat (libido);

IV stage of development: one, or less often two follicles measure 1.2–1.5 cm, and in the preovulation period, 6–8 hours before ovulation, they begin to fluctuate - this is the optimal time for insemination of the uterus.

The rate of follicle growth depends on many factors: the duration of the arousal stage, the level of hormones in the blood, the duration and severity of libido, etc.

The corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle is formed at the site of the ovulated follicle. If ovulation occurred 1–2 hours ago, then at this place through the rectum you can find a postovulatory fossa with a diameter of 1.5 cm; after 12 hours it already has a size of 0.5–0.7 cm, and after a day it is generally difficult to find. The discovery of a pit on the ovary indicates that ovulation has passed, and it is no longer advisable to introduce semen. The dimensions of the non-pregnant uterus of a healthy cow or heifer weighing 500 kg differ in that the diameter of the cervix is ​​2.5–2.8 cm, the length is 8–9 cm, the thickness of the horns in the bifurcation area is also thinner than the diameter of the cervix by 0.5–1.0 centimeter Having completed involution after calving, the uterus is located in the pelvic cavity, and in the libido it is sensitive to palpation through the rectum. The ovaries are also in the pelvic cavity.

The timing of involution (restoration of the previous state) of the uterus depends on the breed, productivity, fatness and clinical condition animals

The main diseases causing reproductive dysfunction in cows

Obstetrician studies have shown that reproductive function in cows largely depends on the course of labor and the postpartum period. As is known, childbirth in animals represents the final stage of reproductive function. According to the classification of A.I. Varganov, it is advisable to divide childbirth into 3 groups: normal, complicated and pathological.

The first group includes cases of easy births that occur without the help of livestock breeders and veterinary specialists and spontaneous passage of the placenta within 5–8 hours after the birth of the calf.

The second group includes births with weak contractions and pushing, with the removal of calves with the help of 1-2 people, with minor ruptures of the soft tissue of the genital organs and temporary (up to 12 hours) retention of the placenta.

The third group includes cows with difficult and prolonged labor, with the removal of calves from the birth canal by the efforts of 3–8 people, the presence of significant ruptures of the soft tissues of the genital organs, with the correction of incorrect positions, positions, presentations and articulations of the fetus, prolapse of the uterus, the birth of a dead calf and surgical department of the placenta.

It has been established that there is a direct connection between the nature of labor and uterine diseases in cows. After normal births, the incidence of postpartum endometritis in cows is 10–15%, after complicated ones – 25–30% and after pathological ones – 90–95%. A similar relationship is observed between the nature of childbirth and the subsequent fertility of cows. After normal births, 90–97% of cows are fertilized within a year, complicated ones – 80–87%, and after pathological ones – 75–80%. The stillbirth rate of calves during pathological births is 9.5 percent or more. The following diseases of childbirth and the postpartum period are of greatest importance for practice.

Weak contractions and pushing

Weak contractions are characterized by weak and infrequent contractions of the muscles of the uterus during childbirth, and weak pushing is characterized by the abdominal muscles. Hormonal drugs are used to stimulate the contractile function of the uterus.

In the absence of the necessary funds or their insufficient effectiveness, livestock breeders and veterinary specialists provide assistance to women in labor. In this case, 4–6 people can be involved in extracting the calves. It is more effective to use the obstetric extractor A.I. for this purpose. Varganova. This device replaces the efforts of 6–8 people and allows you to provide prompt assistance in removing calves during pathological births caused by weak contractions and pushing, narrow pelvis and large fetuses at any time of the day. In this regard, it is necessary to equip all maternity departments of farms and complexes with obstetric extractors of the EA-4 model.

Retention of placenta

The disease is characterized by failure to separate the membranes within 6–8 hours after the calf is born. This pathology causes the development of postpartum uterine diseases and long-term infertility. The disease is observed in 20–30% of cows. The immediate cause of retention of the placenta is a weakening of the contractile function of the uterus or fusion of the cotyledons of the chorion with the caruncles of the uterus. The predisposing causes of the disease are inadequate feeding of cows and lack of exercise.

Subinvolution of the uterus

This disease is characterized by a slowdown in the reverse development of the uterus after birth to the size inherent in this organ in non-pregnant animals. The disease is widespread in cows during the winter period. The onset of sexual cycles in cows after giving birth is delayed by 30 days or more. The disease is often complicated by endometritis. The immediate cause of uterine subinvolution is (as with retained placenta) a weakening of the contractile function of the uterus.

There are three forms of uterine subinvolution - acute (severe), developing from calving to 12–14 days, subacute (mild), detected from 14 to 25–30 days after birth, and a chronic form, which is established 25–30 days after the birth of calves. .

The uterus with subinvolution is usually enlarged by 1.5–2.5 times the norm. Her horns are located in the abdominal cavity and do not react or react weakly to palpation. In the acute form, abundant discharge of dark red lochia is observed until 12–14 days after the birth of the calf. With normal involution, the lochia become light brown or “transparent” by this time. In the subacute form, lochia is secreted in non- large quantities up to 30 days, especially after the animal rests at night. Their color remains dark brown and the consistency is ointment-like. The tone of the uterine horns is reduced. Their size corresponds to a 2-month pregnancy. Chronic subinvolution is diagnosed 30–60 days after birth by the enlargement of the uterine horns and weakening of their rigidity. At the same time, cows have persistent corpus luteum in the ovaries and acyclia. If the incidence of subinvolution is suspected in cows that have come into heat, take cervical mucus (2.0 ml), add it to a test tube, add to it 2.0 ml of a 10% caustic alkali solution and 10–15 drops of 1.0% -th solution copper sulfate. A dark purple or dark red color of the mixture indicates the presence of a disease, and such cows are not inseminated, but treated. Weak coloration of the mixture indicates the normal condition of the uterus.

Acute postpartum purulent catarrhal endometritis

The disease is registered within a year in 35–65% of cows. The occurrence of the disease is facilitated by the following factors: pathological childbirth, microbial contamination of the uterus and trauma during obstetrics and artificial insemination, decreased resistance in animals and increased resistance of microbes to the action of drugs, subinvolution of the uterus, disease of cows with mastitis and other reasons.

The disease manifests itself 5–6 days after birth with discharge of purulent-catarrhal exudate. With fibrinous endometritis, the exudate contains flakes and films of yellowish fibrin. With necrotic endometritis, the exudate has a dirty brown color and an unpleasant odor. Postpartum endometritis can occur in subacute, chronic and subclinical forms. Latent (subclinical) endometritis poses a particular danger to reproduction, since it is difficult to establish this disease under production conditions using conventional clinical methods.

Latent endometritis in cows more often occurs after artificial insemination when using sperm with high bacterial contamination, non-sterile instruments and when introducing sperm into cows before or after heat. Cows with latent endometritis make up about 64% of the total number of infertile animals (N.I. Polyantsev). ON THE. Phlegmatov proposed a completely acceptable laboratory test for diagnosis. To do this, two drops (separately) of thawed sperm are applied to a glass slide, a drop of cervical mucus obtained from cows in heat is added to one of them, they are covered with cover glasses and the motility of sperm is examined under a microscope. In the presence of subclinical endometritis, sperm in a drop of mucus do not move; in the control drop, their mobility is preserved. For the same purpose, you can use the lapis test according to Gavrish. In this case, urine is collected from the animal being studied. Add 2.0 ml of urine into a test tube, add 1.0 ml of 5.0% lapis solution and boil over a gas or alcohol burner or over a burning flame. alcohol solution 2 minutes. A black precipitate in a test tube indicates the presence of a disease, while a brown or white precipitate indicates its absence. If necessary, bacterial testing of cervical secretions is used in a veterinary laboratory to detect and identify microflora and identify its pathogenicity.

A likely clinical sign of subclinical endometritis is the presence of repeated and unsuccessful inseminations in cows. In many of these cows, fertility during artificial insemination may be within normal limits. However, the pregnancy is terminated due to early embryonic death (EED) and resorption (resorption) of embryos due to atrophy of the uterine glands in the endometrium and the presence of opportunistic microbes in the uterus.

Ovarian hypofunction

The disease is characterized by impaired development and maturation of follicles, ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum. The immediate cause of hypofunction is a decrease in the synthesis of gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland and a weakening of the ovarian response to their action. Corticosteroid hormones have a significant effect on ovarian dysfunction, the synthesis of which increases under various stress effects on animals. Hypofunction of the ovaries is manifested by a decrease in their size; they do not contain follicles and corpora lutea. On rectal examination, the ovaries are small (about the size of a bean) and have a smooth surface. In this case, cows do not have sexual cycles and persistent infertility occurs.

Ovarian cyst

A cyst is a large round formation formed from follicles or corpora lutea. It consists of a shell and liquid contents. The transformation of a follicle into a follicular cyst is associated with the death of the egg. In this case, the cyst cavity contains an excess amount of the female sex hormone folliculin. The size of the cyst reaches 4–6 cm in diameter. Sick cows experience long periods of sexual arousal (nymphomania). The final diagnosis of the disease is made based on rectal examination. In a corpus luteum cyst, luteal cells secrete increased amount the hormone progesterone. In this regard, cows stop having sexual cycles (acyclia) and hunting (anaphrodisia). The diameter of luteal cysts is 4–5 cm. When palpated, a slight fluctuation can be detected.

Persistent corpus luteum

Persistent is the corpus luteum that lingers and functions in the ovary of a non-pregnant cow for more than 25–30 days. It is formed mainly from the cyclic corpus luteum during chronic endometritis, subinvolution of the uterus, and also after omission (without insemination of the animal) of heat. In this case, the corpus luteum produces a significant amount of progesterone, which leads to the cessation of sexual cycles in animals. The diagnosis of the disease is established only on the basis of two rectal examinations with an interval of 3 weeks.

All of the above diseases are observed quite often in cows and cause symptomatic infertility, which can be temporary or permanent. That's why timely diagnosis and effective treatment of gynecological diseases in cows is a necessary condition for the successful fight against infertility and barrenness.

IV. Treatment of gynecological diseases

General provisions

In a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures for diseases of the genital organs in cows and heifers, etiotropic therapy is used, which helps eliminate the causes that caused these diseases.

Among the means of etiotropic therapy, antibiotics, sulfonamides, nirofurans, and other chemotherapeutic and antiseptic drugs are used that suppress the growth of pathogenic microflora or kill it. Depending on the localization of the pathological process, the nature of the course of the disease, local or general etiotropic therapy is prescribed, or both at the same time.

Medicines intended for local etiotropic therapy must have pronounced bactericidal activity and a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action. They must be persistent and not lose their activity upon contact with the tissues of the animal’s body. Their use must be justified technologically (with a minimum number of injections, they must produce maximum effect). In addition, they should promote accelerated regeneration of epithelial tissues.

However, there are no substances that fully meet all these requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the selection of etiotropic therapy. When treating diseases characterized by purulent inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterus or vagina (endometritis, endocervicitis, endovaginitis), before doing anything, it is necessary to determine the composition of the microflora of the genital tract and determine the sensitivity of the microflora to antibacterial drugs.

Considering the fact that microorganisms of different groups have unequal sensitivity to certain antiseptics, combinations of antibiotics, sulfonamide, nitrofuran and other chemotherapeutic drugs with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action are used for topical use. For example, the above requirements are met by a mixture of penicillin and streptomycin (500,000 units each) with white streptocide (5.0 g) or norsulfazole (5.0 g). Other combinations of antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic drugs correspond to them:

Furacilin – 1.0, furazolidone – 0.5, neomycin – 1.5, penicillin – 1.0 and norsulfazole – 5.0;

Oxytetracycline – 1.5, neomycin – 1.5, polymyxin M – 0.15, norsulfazole – 5.0;

Furazolidone – 0.5, furatsilin – 1.0, neomycin – 1.5, white streptocide – 5.0.

These mixtures can be used for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes for endometritis, surgical separation of placenta, etc. They are used in dry form, on a water or oil basis (50.0-100.0 ml).

In some cases, iodine preparations are effective (iodoform in the form of a 3% suspension in fish oil or vaseline oil, iodoform in glycerin 1:10, iodinol, Lugol's solution), which have antimicrobial and antifungal effects, as well as the ability to bind bacterial toxins, harmful products of tissue metabolism and prevent tissue breakdown. For example, with endometritis caused pathogenic fungi or an association of bacteria and mycomycetes, iodinol gives good results. As practice shows, antibiotics in such cases not only do not contribute to a speedy recovery of the animal, but, on the contrary, increase the severity of the pathological process.

Among the drugs that have not only antiseptic, but also other medicinal properties, the following are used topically:

Ichthyol in the form of 10–20% ointment and 2–5% or 30% solution (has anti-inflammatory, local anesthetic, vasoconstrictor effects, reduces exudation, accelerates the regeneration of damaged tissues);

Xeroform in the form of a 3% suspension in fish oil (has an astringent, drying effect, accelerates regeneration and wound healing);

2–3% vagotil solution (has a local vasoconstrictor effect, accelerates epithelization in erosions and ulcerations).

Good results are obtained by using Vishnevsky's liquid ointment, Konkov's ointment and others. medicines with a pronounced complex effect.

However, when choosing a drug for topical use, it is necessary to take into account its possible adverse effects. For example, iodinol and Lugol's solution can have a detrimental effect on active mesenchymal cells, as a result of which the animal's recovery time is extended. At long-term use, nitrofuran preparations strongly irritate the mucous membranes of the genital tract. In addition, they suppress immunological reactivity (this side effect is relieved by the simultaneous administration of B vitamins).

Research by a number of authors has proven that solutions of many antiseptic, astringent, cauterizing agents and some substances in powder form, introduced into the genitals of a cow, destroy or precipitate mucins, which disrupts the protection mechanisms of the mucous membranes. These substances include iodine preparations (Lugol's solution), nitrofurans (furatsilin, furazolidone, furazolin, furagin), potassium permanganate, ethacridine lactate, ichthyol, creolin, xeroform, hydrogen peroxide, 5-10% sodium chloride solution, alum, tannin , tanalbin and some others. In this regard, boric and lemon acid, Trichopolum. They do not destroy mucins or disrupt their production processes.

Therapeutic and preventive effect antiseptic drugs is largely determined by their dosage form. Aqueous solutions the above substances are of little use. It is best to use their emulsions, suspensions, liniments prepared on a fat basis (vegetable oil, fish oil). This not only contributes to the formation of protection of the mucous membranes from irritation, but also increases the duration of the drug.

In recent years, ready-made dosage forms, which are complex preparations, have been widely used. They contain not only antibacterial agents, but also substances that act anti-inflammatory, helping to restore the normal morphological and functional state of the reproductive system. This includes the following medicines:

Iodoglycol - intended for the treatment of postpartum, acute and chronic endometritis. It is formed by: iodoform – 3.0, carbacholine – 0.006 g, base – up to 100.0 ml. The latter is prepared from dimethyl sulfoxide and propylene glycol. The drug enhances uterine contractions and stimulates endometrial regeneration. It is administered intrauterinely at a dose of 100.0 ml every 48–72 hours. It is not recommended to exceed the dosage of the drug. When hypersensitivity individual animals to carbacholine - the use of the drug is stopped, and patients are prescribed a 0.1% solution of atropine sulfate.

Foam-based medicines for the treatment of postpartum endometritis include exuter M (tablets), urzocycline (rods), cloxamethrin (intrauterine briquettes), metromax, iodopen, furapen (sticks) septimethrin (capsules, the drug contains: chloramphenicol - 0.1, sulfamethazine – 6.0, boric acid – 6.0, citric acid – 3.0), neofur (sticks), hysterone (1 tablet contains: carbacholine – 0.003 g, chloramphenicol – 0.5 g, furagin – 0.5 g), and gynobiotic.

In addition, in the treatment of postpartum endometritis, you can use ichthyol, ichthyofur, furazolidone, ichthyofur or neofur suppositories No. 10.

In severe cases of metritis, cervicitis, vestibulo-vaginitis, accompanied by inhibition of the activity of all body systems, increased body temperature and threatening the development of general sepsis, as well as in acute inflammatory processes in the ovaries and tissues adjacent to the genitals, therapy using intramuscular, intravenous or intra-aortic injections of antibiotics, sulfonamides and other chemotherapy drugs. The combined use of local and general antimicrobial therapy gives a more pronounced healing effect.

Penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tetravet LA, tetraolean, neomycin, erythromycin, sulfetrim, engemycin and other antibiotics are administered intramuscularly in various combinations to ensure maximum effect. These drugs are administered 2–3 times a day at a rate of 3000–5000 IU/kg of animal body weight. The duration of the course of antibiotic therapy is 3–5 days or more. In addition to the above-mentioned therapeutic agents, in the treatment of endometritis, the use of Dorin, sulfetrim, enroxil, enromag, enroflox or gynodixin is indicated according to the instructions for their use. You should not underestimate the doses of drugs used and reduce the frequency of their administration, as this leads to the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microflora. Sometimes it is advisable to prescribe intramuscular injections long-acting antibiotics: bicillin-3 at a dose of 8000-12000 U/kg animal weight, once every 3–6 days; bicillin-5 - in the same dose, once every 2-3 weeks; ditetracycline - at a dose of 40,000-50,000 units/kg body weight, once every 5-9 days, tetravet DA, nitox 200 or engemycin at the rate of 1.0 and 2.0 ml per 10 kg of animal body weight, respectively, once every 2-3 day.

From the number modern drugs For the treatment of postpartum complications, Diometr and Clamoxil DA can be recommended.

Diometr is a complex preparation containing kanamycin monosulfate, dioxidine, dimethyl sulfoxide and distilled water, which is a transparent liquid of light green color. It is effective against both gram-positive. and gram-negative microorganisms, including strains resistant to other antibiotics. In addition, diometr helps to increase the general nonspecific resistance of the body. It is used for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory processes of the uterus in cows and sows after obstetrics, caesarean section, surgical separation of placenta, postpartum endometritis and metritis-mastitis-agalactia in sows.

Before administering the drug, the external genitalia and tail root are sanitized. If necessary, empty the uterine cavity from inflammatory exudate. The diometer is introduced into the uterine cavity using a Janet syringe or a device for artificial insemination of pigs POS-5 and a catheter:

WITH therapeutic purpose cows 100.0-150.0 ml; sows 50.0-75.0 ml every 48 hours until clinical recovery, but not more than 5 times;

For preventive purposes, after obstetrics or surgical separation of the placenta, cows 100.0 ml, sows 75.0 ml 1-2 times with an interval of 48 hours.

The use of the drug does not exclude the use of other medications.

Clamoxil Yes is a specially developed injection form of extended-release amoxicillin, containing 150.0 mg of amoxicillin trihydrate in 1.0 ml of suspension. The drug is convenient to use and does not have an irritating effect. The maximum concentration of amoxicillin in the blood serum is observed already 2 hours after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of the drug and remains at a therapeutic level for 48 hours. In most cases, one injection of the drug is sufficient for complete recovery of animals. Clamoxil DA – semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic broad spectrum of action, having a bactericidal effect on many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Clamoxil Yes is used to treat large and small cattle, pigs, dogs and cats for many diseases bacterial etiology, including infectious diseases genitourinary system(including cystitis, metritis and metritis-mastitis-agalactia in pigs).

The drug is injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously at a dose of 1.0 ml per 10 kg of animal weight. If the volume of the administered suspension exceeds 20.0 ml, then it is administered in 2–3 different places. If necessary, the injection of Clamoxil a la is repeated after 48 hours.

In cases of sepsis, sulfonamide drugs (white streptocide, sulfadimezin, norsulfazole, etc.) are prescribed orally, 10.0-15.0 g, two to three times a day. In addition, a 10% solution of norsulfazole sodium is administered intravenously at a dose of 150.0-200.0 ml daily for 3-5 days or a 10% solution of etazol at the same dose. In severe septic condition of the animal, intravenous injections of norsulfazole sodium are given every 8 hours during the first two days of treatment, and in the next two days - every 12 hours, then - once a day for three days. The effectiveness of treatment increases if intravenous injections of sulfonamides are prescribed in combination with intramuscular administration of penicillin, streptomycin and others compatible antibiotics in generally accepted doses.

In addition, intravenous infusions of antibiotics are indicated for sepsis. Oxytetracycline or penicillin in an amount of 1,000,000-1,500,000 units is dissolved in 200.0-250.0 ml of sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution and slowly injected into a vein. At the same time, it is better to use penicillin in a 0.25% solution of novocaine. For intravenous injections, you can use erythromycin ascorbate or oleandomycin phosphate in a 5% glucose solution.

In order to create high concentration antimicrobial substances in the affected tissues of the genital organs (for deep asepsis), antibiotics are injected into the middle uterine or internal iliac artery or into the abdominal aorta. For these purposes, use penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin or kanamycin at a dose of 1.0 g per day.

100.0 ml of 0.5% novocaine solution. Sometimes, for injection into the abdominal aorta, a 10% solution of norsulfazole sodium in a dose of 100.0-150.0 ml, a solution of furatsilin (1:5000) or a solution of ethacridine lactate (1:1000) in a dose of 150.0 ml are used as antiseptics. . Injections are repeated every other day.

With any method of administering antimicrobial drugs, it is advisable to select them based on the sensitivity of the microflora isolated from the genital organs of the sick animal to them. In addition, it should be borne in mind that the use of sulfonamides is incompatible with novocaine therapy (blockade), since the hydrolysis products of this anesthetic sharply reduce the effectiveness of sulfonamides.

When prescribing antibiotics to lactating animals, we must not forget that antibiotics are excreted from the body and in milk not only during the treatment period, but also for a long time after its completion. Milk with an admixture of antibiotics is prohibited from being used as food for people; it is also unsuitable for processing into milk products.

Preparatory measures for local treatment

When carrying out medical procedures, rough manipulations leading to trauma to the mucous membranes of the genital organs should not be allowed.

In case of accumulation of inflammatory exudate, decomposing lochia, or pieces of dead tissue in the vagina or uterus, they must be removed by washing the cavity of these organs (of course, if the latter is not contraindicated). This procedure has an independent therapeutic value, because it helps reduce the level of intoxication in the body of sick animals, weakens irritation of the mucous membranes, reduces the strength of nerve impulses coming from the lesion to the brain, and creates favorable conditions for restoring the tone of the uterus.

Vaginal lavage is carried out in the treatment of vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, as well as in conservative method treatment of retained placenta. It is carried out before each administration of drugs into the uterine cavity in order to prevent the secondary introduction of pathogenic microflora into it.

For washing, substances are used that dilute the exudate and neutralize the acidic environment in the vagina. These properties are possessed by a 2–4% solution of bicarbonate of soda, a 1–2% solution of sodium carbonate, a 1% solution of sodium chloride, and a salt-soda solution. Among the antiseptics for washing the vagina, you can use a solution of furatsilin (1:5000), ethacridine lactate (1:1000-1:2000), potassium permanganate (1:4000-1:5000), 2-3% solution of vagotil, 0 .1% iodine. To carry out this procedure, anti-putrefactive and deodorizing substances are used: 1–2% solution of hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate. For the purpose of local anesthesia and suppression of inflammatory processes, a 3–5% solution of ichthyol is used. To stop bleeding when washing the vagina, use a 3% solution of alum or a solution of ferrous sesquichloride. All solutions are prepared immediately before use using distilled or boiled water. They are inserted into the vaginal cavity heated to a temperature of 35–40 °C.

To wash the uterine cavity, solutions of the same substances are used as for washing the vagina. It is not recommended to use concentrated solutions of antiseptics. You cannot inject a large amount of one or another solution into the uterus, under high pressure, prolonged lavage of the uterus is inappropriate. In addition, it is very important that after introducing the drug into the uterine cavity, it is completely removed from it immediately or a few minutes after administration. Otherwise, it will stretch the uterus, which increases its atony. This must also be done because a solution of an antiseptic substance that is not removed from the uterine cavity can cause irritation and maceration of its mucous membrane, which reduces the protective functions of the endometrium and aggravates the course of the pathological process.

Treatment of uterine diseases

Subinvolution of the uterus. To restore the tone and contractility of the myometrium, and, consequently, to accelerate the evacuation of lochia from its cavity, myotonic agents are used: subcutaneous oxytocin, pituitrin or mammophysin in a dose of 30–60 units once a day for 3–5 days in a row. However, with subinvolution of the uterus, the sensitivity of its muscles to these drugs is sharply reduced. Therefore, to enhance the uterotonic effect, it is advisable to administer 2.0–3.0 ml of sinestrol to the cow subcutaneously or intramuscularly 12–24 hours before the use of oxytocin or pituitrin.

Oxytocin or pituitrin can be injected intravenously or intra-aortically at a dose of 8-10 units per 100 kg of animal body weight. In this case, the drugs cause a rapid and sharp increase in uterine contractions. In the absence of drugs such as oxytocin, 2.0–3.0 ml of 0.5% proserine can be administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly to stimulate uterine motility.

For increase general tone body and contractility of the uterus, especially in cases of intoxication, 200.0-250.0 ml of 40% glucose solution, 100.0-200.0 ml of 10% calcium chloride solution or 100.0-200, 0 ml of comagsol once a day for 2-3 days, sometimes for a longer time.

Among the means of restorative therapy you can use:

Autohemotherapy – three intramuscular injections in increasing doses of 90.0; 100.0 and 120.0 ml with an interval of 48 hours;

4-5 times intramuscular injection of a 7% solution of ichthyol in a 40% glucose solution in a dose of 10.0 ml every 48 hours;

Three-time intravenous administration of a 1% solution of ichthyol in a 20% glucose solution in a dose of 200.0 ml with an interval of 24 hours;

Tissue preparation (spleen and liver extract) in a dose of 15.0-20.0 ml or biostimulgin in a dose of 20.0-40.0 ml subcutaneously; if necessary, injections are repeated after 5-7 days.

PDE preparation (human placenta, processed in a special way) in a dose of 15.0-20.0 ml, subcutaneously, 5-7 times with an interval of 48-72 hours.

In order to normalize metabolism and activate restoration processes in the tissues of the uterus, vitamins A, D, E can be prescribed (2-3 times feeding at weekly intervals) or intramuscular injections of trivitamin, vitadaptin (dose of the latter: 6-10 ml/head).

With subinvolution of the uterus, good results are achieved by intra-aortic injections of a 1% solution of novocaine at a dose of 100.0 ml (2.0 mg per 1 kg of animal body weight), two or three times with an interval of 48–72 hours.

Along with general therapy for subinvolution of the uterus, local treatment is also prescribed. Rectal massage of the body and uterine horns is performed regularly, for 3–5 minutes, for a total of 4–5 sessions. Massaging the clitoris also has a positive effect.

Corpus luteum that has not resolved within 15–20 days after birth is enucleated if it is located superficially and enucleation does not require much effort.

A good therapeutic effect is achieved by intravaginal use on the 17th, 18th, 20th and 22nd days after calving of sapropel heated to 45 °C. Under its influence, the contractility of the uterus increases, the elimination of lochia accelerates, and metabolic and regenerative processes in the genitals are accelerated.

If a large number of lochia accumulate in the uterus and there are no positive results after using uterine products, the contents should be removed from the uterus by suction. In some cases, when the lochial contents accumulating in the uterine cavity have an unpleasant odor (indicates decomposition of the lochia) and signs of intoxication of the body appear, it is advisable to rinse the uterine cavity antiseptic solutions:

2–3% solution of bicarbonate of soda,

2–3% sodium chloride,

Furacilina 1:5000,

Ethacridine lactate 1:1 LLC,

Iodine (1.0 g crystalline iodine, 2.0 g potassium iodide per 1000–1500 ml of boiled water) or others.

After washing, it is imperative to completely remove the injected solution from the uterine cavity.

For the treatment of uterine subinvolution, it is proposed to use the following regimens:

On the first and second days of treatment, the animal is prescribed 1 or 2% solutions of sinestrol, which are administered twice at a dose of 4.0–5.0 or 2.0–2.5 ml/animal. This is followed by 4-5 subcutaneous injections of oxytocin at a dose of 40-50 units. It is administered once a day.

Impact on biologically active points No. 35 and 36 for 3-5 days in a row for 2-3 minutes using the Vocal-2 device.

Against the background of daily uterine massage (duration 3-4 minutes, 4-5 sessions), one of the drugs belonging to the group of prostaglandins is used (enzaprost - 5.0 ml, estrofan or superfan - 2.0 ml each).

Intravaginal use of hellebore tincture for 4–5 days at a dose of 3.0–4.0 ml/bird.

Direct, dosed, daily contact calving cows with a test bull for 4–5 days.

Daily movement of animals 3–4 km for 5–7 days.

Intraperitoneal administration of a 10% solution of novocaine at a dose of 10.0 ml/animal 3-4 times in a row with an interval of 24-48 hours, with simultaneous stimulation of the contractile function of the uterus using hormonal injections (pituitrin - 5.0-6.0 ml, folliculin - 30,000-40,000 units or mammophysin - 4.0-6.0 ml) and neurotropic (0.5% solution of proserin - 3.0-4.0 ml) drugs according to the instructions for their use.

When subinvolution of the uterus is complicated by endometritis, antimicrobial drugs are introduced into its cavity (exuter, metromax, iodopen, furapen, gynobiotic furazolidone sticks, tricillin, etc.).

Endometritis. For acute postpartum endometritis, complex treatment is carried out through a rational combination of general and local therapy, taking into account etiological factors and the stage of the process, as well as - general condition animal. Treatment should be aimed at timely and complete removal of exudate from the uterine cavity, suppressing pathogenic microflora, restoring the tone and contractility of the myometrium, accelerating the regeneration of damaged endometrium and increasing the body's defenses.

First of all, it is necessary to wash the genitals, treat them with a disinfectant solution that does not cause severe irritation of the mucous membrane, and then remove the accumulated exudate from the uterine cavity. In case of significant accumulation of the latter in the uterine cavity and intoxication of the body, it is washed with a warm (38–40 ° C) hypertonic 3–5% sodium chloride solution, 2–3% solution of bicarbonate of soda, salt soda solution, 2–4% m solution of ichthyol, 1–2% solution of hydrogen peroxide, furatsilin 1:5000 or potassium permanganate 1:4000-1:5000. The solution introduced into the uterine cavity, immediately or a few minutes after administration, is completely removed from it.

Frequent lavage of the uterus should be avoided, as this causes maceration of the endometrium and contributes to the development of myometrial atony. Usually the uterus is washed at the very beginning of treatment, if necessary this procedure repeat again after 1–3 days (in total, one or two washes are done during the entire treatment period, rarely more).

In cases where the uterus has contracted and there is little exudate in its cavity, rinsing is not carried out. Sometimes in such cases, exudate is removed by moderate massage of the uterine horns through the rectum. Rectal massage Contraindicated in cases of severe pain in the uterus, purulent and fibrinous endometritis, necrotic and gangrenous metritis, perimetritis, parametritis.

To suppress the proliferation of pathogenic microflora and eliminate their negative impact on the animal body, antibacterial drugs are introduced into the uterine cavity in the form of tablets, sticks, suppositories, capsules or in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments. In case of acute postpartum endometritis, ready-made dosage forms are convenient for intrauterine administration, among which the most effective are foam-based drugs - Exutera-M tablets, Metromax sticks, cloxamethrin intrauterine briquettes. If there is no liquid content in the uterine cavity, then a sterile 0.9% solution of sodium chloride or furatsilin 1:5000 in an amount of 150.0-200.0 ml should be poured into it. The administration of foam-forming drugs is prescribed 3-5 times at intervals of 24-48 hours, until the cervix closes.

Among the new drugs for the treatment of acute postpartum endometritis, intrauterine foaming gynobiotic tablets containing 350,000 IU of neomycin in the form of sulfate and 500.0 mg of oxytetracycline hydrochloride can be used. They are introduced:

For therapeutic purposes - 1-3 tablets every 48 hours;

For preventive purposes - 1 tablet 2-4 hours after calving and again 48 hours after it.

From other ready-made dosage forms for acute endometritis, gynecological suppositories with furazolidone, furagin and quinozol (3–5 pieces), tricillin suppositories (2–3 pieces) are used. These drugs are injected into the uterus daily or every other day until the condition of the sick animal improves. Complex drugs can be administered intrauterinely: deoxyfur 100 ml with an interval of 48 hours until recovery, neofur, lefuran, hysteroton, metromax, spumosan, metrikur and others. Antimicrobial drugs in the form of suppositories, sticks, tablets are administered intrauterinely, 2–4 pieces each. Medicinal solutions 75.0-150.0 ml is administered intrauterinely.

For intrauterine therapy of endometritis, a foaming suspension of uterosan is used in a dose of 50.0 ml and iodoglycol, containing in one dose 3.0 g of iodoform, 0.006 g of carbacholine and up to 100.0 ml of base. It is injected into the uterus every 48 to 72 hours. It is not recommended to increase the dose.

Instead of ready-made dosage forms, various emulsions, suspensions or ointments can be used for intrauterine administration:

Liniment streptocide 5% (pharmacopoeial) at a dose of 100.0-150.0 ml with the addition of monomycin and hydroxy-tetracycline 1,000,000 units, administered every 24-48 hours 3-5 times;

Tricillin - 5-10% suspension in fish oil or sterilized vegetable oil in a dose of 100.0-150.0 ml, used 4-6 times at intervals of 24-48 hours;

A suspension containing 5.0 g of norsulfazole, 1,000,000 units of streptomycin, 500,000 units of penicillin, 100.0-150.0 ml of fish oil or vaseline oil. Apply daily or every other day;

An emulsion containing 2,000,000 units of neomycin, 100 ml of 5% streptocide liniment and 50.0 ml of fish oil. The emulsion is administered every 48 hours three to four times. At the same time, intrauterine infusion of the mixture is recommended to be carried out against the background of intramuscular administration of mixoferon at a dose of 1,000,000-2,000,000 IU;

Furazolidone suspension 5% (or furagin suspension 2.5%) in fish oil, sterilized vegetable oil or methylcellulose solution. Apply 100.0-150.0 ml every 48 hours 3-5 times;

Konkov ointment, suspended in an equal volume of 0.5% novocaine solution, with the addition of 1,000,000 units of erythromycin. Treatment is repeated every 24 hours for 6–8 days;

A fat-based suspension containing in 100.0 ml (one dose) 1.0 g of chloramphenicol, 1.0 oxytetracycline and 2.5 g of streptocide;

A suspension containing 1.0 g of chloramphenicol, 2.0 g of synthomycin, 10.0 g of soluble white streptocide and 100.0 ml of fish oil (one dose). Treatment is carried out 3–5 times.

A good result is obtained by introducing into the uterus a mixture of iodoform or xeroform (3.0-5.0 g) with fish oil (50.0-150.0 ml), iodinol (50.0-150.0 ml), Vishnevsky ointment (xeroform – 5.0, tar – 3.0, fish oil – 100.0 g). These drugs are used once every two days.

To treat cows with acute postpartum endometritis, some authors propose introducing antimicrobial drugs into the uterine cavity in combination with proteolytic enzymes (in order to enhance the antimicrobial spectrum of action and better impact on inflamed endometrium). Use suspensions or solutions prepared according to one of the following recipes:

Furazolidone – 0.5 g, furatsilin – 1.0, trypsin 0.3% – 150.0 ml;

Tricillin – 10.0 g, albucid – 6.0 g, trypsin 0.3% – 250.0 ml;

Tricillin 5.0 g (10.0 g), furazolidone 0.5 g (1.0 g), trypsin 0.3% - 150.0 (250.0) ml;

Neomycin at a dose of 500,000 units, nitox or tetroxy LA at the rate of 1.0 ml per 10 kg of animal body weight, hygrolitine 10PE, isotonic sodium chloride solution - up to 50.0-80.0 ml.

Before administration, emulsions, ointments, suspensions, solutions are heated in a water bath to a temperature of 39–40 °C and installed into the uterine cavity using a Janet syringe connected to a rubber tube 25–30 cm long with a polyethylene catheter for artificial insemination of pigs (its hole is expanded up to 3 mm).

For the treatment of acute postpartum endometritis, we can recommend intrauterine administration of amoxiclav to sick animals at the rate of 1–2 boluses per animal at intervals of every 48 hours. Usually, a double dose of the drug is sufficient for a course of treatment.

Other antibacterial agents for the treatment of acute postpartum endometritis may be recommended: intramuscular injections of zinaprim, oxytetracycline-200, enroflox, diometr and amoxicillin. Zinaprim is administered intramuscularly over 3–5 days at 24-hour intervals at the rate of 1.0 ml per 10 kg of animal body weight. In this case, the daily dose of the drug is divided into two halves, one of which is injected in the morning, and the other in the evening. Oxytetracycline-200 is also administered intramuscularly. It is injected once, at the rate of 1.0 ml of the drug per 10 kg of animal body weight. If necessary, administration of the drug is repeated after 72 hours. Enroflox is injected subcutaneously at the rate of 1.0 ml per 20 kg of animal body weight. Diometr (a solution of kanamycin monosulfate, dioxydin, dimethyl sulfoxide in distilled water) for the prevention of postpartum complications in cows is used once, intrauterinely in a dose of 100.0 ml, and in the treatment of endometritis - no more than 5 times with an interval of 48 hours in a dose of 100.0- 150.0 ml. Amoxicillin is administered once, subcutaneously or intramuscularly at a dose of 1.0 ml of the drug per 10 kg of animal body weight. If necessary, the treatment is repeated after 48 hours. Use intramuscular or subcutaneous injections of vetrimoxine. It is administered 2 times at the rate of 1.0 ml per 10 kg of body weight with a break of 48 hours.

For postpartum, acute endometritis, it is possible to use metromucin, which is dissolved in physiological solution at the rate of 0.5 μg/ml and injected into the uterine cavity at the rate of 250.0 ml/head three times with an interval of 48 hours, starting from the 7th day after calving. Before use, the solution is heated to a temperature of 40 °C. In this case, sampling of swabs from the cervix on the 10th day from the start of the course of treatment for latent endometritis during the study, as a rule, gives a negative result.

Metromucin solution is also used to alleviate difficult labor (prolonged labor, dry birth canal, narrow pelvis, large fetus). In order to prevent trauma to the calf and birth canal, a 0.5% solution of the drug, heated to 40 °C, is injected into the uterine cavity at the rate of 1.0–2.0 l/animal.

Sanitation of the uterine cavity using iodine preparations is not acceptable for clinically healthy animals due to their irritating effect.

For acute catarrhal endometritis, complex therapy is effective, involving intra-aortic injections of a 1% solution of novocaine in a dose of 100.0 ml and 50 units of oxytocin every 48 hours with washing of the uterine cavity with a solution of acetic acid at a dilution of 1:1000 and the administration of a 1% solution Iodinol at a dose of 150.0 ml until complete recovery. When this treatment regimen is used, the animals recover by the end of the first week.

In acute catarrhal endometritis, good results have been obtained from the use of the oil preparation Lactobril, which includes the following components (in%): furazolidone - 1.0–1.5; brilliant green – 0.3–0.5; potassium iodide – 2.5–3.0; chloroform – 1.5–2.0 and structuring concentrate. In addition, the drug has shown high therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of colibacillosis with salmonellosis.

The drug tylosincar (a mixture of polyethylene glycol, tylosin tartrate, carbacholine and caroline) with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action is used intrauterinely at a dose of 100.0 ml/head with an interval of 72 hours in the treatment of postpartum purulent-catarrhal endometritis. When using tilozinkar, three infusions are usually sufficient for complete recovery of animals.

Indicated for the treatment of purulent catarrhal endometritis intravenous use autologous blood treated with ultraviolet rays. It is used at the onset of the disease at a rate of 1.5 ml/kg of animal body weight with an interval of 48 and 72 hours in combination with intrauterine administration of furazolidone sticks (3 pieces/animal). The course of treatment includes 4 procedures. The use of such therapy reduces recovery time by 6 days and increases the number of animals fertilized after the first insemination by 20.00%.

To enhance uterine motility, two intramuscular injections of 2% sinestrol in a dose of 2.0–2.5 ml are prescribed with an interval of 24 hours or daily injections of oxytocin 30–40 units for 4–5 days. In the presence of persistent corpus luteum, use claprostin or estufalan at a dose of 500.0 mcg/bird, or enzaprost - 5.0 ml, superfan - 2.0 ml.

Intramuscular injections of 7% ichthyol in a 40% glucose solution at a dose of 15.0 ml/animal 3-4 times with an interval of 48 hours. Intrauterine: tablets with clamoxil, exuter for 4-5 days in a row, or gynobiotic - 1-2 pieces 1-2 times with an interval of 48 hours. For complications, intramuscular administration of antimicrobial drugs such as bicillin-3, bicillin-5, T.S.R., norflox, or abactan is used. At the same time, tetravit is prescribed intramuscularly at a dose of 40.0 ml (injected into two points), and intrauterinely - 3-5 infusions of rifacycline at a dose of 100.0 ml with an interval of 48-72 hours.

Intramuscular injection of a sinestrol solution in a dose of 2.0 ml twice with an interval of 24 hours and a 7% solution of ichthyol in a 40% glucose solution in doses of 20, 35, 25 ml/animal with an interval of 48 hours, oxytocin - in a dose of 40 units subcutaneously for 5 days in a row, intrauterine - uterosan-TF suppositories, 2-3 pcs. on days 2 and 5 of treatment or vetampgin according to the same regimen, or anolyte (“dead water”) 50.0-75.0 ml on days 2, 3, 6 of treatment.

For acute and chronic endometritis, metragel (a mixture of tylan, tetracycline hydrochloride - 1% and 4.5% solution of methylcellulose grades A and B) has proven itself well. The drug is administered intrauterinely in doses of 7.5; 50.0 and 25.0 ml every 24 hours. The therapeutic effectiveness of the drug is 93.2%, and the duration of treatment does not exceed 5.5 days.

For the treatment of acute postpartum endometritis, you can use 0.6–0.1% solutions of sodium hypochlorite, which are administered intrauterinely in a dose of 200.0–300.0 ml for 5 consecutive days. At the same time, Biogel-10 and other probiotics are used. They are introduced into the uterine cavity over 4–5 days.

End of introductory fragment.

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Milk is the only food product that provides the young body of humans and animals with all the necessary nutrients. Milk contains all substances, necessary for the functioning of the human body any age. Fats, proteins and carbohydrates are in the most favorable ratio for absorption by the body.

A cow is a complex living milk-producing unit.

In order to take full advantage of this unit, the animal needs comfort in all respects. With absolute comfort, a cow gives a person no more than 25% of the energy consumed through feed, air and water.

It should also be remembered that this comfort is simply unattainable if the animal suffers from any diseases, especially diseases of the reproductive organs. Or experiences excessive discomfort in connection with childbirth due to external factors, etc.

Thus, when conducting dairy farming, it is important to pay attention to the following points in the field of obstetrics and gynecology:

Synchronization of heat in cows

High-yielding cows are often associated with decreased sexual reflexes and suppressed functioning of the ovaries and the reproductive system as a whole. Therefore, synchronization of the sexual cycle is a forced and at the same time necessary measure to increase reproduction rates. Synchronization of the reproductive cycle - orderly management of the sexual cycle. Therefore, the approach to the synchronization system must be special and justified in many respects.

The tasks of synchronizing the hunting of cattle are as follows:

• inseminate a large number of cows in a short time;
• postpone the period of mass calving in dairy cattle breeding for economic purposes;
• obtain round calving of the entire herd (beef cattle breeding);
• synchronization of estrus in animals in cases where detection of sexual heat is difficult or impossible due to a number of production reasons, as well as to shorten the service period.

To synchronize hunting, hormonal drugs are used, for example, folligon, khorulon, proselvin and others. A complete list of drugs is presented in , which can be purchased by contacting us through those indicated on the site.

The choice of drug depends on the available resources of the farm. There are three main schemes for synchronizing heat in cows, and the rest are their modifications (see footnote).

Calving

Parturition, or calving, is defined as the birth of a calf followed by the delivery of the placenta.

Harbingers of childbirth are:

• transformation of an ordinary pelvis into a “birth pelvis”;
• hyperemia and swelling of the labia;
• liquefaction of vaginal mucus, etc.

The course of labor. To expel the fetus, quite significant mechanical force is required. The forces that expel the fetus from the uterus are contractions of the uterine muscles (contractions) and abdominal muscles (pushing). These muscle contractions occur rhythmically and alternate with a period of rest.

There are a number of factors that can have an impact Negative influence on the course of childbirth, this is:

• feeding swelling, poor-quality feed;
• short start-up period for cows;
• nervous influences, fear;
• infectious and invasive diseases;
• incorrect placement of the fetus in the uterus; etc.

In this case it may be necessary obstetric care. However, most often obstetric care has to be provided in cases of incorrect positioning, positions and positions of the fetus.

Done in a timely manner C-section(12 hours before the onset of labor) provides a favorable outcome for the mother in 96% of cases and helps preserve the life of the offspring. Caesarean section must be performed by a professional veterinarian with preliminary preparation of the animal!

After calving the uterus decreases significantly in size. The functioning of the ovaries can lead to ovulation as early as 15 days after calving; it is usually not accompanied by signs of estrus.

Complications after calving

The placenta is considered retained if it is not released within 8-10 hours after calving. Placental retention occurs in 5-10% of normal calvings. The separation of the placenta should be done experienced veterinarian. After surgical separation of the placenta, the cow is prescribed drugs that increase uterine tone and antimicrobial drugs for several days.

In difficult births there is vaginal prolapse. Spontaneous reduction is impossible, so surgical intervention is required.

Gynecological diseases

Metritis (endometritis)

Metritis is inflammation of the uterus. Most often the mucous membrane of the uterus. Based on the nature of the inflammatory exudate and changes in the uterine mucosa, endometritis is divided into catarrhal, purulent-catarrhal, fibrinous and gangrenous. According to the nature of the disease: acute and chronic.

All forms of endometritis cause infertility.

Pyometra

Pyometra, like metritis, is a disease associated with infection of the uterus. However, with pyometra, the cervix is ​​closed, which prevents the removal of exudate. The accumulation of watery contents in the uterus is called hydrometra, and the accumulation of mucous contents is called mixometra.

Pyometra is very difficult to treat (see footnote 1 for how to do it).

Myometritis

Myometritis is an inflammation of the muscular layer of the uterus. Usually the cause of myometritis is improper, rough obstetric care in severe endometritis. Clinical signs similar to those observed in acute endometritis. On palpation, severe pain of the uterus and thickening of certain parts of the uterus are noted: sometimes scar tissue and deformation of the uterine horns can be detected.

Paravaginal phlegmon

Paravaginal phlegmon is an inflammation of the peri-vaginal loose tissue. The cause of this disease is perforation of the vaginal wall with a sharp object during obstetric care; sometimes phlegmon is a consequence of necrotizing vaginitis. Signs of the disease are poor appetite, decreased productivity, depression appears, increased body temperature; ichorous exudate mixed with pieces of tissue is released from the vagina; the cow often assumes a posture to urinate. Cavities filled with purulent-ichorous exudate form in the paravaginal tissue.

Postpartum maternity paresis

This disease is mainly observed in highly productive cows. Heifers, first-calf heifers, low-productive cows and meat animals do not get sick. Productive dairy cows are mostly well-nourished and receive large amounts of concentrated, protein-rich feed. In some cows that have suffered from postpartum paresis, this disease recurs after the next calving.

The cause of the disease is not fully understood. Most clinicians say the most likely cause of the disease is changes in the levels of calcium, sodium and glucose in the blood.

Detailed description of the birth process, post-calving condition, possible complications and their treatments you can read in Consulting product Bizplan.uz No. 46 “Obstetrics and Gynecology” , which can be purchased by contacting us through the numbers indicated on the site. In addition, if your farm experiences any problems related to calving, reproduction, or the physical condition of cows in general, our specialists can conduct a clinical examination of the herd and assist in solving problems.

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Dysfunction of the genital organs (vagina, uterus, oviduct and ovaries) in females after the postpartum period are considered gynecological diseases, in contrast to the obstetric pathology observed in animals during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Andrology- the doctrine of diseases of the urinary and genital organs of males (penis, vas deferens, testes, scrotum, accessory sex glands - prostate, vesicular and bulbous glands, etc.).

The main causes of diseases of the genital organs in females are very diverse: errors in feeding and maintenance, poor care of animals, unsatisfactory zoohygienic conditions in the premises, lack of active walks with the run (grazing), non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules during natural and artificial insemination, infectious and invasive illnesses, etc. veterinary practice obstetric and gynecological diseases are interrelated and constitute a complex of diseases of the genital organs (veterinary gynecology) that cause infertility in animals.

Diseases of the vulva and vagina often occur simultaneously. Their inflammation can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, etc.

Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina consists of the use of antiseptic solutions, powders, ointments, emulsions, antibiotics, sulfonamides, ichthyol, furatsilin, furazolidone, potassium permanganate and other drugs.

Diseases of the uterus (inflammation of the cervix - cervicitis, inflammation of the uterus - metritis, inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus - endometritis) can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, fibrinous, etc. They arise due to infection during childbirth, insemination or spread from neighboring organs.

Treatment consists of douching with antiseptic solutions, using ready-made gynecological products (suppositories, tablets, powders, emulsions, etc.). Diseases of the uterus, including its subinvolution, require complex treatment.

Diseases of the oviduct are more often recorded in cows and mares. Inflammatory processes(salpingitis) arise as complications during retention of the placenta, metritis, subinvolution of the uterus, during rough examination of the genital organs, penetration of microbes from the pathological focus through the bloodstream, etc.

Treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. They use drugs that enhance the contraction of the oviduct (oxytocin, pituitrin, etc.), as well as antiseptics (antibiotics, sulfonamide drugs, etc.).

Ovarian diseases often cause infertility in females of all animal species, but most often in cows and mares. Reproductive and reproductive disorders occur hormonal functions, therefore, sexual cycles are absent or incomplete. Ovarian diseases are manifested by the following disorders: anaphrodisia, nymphomania, ovarianitis, cysts (follicular, corpus luteum cyst), persistent corpus luteum, ovarian hypofunction, etc.

Treatment for ovarian diseases is carried out comprehensively, using all types of therapy: pathogenetic (blockades, tissue preparations, vitamins, etc.), medications (antibiotics, hormones, neurotropic substances, prostaglandins, etc.), surgical intervention (removal of corpora lutea, ovarian cysts in large animals through the rectum or abdominal wall), physiotherapy (ultrasound and laser therapy).

Infertility is a violation of sexual (reproductive) function in an adult animal (female, male), associated with the inability to produce offspring. Signs of infertility in females are long absence sexual heat, multiple unsuccessful inseminations, etc. Infertility of females is determined by gynecological examination. Signs of infertility in males are the absence of sexual reflexes (various types of impotence), the absence of sperm in the ejaculate or their low activity, etc.

By origin, infertility can be congenital or acquired; according to the course of the process and forecast indications - temporary (removable) and permanent (irremovable).

Barrenness (idleness)- economic concept. It only applies to breeding stock. Barrenness is the number (in percentage) of cows, sheep, mares that did not give birth during a calendar year, calculated per 100 queens. Eliminating barrenness means annually obtaining 100 or more heads of offspring from 100 queens. In livestock farming practice, the main causes of infertility and barrenness may be shortcomings and errors in feeding and keeping the queens; diseases; violations of the rules and technology of insemination of females (organizational shortcomings - poor preparation for insemination of females and males); violation of the rules for breeding animals and raising young animals at an early age.

According to the classification of A.P. Students, there are seven forms of infertility in females and males.

1. Congenital (infantilism, hermaphroditism, cryptorchidism, anomalies in the development of the genital organs).

2. Senile (atrophic processes in the genitals).

3. Symptomatic (genital diseases, mastitis, etc.).

4. Nutritional (due to exhaustion or obesity).

5. Operational (depletion and overload of the animal’s body).

6. Climatic (the effect of cold and heat on sexual function).

7. Artificial (artificially acquired and artificially directed, depending on human activity).

In pigs, sheep, goats, rabbits and bitches (multiparous animals), the pathology of reproduction can manifest itself not only in infertility, but also in infertility (when a pig gives birth to 3 - 4 piglets instead of 8 - 12, in sheep and goats - 1 lamb instead of 2 - 3, for female rabbits - 2 - 4 little rabbits instead of 6 - 8).

Infertility in animals (females and males) can be eliminated by a complex of zootechnical, veterinary, agronomic and organizational measures, taking into account zonal characteristics.