home Diseases Numerous factors influence human health. Factors influencing health

Numerous factors influence human health. Factors influencing health

Per conditionhealth a person is influenced by various indicators. To keep good physical fitness and remain psycho-emotionally stable, you need to pay attention to the quality of your life in a multifactorial natural and social environment. We will learn from the article what factors influence people’s health and how to live a longer life.

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Known Factors

Human health can be affected by various visible and invisible factors. There are also known ways to improve physical, emotional, psychological state.

All factors affecting human health:

Experts classify the above factors for the following types:

Social and economic;
Environmental – human communication with the outside world and constant indicators;
Hereditary - the presence of diseases, anomalies in the structure of the human body that are inherited;
Medical - providing assistance to the population, frequency and quality of examinations, disease prevention.

All four factors directly affect a person’s well-being. Right here Side effects need to be taken into account: age, climatic conditions of the area of residence, individual indicators. However, the general average indicators of the influence of each factor separately on the population have been determined:

lifestyle - 55%;
environment - 25%;
genetics - 10%;
medicine - 10%.

Harmful factors affecting human health:

Influence of genetic factors

For general health directly affectsheredity.

A person with genes inherited from his parents begins to adapt to the world.

This factor affects the physical and emotional state.

The gene is subject to the action of natural selection.

It can make the owner more resistant to diseases and other aggressive factors, or, on the contrary, it can worsen the state of health.

Important! Each cell carries a large number of genes that control human development processes. A newborn baby has a set of genes from both parents. These characteristics are passed on to the entire subsequent generation.

It has been proven that marriage between relatives increases the risk of disease by fifty times, and the mortality rate among such people is much higher. Genes are very sensitive harmful influence environment, wrong behavior of people, availability bad habits .

When planning a child, future parents should prepare for conception several months in advance, ensuring all the conditions for the birth of a healthy baby. If we take this factor into account, we can significantly reduce the risk of heredity influencing the unborn child and provide him with a healthy gene code.

Lifestyle influence

The influence of lifestyle on human health is colossal! A person who leads a healthy lifestyle feels full of energy, visits doctors less often and has clearly more benefits than those who do not take care of their health and have bad habits.

Lifestyle has an impact into three environments of existence:

a person’s immediate environment: friends, acquaintances, colleagues, family;
environment, which includes people united by ethnicity, standard of living, place of residence;
environment, including all people living in a certain country, who are united by social and economic relations, and climatic conditions.

Each person influences not only himself, but also the people around him. The chosen lifestyle can be constructive or destructive.

Negative factors such as alcohol, smoking, drugs, can cause serious illness.

Also, lifestyle concerns not only physical, but also mental and mental aspects.

A lot is said about a person by what he is interested in, whether he plays sports, or whether he watches his diet.

Attention! Scientists have found that bad habits are passed on through the parental line even after several generations. This means that any wrong choice is fraught with loss of health in descendants.

It is important that a positive worldview on . To change the situation, you need to understand the impact the following factors have on human health:

inactivity, lack of physical activity population;
oversaturation of unhealthy foods and GMOs in products, which leads to obesity and disease;
the active rhythm of life leads to stress, the nervous system suffers;
bad habits: alcohol, smoking, sexual promiscuity.

Environmental influence

Influence environmental factors for a healthy lifestyle is huge. Human intervention in the natural environment, even with good intentions, also has a direct impact on the ecology, which subsequently affects the human body.

In addition to human impact on the environmental situation, the following environmental factors have an impact on health:

For well-being and normal functioning influenced by weather conditions. They can cause pressure changes, aggravate joint diseases, and lead to headaches.

If a person is healthy, then changes in weather conditions will pass without consequences. However, weather-sensitive people feel unwell.

Recently, people have been constantly experiencing the influence of electromagnetic waves and radiation. It is emitted by all household appliances and telephones. Radiation affects not only physical state body, but also destabilizes the psyche and changes the functioning of organs.

Important! Regular exposure to electromagnetic waves has a detrimental effect on the nervous system, immunity, thyroid gland, etc. Over the past few decades, the number of cancer pathologies has increased.

Environmental factors include the effects of radiation. All living beings are exposed to background radiation. Radiation leads to changes in the genetic structure, slows down regeneration processes, worsens the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.

Socio-economic factors

The economic situation in the country, as a factor, is one of the decisive factors for the health of the population. This also includes medical support. Although medicine is now focusing less and less on health, and more and more on treating diseases. Currently, the structure of morbidity has changed: 10% of cases suffer from infections, and 40% of morbidity is due to mental disorders, alcoholism, and drug addiction.

Important! Of the majority of fatalities, the most common causes are diseases such as atherosclerosis, obesity, mental disorders, oncology.

Now medicine is aimed at treating these pathologies, and not at preventing the problem.

Chemical factors

Chemical pollution of the planet– this is no longer a fairy tale, but a reality in which we live constantly. Even in the womb, the fetus is at risk of getting chemical harm, which affects future health and quality of life.

Pollution of water bodies, increased background radiation - all this causes the emergence of a huge number of diseases.

Chemical compounds penetrate through food, oxygen, and drink. Negative influence can provide the following chemical factors:

synthetic food additives, pesticides;
household chemicals, hygiene products;
medicines and biological supplements;
additives for the growth of animals, poultry;
building materials, paints;
industrial waste;
exhaust gases, etc.

Chemical elements especially dangerous due to rapid accumulation in the body, and removing them is not so easy. As a result, the human body is prone to manifesting allergic reactions, are developing various pathologies, Related nervous diseases, the liver and kidneys are affected. There is a risk of developing asthma.

Among the many facts about the person, I would like to note the following:

the human skull consists of twenty-nine bones;
the body stops working when you sneeze, including heart function;
the nervous reaction has a speed of two hundred kilometers per hour;
a child still in the womb at 3 months receives unique fingerprints;
a woman's heart beats faster than a man's;
right-handers live longer than left-handers;
length blood vessels in organism equal to one hundred thousand km;
there are about a hundred viruses that cause a runny nose;
a smoker absorbs half a cup of tar in a year;
after 60 years people lose 50% taste buds, decreased sense of smell and vision;
The tooth is the only part of a person that is not capable of self-healing.\

What affects our health

Main factors influencing the body

Conclusion

Harmful factors affecting human health can be reduced if you pay attention to your body, give up bad habits, improve your diet, and exercise. Healthy people can adapt in time to social, biological, chemical factors. Man is the only organism on the planet that has the ability to adapt the environment to suit itself. Be healthy!

It is human nature to take care of one's own health. Some people do this with great effort, others with insufficient effort. And some people don’t take care of themselves at all. Be that as it may, taking care of your health is a completely natural and necessary conscious human desire.

This conscious desire, in fact, along with the ability to think and speak, distinguishes us from representatives of the animal world. At the same time, it is important to be, as they say, in the trend, that is, sometimes listen to advice from various sources.

In this case, it is extremely important to separate useful tips from useless, from myths. We bring to your attention ten persistent myths about human health that have become a habit, which not only have little basis in reality, but also prevent healthy people from maintaining their health intact for longer.

There is no need to count with apothecary precision the number of glasses of water you drink per day. Studies have repeatedly proven that when a person feels thirsty, it is enough to drink one glass of water on time in order to remain completely healthy.

Foods that contain liquid (for example, soups), vegetables, tea, juices, coffee - all this also helps us replenish the necessary supply of fluid in the body throughout the day. And at the same time, there is no need to force yourself to choke on water, following unwritten rules.

IN large quantities water healthy man does not need it so often: then, for example, when he leads an active lifestyle, lives in a country with a hot climate, eats only solid food during the day. By the way, one of the signs of a lack of fluid in the body is the dark yellow color of urine.

Lovers of omelettes and scrambled eggs - you should relax and stop feeling guilty in front of your body every time you break eggs into a frying pan. Two eggs a day in no way can negatively affect the heart of a healthy person.

Yes, sure, egg yolk contains cholesterol. However, its amount is so small compared to the cholesterol we absorb throughout the day from some other foods that for most of us it poses no threat.

Moreover: in addition to cholesterol, eggs contain quite healthy nutrients, a number of vitamins and even omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, which objectively reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

Several years ago in various means publications began to appear in the media on the topic of the terrible harm of using antiperspirants. Allegedly, their use by female representatives can cause breast cancer in them.

The idea, which was immediately picked up by the most “yellow” Internet publications, was this: the chemicals contained in antiperspirants and deodorants are absorbed deep into the body when applied to the armpits. Absorbed into the tissue of the mammary glands, these substances allegedly contribute to the formation of a cancerous tumor.

The excitement was such that scientists actually joined the study (in particular, representatives of the National Cancer Institute, USA). As a result, it was proven that the use of antiperspirants and deodorants by women in no way increases the risk of developing breast cancer.

The influence of habits on human health

Since childhood, many of us have been afraid of frost by our parents and grandparents; Despite our protests, we wrapped ourselves in warm scarves, put on warm knitted hats, and limited our time outside in winter to a minimum.

But is cold really that dangerous for a healthy person? Is it capable long stay(not in underwear, of course) being outside in the cold will reduce our immunity, making us more susceptible various kinds colds?

In fact, as shown various studies, everything happens exactly the opposite: for a healthy person, spending several hours in the cold is a good help for the immune system in its fight against viruses. Thus, there is a much greater chance of catching a cold indoors than outside in winter.

Almost every person in his life has more than once encountered advertising (on TV, in other media) urging us to improve our health with the help of nutrients, which are not in our normal diet.

Of course, if a doctor prescribes, for example, vitamin B 6 to a pregnant woman in order to reduce the risk of having a child with some congenital defect development, then it is necessary to accept them.

But a healthy person usually does not need artificial vitamin supplements. A healthy person only needs healthy diet nutrition, including fruits, vegetables, whole grain cereals, nuts, healthy fats and oils. This will help maintain the health of the body without any vitamins.

In the fight against extra pounds A person who is carried away by this difficult process often listens to completely useless advice that does not have any scientific basis.

There is a false belief that people who are losing weight should not deny themselves breakfast. They say this will help them control their hunger without overeating at lunch or dinner. But what should those who simply don’t like to eat in the morning (and there are many of them!) do? As one study by scientists from Cornell University (USA) shows, this assertion is unfounded.

People who don't like to eat breakfast generally don't overeat at lunch or dinner. Moreover, without this meal, they consume an average of 400 fewer calories per day. Conclusion: if you can’t live without breakfast, have breakfast. But a healthy person can even lose a couple of kilos without this meal.

Many people have a deep belief that green snot is an urgent and clear signal about the need to start taking antibiotics. In fact, green nasal discharge does not always indicate a condition that can only be treated with antibiotics.

In fact, green snot, which clearly contains purulent discharge, can clearly indicate the need to take antibiotics. Another condition that requires antibiotics is a confirmed bacterial infection. AND keyword here - confirmed!

It is, of course, impossible to determine the presence of such an infection by sight, although studies do prove more high probability bacterial infection precisely in the case of the presence of green discharge. However, green snot can also occur with a common cold; and infectious diseases may also be present in the case of clear discharge from the nose.

Factors whose impact on our health has been overestimated

Sugar makes kids hyperactive

Is your child sad for no reason? Buy your child his favorite sweet treat and he'll probably jump for joy. Does this mean the sugar made him hyperactive? No more than a gift in the form of, say, a new smartphone can increase your hyperactivity.

Of course, repeated studies confirm the fact that sugar is clearly not an essential product for child's body. However, the presence of sweets in a child’s diet is not capable of ruining his activity at school by affecting his attentiveness (and this is precisely what hyperactivity is blamed for!).

The persistence of this myth is largely to blame for the parents themselves, who, having once heard about the effect of sugar on children’s hyperactivity, now involuntarily expect their child to demonstrate this condition after he (or she) eats something sweet. And some, not seeing one, begin to invent it for themselves.

A toilet seat in a public toilet is a source of infection

A topic such as toilet cleanliness is still considered sensitive by many. To be honest, you have much less chance catch some kind of infection if you sit down, say, in mall on the toilet seat than when pressing the flush button.

Indeed, as research shows, a toilet seat in a decent public toilet is treated much more thoroughly when cleaning the room with cleaning agents than, for example, the same flush button or door handle.

The likelihood of “coming into contact” with some kind of E. coli or norovirus, which will lead to an intestinal infection, is just higher when opening the toilet door. That is why, after visiting the toilet, when you have already washed your hands, it is recommended to throw a piece of toilet paper over the handle to open the door.

Crackling your knuckles in polite company is, of course, ugly. And if you do this extremely persistently, perhaps there is a chance of getting a slap on the neck from some particularly nervous person! But this, in fact, is the only harm that this activity can pose to your health.

Many people mistakenly believe that the clicking sound we hear during characteristic finger manipulations is produced by joints or even bones. If we are talking about a person who already has arthritis, then this is quite likely. In fact, the sound source may be different.

When a healthy person (without arthritis) crunches their fingers, it reduces the pressure in the interarticular fluid. In this case, gas is released, which forms bubbles that burst with a sound that is so familiar to many (and sometimes annoying!). This does not mean that you can “crunch” from morning to evening. But several times a day to stretch your fingers is perfectly acceptable.

The main factors influencing the health of the population: lifestyle, environmental and socio-economic situation, biological factors (heredity), state policy in the field of protecting public health (Fig. 2.26).

It is difficult to determine the share of influence of each of these factors, since they are all interrelated and are largely modified by public health policies, which are implemented through the health care system. According to the definition in the Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens of the Russian Federation,” protecting the health of the population is a system of political measures. economic, legal, social, scientific, medical, including sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) nature, aimed at preventing diseases, preserving and strengthening the physical and mental health of each person, maintaining his active long life, providing him with medical care. Health management bodies (ministries) have been created to implement health protection programs.

According to this definition and in accordance with the recommendations of WHO (2000), the goal of ministries of health is to improve the health of the population. Their activities include providing medical care to sick people, implementing programs public health for disease prevention and coordination

a nation of interdepartmental programs to increase the population's commitment to a healthy lifestyle. In developed countries, the term “public health” means that the activities of public health services are aimed at society as a whole, and not at its individual members. In the Russian Federation, this activity is carried out by the sanitary and epidemiological service of Rospotrebnadzor, federal and regional health authorities.

Such a broad interpretation of the responsibility of the Ministry of Health also determines the higher degree of influence of its activities on the health of the population. With the complex effect on the health of the population of sanitary and epidemiological measures, health education, preventive immunization and treatment serious illnesses antibiotics, the impact of the healthcare system will be 70-80%. Some experts put the impact at 10-15%, referring only to medical care for the sick in a fairly well-funded health care system.

In countries with developed market economies, in which sufficient funds are allocated for healthcare and the population is provided with an almost complete range of all possible medical services, an additional increase in funding for the system will lead to a relatively small effect compared to countries where there are reserves for growth in this direction. In the Russian Federation, increasing funding and improving the efficiency of the healthcare system will have a greater impact on improving health than in EU countries.

LIFESTYLE

WHO estimates the impact of lifestyle on health is 2-2.5 times higher than other factors. By modifying a person’s lifestyle and reducing the influence of risk factors, more than 80% of cases of heart disease can be prevented. vascular system and type II diabetes mellitus, about 40% of cases of malignant neoplasms.

Analysis of epidemiological data reveals the impact various reasons on morbidity and mortality of the population, identify risk factors. The presence of a risk factor indicates increased likelihood development of one or another unfavorable event, and its magnitude is the level of this probability. The presence of a risk factor in a particular person may not lead to illness or death, but the magnitude of the risk factor can determine its impact on the health of the population of the country as a whole.

WHO data on the frequency of 10 main risk factors in the structure of overall mortality (2 million 406 thousand deaths) and the number of years of life with disability (39.41 million years) in Russia in 2002 are shown in Table. 2.12. The number of years of life with loss of ability to work is a general indicator of population health, taking into account mortality, morbidity and the degree of disability. It is calculated for a country as the sum of years of life lost from work due to premature mortality from all causes in all age groups, disability and temporary loss of ability to work. These years are calculated by the frequency and duration of various types of disability, multiplied by a coefficient (specific severity), which takes into account the degree of loss of ability to work compared to loss of life.

Four risk factors - high blood pressure and cholesterol, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption - together account for 87.5% of the country's total mortality and 58.5% of the proportion of years of life lost from work. At the same time, in 1st place in terms of influence on the number of years of life with loss of employment

ability is worth alcohol abuse - 16.5%. According to expert estimates, relative indicators have changed little over the past 6 years.

Alcohol abuse. This the most important problem public health, the reason for the catastrophically high mortality rate (especially among men) in Russia. Premature mortality is about 0.5 million people per year.

The main consequences of alcohol abuse in Russia:

Excess mortality, decreased life expectancy, loss of health, decreased fertility, deterioration of heredity and children's health;

Degradation of the social, spiritual and moral environment, breakdown of families;

Economic losses from the destruction of human potential are many times greater than the income from the production and circulation of alcohol.

Alcohol abuse increases the likelihood of death from cardiovascular diseases (CHD, increased blood pressure, hemorrhagic stroke, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy), from accidents, injuries and sudden stop hearts.

According to Rosstat, in 2010, 1.95 million people, or 1.4% of the country’s population, were registered in health care facilities for alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis.

According to Rospotrebnadzor, real per capita alcohol consumption, taking into account the turnover of alcohol-containing products, including perfumery and cosmetics, goods household chemicals etc., in Russia is about 18 liters of pure alcohol per person per year. According to medical statistics, 2.8 million Russians are involved in severe, painful drunkenness - 2% of the country's population. In 2011, according to the country's chief narcologist, alcohol consumption among adults fell to 15 liters of pure alcohol per capita per year (see Figure 2.27), which is 1.6 times higher than the average in OECD countries. This may be due to some government measures aimed at reducing alcohol consumption, or to inaccurate statistics on illegal alcohol trafficking.

According to Rospotrebnadzor, in 1990-2006. alcohol consumption per capita increased 2.5 times, mainly due to increased beer consumption. Every day in the Russian Federation, 33% of boys and 20% of girls, about 70% of men and 47% of women drink alcoholic beverages (including beer).

In most countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in particular in the USA, the level of alcohol consumption is lower, although still high, but does not cause abnormally high mortality (Figure 2.27). The reason is that different types of alcoholic beverages have different influence for health, while important factor risk - the strength of the most popular drink in the country. The consumption of strong alcoholic drinks in absolute figures in the Russian Federation has not decreased since 1990, although their share in the consumption structure has decreased to 15% due to the sharply increased consumption of beer. In most EU countries, the main alcoholic drinks are wine and beer. This difference, along with the widespread prevalence of smoking, is the main reason for the high mortality of working-age men in Russia (see also section 2.2).

Smoking. According to the Center's estimates preventive medicine Russian Ministry of Health, 220 thousand people a year in the country die from smoking-related diseases. It causes an increase in CVD, leads to chronic lung diseases and many oncological diseases. Smoking is a cause of death from lung cancer- 90%, from UBI - 75%, from heart disease - 25%. Approximately 25% of smokers die prematurely; smoking reduces life expectancy by an average of 10-15 years (data from Rospotrebnadzor). Smoking is associated with 40% of the mortality of Russian men from CVD. More high mortality rate smoking men leads to a 1.5-fold decrease in the proportion of men over 55 years of age.

In 1990-2009 cigarette sales increased 1.6 times - from 246 to 400 billion pieces per year, or from 5 to 8 pieces per capita per day. In 1990-1995 There was a slight decrease in cigarette consumption (by 20%), but already in 1995-2005. it has doubled - from 1.4 to 2.8 thousand units per capita per year, and it has remained at this level for the last 5 years.

In the Russian Federation, 63% of men and 30% of women, 40% of boys and 7% of girls smoke. The share of smokers among the adult population in Russia is one of the highest in the world and 2 times higher than in the USA and EU countries - 25% (Fig. 2.28).

Smoking is a preventable cause of disease. Many countries around the world (USA, EU countries) have national programs to combat smoking. Their implementation makes it possible to reduce the prevalence of smoking and related mortality by 1.5-2 times (WHO, 2005). It is very important that in 2008 Russia finally ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which today has already been signed by 172 of the 192 UN member countries. The Federal Law “On protecting public health from the consequences of tobacco consumption”, proposed by the Government of the Russian Federation (dated February 23, 2013 No. 15-FZ), was also adopted in the strictest version.

Drug use(see also section 2.2). Every year tens of thousands of Russians die from drugs. In June 2009, the head of the State Drug Control Service said that 30 thousand people die from drugs every year, and cited terrifying facts:

In Russia there are 2-2.5 million drug addicts, mainly aged 18-39 years;

The average age of a dying drug addict is 28 years old;

Every year the army Russian drug addicts 80 thousand recruits are being added;

In terms of the number of drug addicts, Russia is ahead of EU countries by an average of 5-8 times, and in terms of consumption of hard drugs it ranks among the first in the world.

Among intravenous drug users, the risk of death is 20 times higher than in the general population. With such drug addiction associated with the increase in teenage mortality in Russia.

High blood pressure. Hypertension is the main cause of mortality and the second most important cause of morbidity (in terms of the number of years of life with disability) in Russia. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension have a 3-4 times higher risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. In Russia, about 34-46% of men and 32-46% of women (depending on the region) suffer from hypertension. However, these data do not reflect a reliable picture; its actual prevalence is higher.

High cholesterol levels. About 60% of Russian adults have cholesterol levels above the recommended level, and they are so high that they require medical intervention in about 20% of people. Reducing blood cholesterol levels by just 1% can reduce the risk of coronary artery disease in the population by 2.5%.

Poor nutrition and sedentary lifestyle. The documents adopted by the WHO General Assembly indicate that about 1/3 of all CVD is caused by poor nutrition. If you reduce your consumption of vegetables and fruits, mortality from CSD will increase by 28%. Despite the fact that in the Russian Federation in 1995-2007. Vegetable and fruit consumption per capita increased by 27%, which is still significantly lower than in Italy and France, which have the lowest mortality rates from CSD in Europe.

Improved nutrition also helps reduce mortality from oncological diseases by 30-40%. In the diet of the country's population, there is a deficiency of some microelements and essential acids (iodine, iron, etc.), which can be easily compensated by enriching food products with these elements. Unfortunately, there are no such programs in the country.

Sedentary image life exacerbates this problem. Moderate but regular physical exercise improve physical and mental condition, reduce the likelihood of CSD, colon cancer, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure. Research from 2002 indicates a low level of physical activity in 73-81% of men and 73-86% of women in Russia.

Obesity and overweight. Adults with overweight body or obese prone increased risk premature death and loss of ability to work. Life expectancy in people with severe obesity is reduced by 5-20 years. In total, 1.06 million people with obesity are registered in Russia, or 0.7% of the population, but the real prevalence rates of obesity and overweight are higher. According to the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (2009), in the Russian Federation the number of residents aged 25-64 years with excess body weight is, depending on the region, 47-54% of men and 42-60% of women; obesity - in 15-20% of them.

Sugar diabetes. In Russia, about 3.3 million citizens with diabetes are officially registered, about 50% of them are in the most active working age - 40-59 years. According to control and epidemiological studies conducted by the Endocrinological Scientific center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in various regions of Russia, the true number of people with diabetes is 3-4 times higher than officially registered and amounts to about 9-10 million people (7.1% of the total population of Russia). According to the WHO database, the overall incidence of diabetes mellitus (number of cases per 100 thousand population) in Russia in 2011 was 2363.2, while in the “new countries” of the EU it was 5.3 times less (428.0 cases per 100 thousand population). According to Rosstat, mortality from diabetes (the number of deaths per 100 thousand people) in Russia in 2011 was 6.2 cases (1% of all deaths).

Not detected in time and, accordingly, untreated diabetes entails the threat of developing severe chronic vascular complications: retinopathy, leading to complete loss of vision; nephropathy requiring lifelong renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis and inevitable kidney transplantation; vascular lesions of the lower extremities with the development of gangrene and subsequent amputation of the extremities; damage to the great vessels of the heart and brain, leading to the development of myocardial infarction and stroke. By the time a patient first contacts a doctor, about 40% of patients already have irreversible vascular lesions, which indicates insufficient detection of diabetes mellitus and its adequate treatment.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND WORKING CONDITIONS IN PRODUCTION

In Russia, due to the reduction in industrial production, the main environmental indicators (pollution of the atmosphere and water bodies by industrial waste, sanitary conditions drinking water) in 1990-2007. have improved somewhat. However, a significant part of the population of industrial cities still live in unfavorable environmental conditions. In 2010, Roshydromet identified a list of 94 cities with the most unfavorable environmental conditions associated with the release of more than 1000 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial enterprises. From this list we can identify the 12 “dirtiest” cities in Russia in terms of air emissions industrial enterprises pollutants (more than 100 thousand tons). This is primarily Norilsk with a population of 176 thousand people - 1924 thousand tons, then in decreasing order: Cherepovets (315 thousand people) - 333 thousand tons, Novokuznetsk (549 thousand people) - 301 thousand tons, Lipetsk ( 511 thousand people) - 299 thousand tons, Magnitogorsk (410 thousand people) - 232 thousand tons, Angarsk (241 thousand people) - 207 thousand tons, Omsk (1 million 154 thousand people) - 198 thousand. t, Krasnoyarsk (1 million 186 thousand people) - 149 thousand tons. Ufa (1 million 82 thousand people) - 134 thousand tons, Chelyabinsk (1 million 143 thousand people) -

118 thousand tons. Bratsk (244 thousand people) - 116 thousand tons. Nizhny Tagil (361 thousand people) - 114 thousand tons. For comparison, in the megacities of Moscow (11.8 million people) and St. Petersburg ( 5 million people) the emission level was 63 and 57 thousand tons, respectively. For soil pollution chemicals(sarin, dioxins, etc.) the most polluted city in the world is Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region.

A number of Russian cities with the most unfavorable environmental conditions in 1992, 2000 and 2010 are presented in Fig. 2.29.

Another factor influencing the deterioration of the health of the working-age population is employment in industries with working conditions that do not meet hygienic standards. According to Rosstat (2010), in 1990-2007. the share of such workers increased by 1.3-2 times in industrial production(depending on the type of production) and 3.8 times among transport workers. In 2007, every 3rd worker in the mining industry and transport and every 4th worker in the energy production and manufacturing industries were in conditions that did not meet sanitary and hygienic standards. An analysis of the causes of morbidity in the Russian Federation shows that 40% of diseases of the working-age population are directly or indirectly associated with unsatisfactory working conditions (see section 2.3).

WELFARE OF THE STATE AND POPULATION INCOME

The change in the economic system and the corresponding sharp deterioration in socio-economic conditions in the country had an impact bad influence to your health

population. In 1990-1995 The country's gross domestic product (GDP) and household incomes fell sharply, and most Russian citizens found it difficult to adapt to market conditions. Since 1995, the economic situation in the country began to gradually improve, and since 1999, steady economic growth has been noted. At the same time, healthcare costs in comparable prices fell from 1990 until 1999 and reached the 1990 level only in 2006.

The dynamics of changes (growth/decline) in GDP and government spending on health care in constant prices (1991 is taken as 100%) is presented in Fig. 2.30. Government expenditures of the Russian Federation in 1991-2000. obtained from calculations. made by the Institute for the Economy in Transition in 2007. Rosstat data for 2000-2004. obtained by adding the expenses of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation (expenses of the federal budget and consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and the expenses of the territorial compulsory health insurance funds (TFIF) and the Federal Compulsory Health Insurance Fund (MHIF; minus subventions in the TFOMS to avoid double counting). Since 2005, Rosstat data have included expenditures from extra-budgetary funds in Rosstat data, so direct Rosstat data were taken.

To increase the accuracy of calculations, the deflator index has been refined: relative changes in GDP as a percentage of the previous year in constant prices are the most accurate characteristic of changes in GDP minus inflation. For getting exact value deflator index, the value of GDP in current prices for two adjacent years was divided by the change in GDP in constant prices. The resulting index was used to obtain healthcare costs in constant prices.

Only by 2005 did the level of healthcare financing in the Russian Federation exceed the level of 1991 in comparable prices, and in total this growth for the period from 1991 to 2011 amounted to 26.8% in 1991 prices. When comparing the dynamics of GDP and government

health care costs in constant prices (1991 - 100%) it can be seen that in the period 2005-2007. health care costs were 15% higher than GDP. However, already in 2008, healthcare costs decreased compared to 2007 and in subsequent years (2009-2010) stopped growing.

It should be noted that in the Russian Federation there is a high the degree of inequality in the distribution of national income between different groups of the population. International experts also pay attention to this. According to Nobel laureate in the field of economics by Joseph Stiglitz (2001), “in terms of inequality, Russia is comparable to the world's worst Latin American societies, which inherited a semi-feudal system.” The existing flat tax scale and evasion of taxes by the wealthiest categories of the population do not allow the formation of sufficient amounts of funds in the budget of the Russian Federation. including funds for the solidarity health care system.

The distribution of income between different groups of the population of the Russian Federation is presented in Fig. 2.31. The income of the population of the Russian Federation totals 21 trillion rubles per year. For analysis, the country's population is divided into 10 groups of equal size (or 10 percent decile groups) in ascending order of their monetary

income. The tenth (richest) decile group officially accounts for 30.6% of income, while the poorest 1.9%. The ratio between the incomes of the richest and poorest groups - the decile coefficient - in the Russian Federation is 16. In Scandinavian countries it is equal to 3-4, in the EU - 5-6, in South Africa- 10, in Latin America- 12. Citizens of the first two groups make up 20% of the population of the Russian Federation, and all of them live below or near the subsistence level.

To analyze the income of the richest decile group, its population is divided into 100 equal parts, or centile groups (1% each). The poorest of the rich - the 91st group - has about 2% of the official income of the entire population. The richest of the rich (or 1% of the country's population) - the 100th group - has, taking into account undeclared income, 50-100% of the official income of the rest of the country's population. And almost all of this income is “shadow” for official statistics and tax authorities and is received in foreign currency. The unaccounted income of super-rich citizens is calculated based on data from Rosgosstrakh, which indicates that 0.4% of families (200 thousand families) have annual incomes of more than 30 million rubles, and 0.2% of families (100 thousand families) own 70% of the national wealth .

In the Russian Federation, for a fair distribution of national wealth among the population, including filling the solidarity health care system, it is necessary to revise the flat scale of the income tax system (13% for all income levels) and strengthen state control over tax evasion, as is customary in developed countries. For example, in the EU countries and the USA there is a progressive scale of taxation of the population, and the rich give a larger share (50-60%) of their income than the poor, and any non-payment of taxes is strictly controlled and punished by the state.

Dynamics of average per capita cash income of the population of Russia (columns in Fig. 2.32) and average consumer prices for essential goods: bread (including bakery products from wheat flour first class) and medical services (initial appointment with a specialist and a blood test, until 2000 this included a urine test) from 1993 to 2010 is shown in Fig. 2.32. For a more accurate comparison, a common unit of measurement was adopted, taking into account its growth - the dollar,

valued at purchasing power parity ($PPP) - the number of units of currency required to purchase a standard set of goods and services that can be purchased for one monetary unit of the base country (US dollar). According to Rosstat, in 1993 - 0.14 ruble/US dollar; 1996 - 2.21: 1997 -2.53; 1998 - 2.83; 1999 - 5.29; 2000 - 7.15: 2001 - 8.19; 2002 - 9.27; 2003 - 10.41; 2004 - 11.89; 2005 - 12.74; 2006 - 12.63; 2007 - 13.97; 2008 - 14.34; 2009 - 14.49; 2010 - 15.98.

From Fig. Figure 2.32 shows that prices for medical services increased sharply compared to the dynamics of population income in the period from 1993 to 1998. Then their growth, until 2007, coincides with the dynamics of population income growth, and since 2008 it has outpaced them.

Thus, we can conclude that among the factors that influenced the deterioration of the health of the population of the Russian Federation in 1990-2011, the predominant role was played by an unhealthy lifestyle (high prevalence of alcoholism, smoking and drug addiction), and poor working conditions in production. The main reason for the current situation is insufficient government policy aimed at improving the health of the population. Active government policy (including restrictive and prohibitive measures) aimed at improving healthy image life, will lead to a significant improvement in the health of the population in short time(an example is the anti-alcohol campaign in the Russian Federation, see Fig. 2.5).

In order to strengthen and maintain the health of healthy people, that is, to manage it, information is needed both about the conditions for the formation of health (the nature of the implementation of the gene pool, the state of the environment, lifestyle, etc.), and the final result of the processes of their reflection (specific indicators of the health status of the individual or population).

Experts from the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 80s. XX century determined the approximate ratio of various factors to ensure the health of a modern person, identifying four groups of such factors as the main ones. Based on this, in 1994, the Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council of the Russian Federation for the Protection of Public Health in the Federal Concepts “Protecting Public Health” and “Towards a Healthy Russia” defined this ratio in relation to our country as follows:

genetic factors - 15-20%;

environmental condition - 20-25%;

medical support - 10-15%;

conditions and lifestyle of people - 50-55%.

The magnitude of the contribution of individual factors of different nature to health indicators depends on the age, gender and individual typological characteristics of a person. The content of each health factor can be determined as follows (Table 11).

Let's take a closer look at each of these factors.

Table 11 - Factors affecting human health

Sphere of influence of factors
	Strengthening	Worsening
Genetic	Healthy heredity. Absence of morphofunctional prerequisites for the occurrence of the disease.	Hereditary diseases and disorders. Hereditary predisposition to diseases.
State of the environment Good living and working conditions, favorable climatic and natural conditions, environmentally friendly habitat. Harmful living and production conditions, unfavorable	Good living and working conditions, favorable climatic and natural conditions, environmentally friendly habitat.	Harmful living and production conditions, unfavorable climatic and natural conditions, violation of the environmental situation.
Medical support	Medical screening, high level of preventive measures, timely and comprehensive medical care.	Lack of constant medical monitoring of health dynamics, low level primary prevention, poor quality medical care.
Conditions and lifestyle	Rational organization of life: sedentary lifestyle, adequate physical activity, social lifestyle.	Lack of a rational mode of life, migration processes, hypo- or hyperdynamia.

Genetic factors

The ontogenetic development of daughter organisms is predetermined by the hereditary program that they inherit with their parental chromosomes.

However, the chromosomes themselves and their structural elements - genes, can be subject to harmful influences, and, what is especially important, throughout the life of future parents. A girl is born with a certain set of eggs, which, as they mature, are successively prepared for fertilization. That is, in the end, everything that happens to a girl, girl, woman during her life before conception, to one degree or another, affects the quality of chromosomes and genes. The lifespan of a sperm is much shorter than that of an egg, but their life span is often enough to cause disturbances in their genetic apparatus. Thus, it becomes clear the responsibility that future parents bear to their offspring throughout their entire lives before conception.

Often, factors beyond their control also have an impact, which include unfavorable environmental conditions, complex socio-economic processes, uncontrolled use of pharmacological drugs, etc. The result is mutations leading to the occurrence of hereditary diseases or the appearance of a hereditary predisposition to them.

In the inherited preconditions of health, factors such as the type of morphofunctional constitution and characteristics of nervous and mental processes, the degree of predisposition to certain diseases are especially important.

A person’s life dominants and attitudes are largely determined by the human constitution. Such genetically determined characteristics include the dominant needs of a person, his abilities, interests, desires, predisposition to alcoholism and other bad habits, etc. Despite the significance of environmental and educational influences, the role of hereditary factors turns out to be decisive. This fully applies to various diseases.

This makes clear the need to take into account the hereditary characteristics of a person in determining the optimal lifestyle for him, the choice of profession, partners when social contacts, treatment, most suitable type loads, etc. Often society makes demands on a person that conflict with the conditions necessary for the implementation of programs embedded in genes. As a result, in human ontogenesis many contradictions constantly arise and are overcome between heredity and environment, between various systems of the body that determine its adaptation as an integral system, etc. In particular, this is of exceptional importance in choosing a profession, which is quite enough for our country relevant, since, for example, only about 3% of people employed in the national economy of the Russian Federation are satisfied with their chosen profession - apparently, the discrepancy between the inherited typology and the nature of the professional activity performed is not the least important here.

Heredity and environment act as etiological factors and play a role in the pathogenesis of any human disease, however, the share of their participation in each disease is different, and moreover, than more share one factor, the less the contribution of the other. From this point of view, all forms of pathology can be divided into four groups, between which there are no sharp boundaries.

The first group consists of hereditary diseases themselves, in which the etiological role is played by a pathological gene, the role of the environment is to modify only the manifestations of the disease. This group includes monogenically caused diseases (such as phenylketonuria, hemophilia), as well as chromosomal diseases. These diseases are transmitted from generation to generation through germ cells.

The second group is also hereditary diseases caused by a pathological mutation, but their manifestation requires specific environmental influences. In some cases, the “manifesting” effect of the environment is very obvious, and with the disappearance of the effect of the environmental factor clinical manifestations become less pronounced. These are the manifestations of hemoglobin HbS deficiency in its heterozygous carriers with a reduced partial pressure of oxygen. In other cases (for example, with gout), long-term adverse environmental effects are necessary for the manifestation of a pathological gene.

The third group consists of an overwhelming number of common diseases, especially diseases of mature and old age (hypertension, gastric ulcer, most malignant tumors, etc.). The main etiological factor in their occurrence is the unfavorable influence of the environment, however, the implementation of the effect of the factor depends on the individual genetically determined predisposition of the body, and therefore these diseases are called multifactorial, or diseases with a hereditary predisposition.

It should be noted that different diseases with a hereditary predisposition are not the same in the relative role of heredity and environment. Among them, one could distinguish diseases with mild, moderate and high degree hereditary predisposition.

The fourth group of diseases are relatively few forms of pathology, in the occurrence of which environmental factors play an exceptional role. Usually this is an extreme environmental factor, against which the body has no means of defense (injuries, especially dangerous infections). Genetic factors in this case play a role in the course of the disease and influence its outcome.

Statistics show that in the structure of hereditary pathology, a predominant place belongs to diseases associated with lifestyle and the health of future parents and the mother during pregnancy.

Thus, there is no doubt about the significant role played by hereditary factors in ensuring human health. At the same time, in the overwhelming majority of cases, taking these factors into account through rationalizing a person’s lifestyle can make his life healthy and long-lasting. And, conversely, underestimation of a person’s typological characteristics leads to vulnerability and defenselessness in the face of unfavorable conditions and circumstances of life.

State of the environment

The biological characteristics of the body are the basis on which human health is based. The role of genetic factors is important in the formation of health. However, the genetic program received by a person ensures its development in the presence of certain environmental conditions.

"An organism without external environment, supporting its existence, is impossible” - in this thought I.M. Sechenov laid down the inextricable unity of man and his environment.

Each organism is in diverse mutual relationships with environmental factors, both abiotic (geophysical, geochemical) and biotic (living organisms of the same and other species).

Under environment It is customary to understand a holistic system of interconnected natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena in which people’s work, life and leisure take place. This concept includes social, natural and artificially created physical, chemical and biological factors, that is, everything that directly or indirectly affects human life, health and activity.

Man, as a living system, is an integral part of the biosphere. The human impact on the biosphere is associated not so much with his biological activity as with his labor activity. It is known that technical systems have a chemical and physical impact on the biosphere through the following channels:

through the atmosphere (the use and release of various gases disrupts natural gas exchange);

through the hydrosphere (pollution of rivers, seas and oceans with chemicals and oil);

through the lithosphere (use mineral, soil pollution with industrial waste, etc.).

It is obvious that the results of technical activities influence those parameters of the biosphere that provide the possibility of life on the planet. Human life, as well as human society as a whole, is impossible without the environment, without nature. A person, as a living organism, has an inherent metabolism with the environment, which is the main condition for the existence of any living organism.

The human body is largely connected with the other components of the biosphere - plants, insects, microorganisms, etc., that is, its complex organism is included in the general cycle of substances and obeys its laws.

A continuous flow of atmospheric oxygen, drinking water, and food is absolutely necessary for human existence and biological activity. The human body is subject to daily and seasonal rhythms, responds to seasonal changes in environmental temperature, intensity of solar radiation, etc.

At the same time, a person is part of a special social environment - society. Man is not only a biological being, but also a social one. The obvious social basis of human existence as an element of the social structure is the leading one, mediating its biological modes of existence and the performance of physiological functions.

The doctrine of the social essence of man shows that it is necessary to plan the creation of such social conditions for his development in which all his essential forces could unfold. In strategic terms, in optimizing living conditions and stabilizing human health, the most important thing is the development and introduction of a scientifically based general program for the development of biogeocenoses in an urbanized environment and improving the democratic form of social order.

Medical support

It is with this factor that most people pin their hopes for health, but the share of responsibility of this factor turns out to be unexpectedly low. The Great Medical Encyclopedia gives the following definition of medicine: “Medicine is a system of scientific knowledge and practical activities, the purpose of which is to strengthen, prolong the life of people, prevent and treat human diseases.”

As civilization developed and diseases became more widespread, medicine began to specialize more and more in the treatment of diseases and pay less attention to health. Treatment itself often reduces health due to the side effects of medications, that is, curative medicine does not always improve health.

There are three levels in medical morbidity prevention:

First-level prevention is aimed at the entire contingent of children and adults; its goal is to improve their health throughout their entire life cycle. The basis of primary prevention is the experience of developing preventive means, developing recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, folk traditions and ways to maintain health, etc.;

second-level medical prevention deals with identifying indicators of people’s constitutional predisposition and risk factors for many diseases, predicting the risk of diseases based on a combination of hereditary characteristics, life history and environmental factors. That is, this type of prevention is focused not on the treatment of specific diseases, but on their secondary prevention;

third-level prevention, or disease prevention, has as its main goal the prevention of relapses of diseases in patients on a population-wide scale.

The experience accumulated by medicine in the study of diseases, as well as the economic analysis of the costs of diagnosing and treating diseases, have convincingly demonstrated the relatively low social and economic effectiveness of disease prevention (level III prevention) for improving the level of health of both children and adults.

Obviously, the most effective should be primary and secondary prevention, which involve working with healthy people or people just starting to get sick. However, in medicine, almost all efforts are focused on tertiary prevention. Primary prevention involves close cooperation between the doctor and the population. However, the healthcare system itself does not provide the necessary time for this, so the doctor does not meet with the population on prevention issues, and all contact with the patient is spent almost entirely on examination, examination and treatment. As for hygienists, who are closest to implementing the ideas of primary prevention, they are primarily concerned with providing a healthy living environment, rather than human health.

The ideology of an individual approach to issues of prevention and health promotion underlies the medical concept of universal medical examination. However, the technology for its implementation in practice turned out to be untenable for the following reasons:

a lot of means are required to identify the largest possible number of diseases and subsequently combine them into dispensary observation groups;

the dominant orientation is not towards prognosis (prediction of the future), but towards diagnosis (statement of the present);

the leading activity belongs not to the population, but to doctors;

a narrowly medical approach to health improvement without taking into account the diversity of socio-psychological characteristics of the individual.

Valeological analysis of the causes of health requires a shift in focus from medical aspects to physiology, psychology, sociology, cultural studies, to the spiritual sphere, as well as specific modes and technologies of training, education and physical training.

The dependence of human health on genetic and environmental factors makes it necessary to determine the place of the family, school, government, physical education organizations and health authorities in fulfilling one of the main tasks of social policy - the formation of a healthy lifestyle.

Conditions and lifestyle

Thus, it becomes clear that the diseases of modern man are caused, first of all, by his lifestyle and everyday behavior. Currently, a healthy lifestyle is considered as the basis for disease prevention. This is confirmed, for example, by the fact that in the USA, a decrease in infant mortality rates by 80% and mortality of the entire population by 94%, an increase in average life expectancy by 85% is associated not with the success of medicine, but with the improvement of living and working conditions and the rationalization of the life of the population. At the same time, in our country, 78% of men and 52% of women lead an unhealthy lifestyle.

In defining the concept of a healthy lifestyle, it is necessary to take into account two main factors - the genetic nature of a given person and its compliance with specific living conditions.

A healthy lifestyle is a way of life that corresponds to the genetically determined typological characteristics of a given person, specific living conditions and is aimed at the formation, preservation and strengthening of health and the full performance by a person of his socio-biological functions.

In the above definition of a healthy lifestyle, the emphasis is on the individualization of the concept itself, that is, there should be as many healthy lifestyles as there are people. In determining a healthy lifestyle for each person, it is necessary to take into account both his typological characteristics (type of higher nervous activity, morphofunctional type, predominant mechanism of autonomic regulation, etc.), as well as age, gender and the social environment in which he lives (family position, profession, traditions, working conditions, material support, life, etc.). An important place in the initial premises should be occupied by the personal and motivational characteristics of a given person, his life guidelines, which in themselves can be a serious incentive to a healthy lifestyle and to the formation of its content and characteristics.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is based on a number of key provisions:

An active carrier of a healthy lifestyle is a specific person as the subject and object of his life activity and social status.

In implementing a healthy lifestyle, a person acts in the unity of his biological and social principles.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is based on a person’s personal and motivational attitude towards the embodiment of his social, physical, intellectual and mental capabilities and abilities.

A healthy lifestyle is the most effective means and method of ensuring health, primary prevention of diseases and satisfying vital health needs.

Quite often, unfortunately, the possibility of preserving and strengthening health through the use of some remedy that has miraculous properties is considered and proposed (physical activity of one kind or another, nutritional supplements, psychotraining, cleansing the body, etc.). It is obvious that the desire to achieve health through any one means is fundamentally wrong, since any of the proposed “panaceas” is not able to cover the whole variety of functional systems that form the human body, and the connections of man himself with nature - all that ultimately determines the harmony of his life and health.

According to E. N. Weiner, the structure of a healthy lifestyle should include the following factors: optimal motor mode, rational nutrition, rational lifestyle, psychophysiological regulation, psychosexual and sexual culture, immunity training and hardening, absence of bad habits and valeological education.

The new health paradigm is clearly and constructively defined by academician N. M. Amosov: “To become healthy, you need your own efforts, constant and significant. Nothing can replace them."

A healthy lifestyle as a system consists of three main interconnected and interchangeable elements, three cultures: the culture of nutrition, the culture of movement and the culture of emotions.

Food culture. In a healthy lifestyle, nutrition is decisive and system-forming, as it has a positive effect on motor activity and emotional stability. With proper nutrition, food best matches the natural technologies for assimilation of nutrients developed during evolution.

Movement culture. Aerobic physical exercise (walking, jogging, swimming, skiing, gardening, etc.) has a healing effect. natural conditions. They include sun and air baths, cleansing and hardening water procedures.

Culture of emotions. Negative emotions (envy, anger, fear, etc.) have enormous destructive power, positive emotions(laughter, joy, gratitude, etc.) maintain health and promote success.

Creating a healthy lifestyle is an extremely long process and can last a lifetime. Feedback from the changes occurring in the body as a result of following a healthy lifestyle does not work immediately; the positive effect of switching to a rational lifestyle is sometimes delayed for years. Therefore, unfortunately, quite often people only “try” the transition itself, but without getting quick results, they return to their previous lifestyle. There is nothing surprising. Since a healthy lifestyle involves giving up many pleasant conditions of life that have become habitual (overeating, comfort, alcohol, etc.) and, conversely, constant and regular heavy loads for a person who is not adapted to them and strict regulation of lifestyle. During the first period of transition to a healthy lifestyle, it is especially important to support a person in his aspirations, provide him with the necessary consultations, point out positive changes in his health, functional indicators, etc.

Currently, there is a paradox: despite an absolutely positive attitude towards the factors of a healthy lifestyle, especially in relation to nutrition and physical activity, in reality only 10%-15% of respondents use them. This is not due to a lack of valeological literacy, but due to low personal activity and behavioral passivity.

Thus, a healthy lifestyle should be purposefully and constantly developed throughout a person’s life, and not depend on circumstances and life situations.

The effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle for a given person can be determined by a number of biosocial criteria, including:

assessment of morphofunctional health indicators: level physical development, level of physical fitness, level of human adaptive capabilities;

assessment of the immune system: number of colds and infectious diseases for a certain period;

assessment of adaptation to socio-economic living conditions (taking into account the effectiveness professional activity, successful activity and its “physiological value” and psychophysiological characteristics); activity in fulfilling family and household responsibilities; breadth and manifestation of social and personal interests;

assessment of the level of valeological literacy, including the degree of formation of an attitude towards a healthy lifestyle (psychological aspect); level of valeological knowledge (pedagogical aspect); level of mastery of practical knowledge and skills related to maintaining and promoting health (medical-physiological and psychological-pedagogical aspects); ability to build independently individual program health and healthy lifestyle.

The environment is the totality of everything that is around a person during his life. It consists of natural ingredients, such as: earth, air, water, solar radiation, and man-made, which include all manifestations of human civilization. To your health human body have a direct or indirect impact various properties and the quality of all environmental environmental factors. We are talking about this, about the influence of environmental factors on human health, with the editors of the website www..

Let's consider the most important of them:

1. Climatic factors

Weather conditions have an impact on a person’s well-being and normal performance. No one will argue with this in our time. For example, if the air temperature has dropped significantly, you need to protect the body from hypothermia. Without doing this, a person risks getting sick respiratory diseases.

Environmental factors such as: change atmospheric pressure, air humidity, electromagnetic field planets, precipitation in the form of rain or snow, movements of atmospheric fronts, cyclones, gusts of wind - lead to changes in well-being.

They can cause headaches, exacerbation of joint diseases, and changes in blood pressure. But weather changes have different effects on different people. If a person is healthy, then his body will quickly adjust to new climatic conditions and discomfort will bypass him. A sick or weakened human body has an impaired ability to quickly adjust to weather changes, so it suffers from general malaise and pain.

Conclusion - try to maintain your health at the proper level, respond to environmental changes in a timely manner, and climatic factors will not cause you discomfort. To acclimatize your body, do exercises every day, walk for an hour, and follow a daily routine.

2. Chemical and biological factors

Technogenic activity of people leads to an increase in emissions of production waste into the environment. Chemical compounds from waste enter the soil, air and body of water, and then, through the consumption of contaminated food and water, and inhalation of air saturated with harmful elements, they enter the body. As a result, all human organs, including the brain, contain several milligrams of poisons that poison life. Exposure to toxic substances can cause nausea, coughing, and dizziness. If they are regularly ingested, chronic poisoning may develop. Its signs: fatigue, constant fatigue, insomnia or drowsiness, apathy, frequent mood swings, impaired attention, psychomotor reactions. If you suspect signs of chronic poisoning, you should undergo a medical examination and take action, and perhaps even change your place of residence if this threatens your life and health.

3. Nutrition

Eating food is one of the basic instincts of the body. Supply of nutrients necessary for normal life comes from the external environment. The health of the body largely depends on the quality and quantity of food. Medical research showed that for optimal flow physiological processes a necessary condition is rational good nutrition. The body needs a certain amount of protein compounds, carbohydrates, fats, microelements and vitamins every day. In cases where nutrition is inadequate or irrational, conditions arise for the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system, digestive canals, and metabolic processes.

For example, constant overeating of foods rich in carbohydrates and fats can cause obesity, diabetes, vascular and heart disease.
Consumption of genetically modified organisms and products containing increased concentrations harmful substances, leads to a deterioration in general health and the development of a wide range of diseases. But all this comes to a person precisely from the environment, so be careful when choosing food!

Of course, this review is not complete at all, and about the influence of each of the listed and not listed environmental factors on humans, one could write a lot of volumes... but the scope of the information article, unfortunately, does not allow this. But the main thing is not this; the main thing is to be puzzled by these problems as much as possible. larger number people – which is what I hope!

Elena_Nevskih, www.site
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