External respiration disorders cause disruption of tissue respiration and gas exchange between blood and cells.
The body of carnivores has a significant number of compensatory adaptations that allow it to satisfy the need for oxygen. This includes increased breathing, cardiac activity, accelerated blood flow, increased ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen, etc.
Frequent causes of respiratory diseases are poor living conditions, colds, and decreased body resistance caused by improper feeding (lack of protein, vitamins, macro- and microelements, and other nutritional factors). The features of the manifestation of pathology of the respiratory system are taken into account depending on the age and type of carnivores. In young animals, these diseases occur with more pronounced signs.
Diseases of the respiratory system are classified according to anatomical principles. They are divided into two groups: diseases of the upper respiratory tract(rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis) and diseases of the lungs and pleura (pneumonia, pleurisy, emphysema).
Research of the respiratory system in carnivores is usually carried out in the following sequence. First they investigate upper section respiratory tract, study the nasal discharge, exhaled air, the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, larynx, cough pattern and sputum. Then the chest is examined. It is examined, palpated, percussed and listened to.
To study the respiratory system in carnivores, both general research methods (inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation) and special ones (rhinoscopy, laryngoscopy, radiography, fluoroscopy; laboratory examination of nasal discharge, sputum) are used.
RHINITIS
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa. According to the nature of inflammation, they distinguish between catarrhal, croupous, hemorrhagic and follicular; by origin - primary and secondary; according to the course - acute and chronic. The most common form is catarrhal rhinitis, which occurs mainly in the cold season.
Etiology. The occurrence of rhinitis is caused by disturbances in the maintenance and feeding of animals. Lack of proteins and vitamins in the diet, especially C and A, helps reduce the resistance of the nasal mucosa to the action of unfavorable factors. Drafts and dampness in animal housing: also reduce the body’s natural resistance.
In most cases, rhinitis occurs as a result of the action on the nasal mucosa of mechanical (dust, thorns), thermal (hot or cold air, steam) or chemical (gases, drugs, alcohol) irritants, colds.
In the occurrence of croupous and follicular rhinitis important attached to pathogenic microflora (staphylococci, streptococci, viruses, fungi) and allergic condition body.
Secondary rhinitis occurs against the background of another, underlying disease, often plague, adenovirus, laryngitis, stomatitis, frontal sinusitis.
Pathogenesis. Under the influence of etiological factors, hyperemia, exudation, desquamation of the epithelium and swelling develop on the nasal mucosa. Inflammatory infiltration complicates the passage of air through the nasal passages and causes the appearance of mixed shortness of breath and is accompanied by sneezing, snorting, and snoring. In severe cases, intoxication of the body with microbial and viral waste products may develop and lead to an increase in body temperature and depression of the animal’s condition.
Symptoms With acute catarrhal rhinitis, animals experience slight depression, lethargy, body temperature is normal or increased by 0.3-1°C, appetite is preserved or slightly decreased. The animal sneezes, snorts, sniffles, rubs its nose against walls, furniture and other objects. Breathing is labored, wheezing, often whistling, inhalation and exhalation are prolonged. In severe cases, mixed shortness of breath develops.
When examining the nasal mucosa, a serous discharge is noted initially, and then a mucocatarrhal discharge. Often the nasal openings become clogged with thick mucous or purulent secretions, sometimes mixed with blood. The mucous membrane is reddened, swollen, less often with pinpoint hemorrhages. Crusts of dried exudate form and accumulate around the nasal openings. When they are removed, wounds and cracks often form.
With a favorable course of rhinitis, sick animals recover in 5-14 days.
Chronic catarrhal rhinitis is characterized by a long course, periodic exacerbations, emaciation and depression of animals. When examining the nose, the mucous membrane is pale, it may have erosions, areas of ulceration, and connective tissue scars.
Croupous and follicular rhinitis is rare in animals. In these forms of the disease, there is a pronounced temperature reaction, depression, and breathing is difficult.
With croupous rhinitis, gray-yellow or gray deposits appear on the nasal mucosa, under which wounds and erosions form. Submandibular lymph nodes may become enlarged. Follicular rhinitis is characterized by the appearance of multiple nodules 2-3 days after the onset of the disease. Subsequently, they disintegrate, and ulcers or erosions form in their place. These forms of rhinitis last up to 2-8 weeks and often end in recovery.
Diagnosis is made based on history and characteristic clinical signs.
Treatment. First, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the cause of rhinitis. The patient is placed in a warm, dry room. Walking time is limited as much as possible.
For catarrhal rhinitis, the mucous membrane of the nasal passages is irrigated with a 0.25-0.5% solution of novocaine, a 3% solution of boric acid, a 5% solution of potassium permanganate or a 0.1% solution of furatsilin.
In the initial stages of the disease, it is recommended to blow finely dispersed norsulfazole, sulfadimezine, etazol, phthalazole, penicillin, tricillin or streptomycin, bismuth nitrate powder into each nasal passage one by one 1-3 times a day for 5-7 days in a row. From a pipette, 2-5 drops of antibiotic solutions are instilled into the nose, interferon, thymogen, thymalin, anandin, comedonum, infusions and decoctions of medicinal plants that have anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects (chamomile, string, violet, coltsfoot, raspberry, lingonberry and etc.).
For chronic rhinitis, the nasal mucous membranes are irrigated 1-3 times a day with a 1% solution of silver nitrate or zinc chloride.
Individual inhalations of water vapor with sodium bicarbonate, furatsilin, antibiotics, sulfonamides, decoctions and infusions of coniferous plants are very effective.
Prevention is aimed at creating favorable conditions for keeping and feeding animals and preventing colds.

To determine respiratory diseases, the following methods are used when examining a dog: inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Additional methods include X-ray examination.

By inspection In a sick animal, you can detect a number of changes, in particular the general condition of the animal, the number of respiratory movements, its type, rhythm, strength, symmetry, the presence of shortness of breath, cough, nasal discharge, and determine their characteristics, as well as much more. The results of an external examination in most cases already provide guidance on the nature of the disease and the location of the disease process.

Palpation makes it possible to detect not only pain in the larynx or chest, but also the presence of swelling or tissue damage and a number of other changes in the pharynx, larynx and chest.

Percussion it is possible to establish the boundaries of the pulmonary percussion field, the nature of the percussion sound and its retreat compared to the norm, chest pain.

At auscultation determine the nature of respiratory sounds, their uniformity across the lung field, and the presence of wheezing.

An important place for diagnosing respiratory diseases is X-ray examination; it makes it possible to differentiate various diseases lungs.

Provides significant assistance in the differential diagnosis of lung diseases test puncture of the chest. With its help, you can clarify the nature of the liquid exudate.

When examining the respiratory organs, it is necessary to adhere to the following sequence: 1) determination of respiratory movements, 2) examination of the upper respiratory tract, 3) palpation of the chest, 4) percussion of the chest, 5) auscultation of the lungs), x-ray examination and, if necessary, 7) test puncture of the chest .

Determination of respiratory movements

When determining respiratory movements, first pay attention to the respiratory rate per minute; then strength - superficial, moderate, deep; rhythm - rhythmic, intermittent, periodic short-term stop of inhalation or exhalation; type - costal, abdominal (normally mainly costal); symmetry, - symmetrical, asymmetrical; presence of shortness of breath - inspiratory, expiratory, mixed.

Breathing rate. Precise definition normal frequency It is sometimes difficult for a dog to breathe, especially in excitable, restless and fearful individuals or when the dog is in a strange, unusual environment.

In addition, the respiratory rate is greatly affected by external temperature and disturbance caused by stinging insects and flies. High external temperature causes a sharply increased number of respiratory movements, especially after movement. The number of respirations can reach even a healthy dog ​​up to 100–150 per minute. This rapid breathing, sometimes intermittent, occurs with an open mouth and protruding tongue and is accompanied by sudden movements of the chest and especially the abdominal wall.

Under normal conditions of moderate temperature and at rest, the number of breaths in a healthy dog ​​is 10–30 per minute. These breathing fluctuations depend both on the size of the dog (breed) and on age. Small breed dogs breathe more frequently than large breed dogs. It is more common in young dogs than in adults. In turn, in older dogs, breathing becomes more frequent.

An increase in the number of respiratory movements in the absence external reasons indicates the presence of a particular disease. More often this is associated with respiratory diseases - pneumonia, emphysema, pleurisy, pneumothorax. Increased breathing, on the other hand, can also occur during septic processes (high temperature), peritonitis, diaphragmatic hernia, etc.

Abnormally prolonged inhalation and exhalation and decreased breathing are observed when the airways are narrowed - narrowing of the nasal opening by dried crusts, inflammatory swelling of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages, the presence of a tumor in the nose, compression of the trachea by surrounding tissues.

Rhythm. Normally, inhalation and exhalation follow one after the other at certain, equal intervals of time, and inhalation is usually somewhat shorter than exhalation. There is some pause between inhalation and exhalation.

Changes in a dog’s breathing rhythm often occur normally (excitement, fear, sniffing). In this case, individual superficial respiratory movements are replaced by deeper ones, breathing pauses become uneven.

With pleurisy, diffuse bronchitis, chronic emphysema, intermittent (saccade) breathing is observed. It is expressed in the fact that exhalation (or inhalation) occurs with stops (usually double), and at times, especially with pleurisy, stops of inhalation or exhalation may disappear and then appear again.

Abnormal shortening of inspiration or expiration or sudden stop(at times) observed with pleurisy, inflammation of the diaphragm (trauma).

Types of breathing. The most common type of breathing in dogs is the costal type. A pathological change in the type of breathing can be either pronounced costal or abdominal in nature.

The costal type of breathing is characterized by a significant predominance of movement chest wall. This type of breathing occurs when the diaphragm does not function properly due to inflammation, paralysis or rupture, or as a result of compression of the diaphragm. internal organs, with dropsy or with pain in the abdominal organs, inflammation of the liver, spleen, peritonitis.

The abdominal type of breathing is accompanied by a pronounced movement of the abdominal walls compared to the chest. This type of breathing is most typical for pleurisy, rheumatic myositis of the intercostal muscles, damage to the ribs, and alveolar emphysema.

Breathing asymmetry. The breathing movements of the right and left sides of the chest are usually the same. Asymmetry occurs due to insufficient or delayed expansion of one of the halves of the difficult cell. This situation can be created by unilateral stenosis or blockage of one of the main bronchi, enlargement of the peribronchial lymph nodes, and aspiration of foreign bodies.

More pronounced asymmetry of breathing occurs with unilateral pleurisy, rib damage, or unilateral pneumonia. In this case, the sick half seems to be fixed and hardly moves, while the movements of the opposite, healthy half are significantly enhanced.

Breathing asymmetry can be easily detected by observing breathing from above from the back or from behind.

Dyspnea. Dyspnea is defined as difficult or strained rapid breathing with a significant increase in force due to the presence of obstructions to breathing, a decrease in the respiratory surface of the lungs, or an increased need for gas exchange.

Based on the nature of the manifestation, there are three types of shortness of breath: inspiratory when breathing is difficult, expiratory when it is difficult to exhale, and mixed when both inhalation and exhalation are difficult.

Inspiratory dyspnea occurs as a result of narrowing of the airway lumen in any area from the nose to the tracheal bifurcation. Clinically, this shortness of breath is manifested by the presence of stenotic noises during the inhalation phase, a sharp expansion of the chest and retraction of the intercostal spaces. Inspiratory shortness of breath is observed with inflammatory narrowing of the nasal passages, larynx, compression of the trachea by a tumor, enlarged lymph nodes, etc.

Expiratory shortness of breath occurs as a result of the presence of one or another obstruction that impedes the exit of exhaled air from the lungs. Clinically, this shortness of breath is manifested at the first moment by a sharp contraction of the expiratory muscles of the chest, and then the abdominal muscles. As a result of this, a double exhalation occurs, in which the abdominal muscles take a greater part (abdominal type of breathing). Expiratory dyspnea in pure form observed with diffuse microbronchitis.

Mixed shortness of breath is the most common type of shortness of breath, in which constricted breathing extends equally to inhalation and exhalation. This type of shortness of breath consists of elements of inspiratory and expiratory shortness of breath.

Mixed shortness of breath is observed in a number of diseases, of which most often with a decrease in the respiratory surface of the lungs - pneumonia, pulmonary edema, exudative pleurisy, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia with prolapse of a significant number of intestinal loops into the chest cavity, with loss of elasticity of the lung tissue - emphysema, with increased intraperitoneal pressure - overfilling of the stomach with food masses, torsion of the stomach, etc.

Upper respiratory tract examination

When examining the upper respiratory tract, attention is paid to the presence of nasal discharge, its color, smell, and consistency. It can be serous, mucous, mucopurulent, purulent, bloody; in quantity - insignificant, abundant.

Palpation of the larynx determines the presence of swelling, pain, and cough. If there is a cough, its nature is determined - frequent, rare, loud, muffled, dry, wet, short, prolonged or in attacks.

Nasal discharge. The presence of nasal discharge is usually visible when examining the circumference of the nostrils. However, it must be borne in mind that the dog usually licks nasal discharge from time to time, especially serous discharge. In this regard, in some cases it is necessary to observe for a longer time or even resort to light pressure with the fingers on the wings of the nose, causing nasal secretions to flow out of the nasal openings.

Unilateral discharge is observed with a unilateral disease of the nasal cavity - with damage, neoplasms, or stuck foreign bodies.

Bilateral - for rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia and pneumonia.

The amount of nasal discharge may be insignificant in acute and chronic rhinitis, with catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. Abundant discharge is observed in diffuse bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, pneumonia, canine distemper, and gangrene of the lungs.

The consistency of nasal discharge can be serous, serous-mucosal, mucous, mucopurulent or purulent.

Serous discharge is watery and liquid in nature and usually drips from the tip of the nose.

Serous-mucous - characterized by a slightly adhesive property, the ability to stretch in the form of a thread. Its color is transparent.

Mucous - stretches well into threads, sticky, colorless, glassy or slightly whitish.

Mucopurulent - thick, gray-white or white viscous discharge. The pus is mixed evenly or in the form of lumps.

Purulent - has a creamy consistency, white, white-yellow or greenish-white.

Bloody discharge due to blood admixture is reddish in color or contains blood clots.

Nasal discharge of a serous nature occurs in the initial stage of acute rhinitis. With pulmonary edema, there is a profuse serous discharge, usually foamy.

Serous-mucous occurs in the second stage of acute rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and later usually turns into mucopurulent.

Mucus discharge observed long time, indicates chronic bronchitis or alveolar emphysema.

Mucopurulent discharge occurs at more than late stages acute inflammation of the respiratory tract.

Purulent discharge is noted when abscesses open into the lumen of the respiratory tract, with canine distemper.

Cough. In a dog, constriction of the larynx or upper windpipe causes predominantly only swallowing or gagging movements. Therefore, in order to make her cough, it is better to lightly tap her chest with the palm or edge of the palm. However, when examining the respiratory organs, this technique need not be resorted to, since the dog begins to cough under the influence of irritation inevitably caused by percussion of the chest.

There are frequent and infrequent coughs. Depending on this, individual coughing impulses follow at short or long intervals. A series of coughing impulses following each other are called coughing fits or convulsive coughs. The more frequent the cough, the greater the irritation.

Signs of a painful cough include shaking the head, stretching the head and neck, spreading the front limbs, and a frightened look. A particularly painful cough occurs with dry pleurisy or laryngitis.

Coughs are classified according to the intensity of the sound: very loud, loud, moderate, weak, muffled. A loud cough is more often observed with damage to the upper respiratory tract, especially the larynx. Weak and deaf - with damage to the bronchi, lungs and pleura. A weak cough occurs when there is a slight force of air expulsion, when the amount of air in the lungs decreases, as well as when the air stream is delayed, which is caused by weakening of the expiratory muscles, a decrease in the elasticity of the lungs, the presence of extensive infiltration of the lung tissue, compression of the lungs by fluid in the pleural cavity or air, the presence of a large amount of secretion in the bronchi, with pain.

In addition, a distinction is made between dry and wet coughs, depending on the presence or absence of secretions when coughing.

Cough has a certain diagnostic value. It is always evidence of abnormally strong irritation of the sensory nerves. The increased sensitivity of the nerves suggests the presence of an inflammatory process on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and pleura. However, a cough does not always indicate painful condition respiratory system, especially if it is observed only occasionally.

Abnormal irritation can be caused by irritating substances entering the respiratory tract, such as smoke, dust, corrosive gases, or a collar that is too tight.

It should be noted that mild inflammation of the mucous membrane affects the occurrence of cough more than mechanical impact.

In healthy dogs, coughing can be caused by dust (driving on a dusty road), food or water getting into the trachea, smoke, irritating gases, or strong angry barking. Inhaling cold air and drinking cold water in healthy dogs is usually not accompanied by coughing.

In the presence of an inflammatory process in the larynx, cough shocks are always repeated, or coughing fits occur after relatively long breaks. In acute cases, such a cough is usually observed in the morning. With chronic lesions of the larynx and bronchi, coughing attacks often occur at night.

Coughing attacks also occur in the presence of laryngitis, from inhaling cold air or drinking cold water, or when the animal moves or gets excited.

When the larynx is inflamed, the cough is often painful and louder.

In primary acute bronchitis, the cough is initially dry, painful and somewhat muffled; subsequently it becomes more moist and less painful.

With bronchiolitis, the cough is almost always dry and weak, often manifesting itself in the form of coughing. In chronic bronchitis, if the lung tissue is not affected and there is no emphysema, the cough can be dry or wet, but sharp and strong.

With pulmonary tuberculosis, a rare and severe cough is initially observed. With an advanced process, the cough is usually weak, dull, often wet or dry with a whistling, frequent and painful; so sometimes the dog tries to suppress it.

In advanced cases of chronic pulmonary emphysema, the cough is peculiar: short, dry, weak, muffled.

With pleurisy, especially at the beginning, there is a very painful, careful cough. The dog tries to suppress the coughing attack as much as possible.

The absence of cough in the presence of respiratory disease is observed when the animal is weak and in a febrile state with high temperature. This has a very unfavorable meaning, since, on the one hand, it indicates an extremely serious condition of the sick dog, and on the other, it creates conditions for mucus or stomach contents to enter the lungs.

Palpation of the chest. When palpating the chest, an increase in temperature can be detected in limited areas. To do this, the palms of the hands are applied to the chest on one side and the other. An increase in chest temperature in the lower areas can be detected in the presence of pleurisy, acute inflammatory processes (abscess, injury).

To detect pain, apply one hand to the area of ​​the opposite shoulder blade, and with the other, with the tips of your fingers folded together, press on the intercostal spaces or on the ribs. Pain on palpation is observed with pleurisy, especially in the initial stage, and chest injuries.

Palpation often reveals the presence of noises that can be felt by the hand (vibration). The sensation of vibration occurs during dry pleurisy (friction of the pleura) synchronously with respiratory movements: a sensation of crackling in the presence of strong dry or wet wheezing, a peculiar vibration of the chest is perceived by the palm in the presence of dry, singing sounds in the bronchi (moaning, squeaking, whistling).

Percussion of the chest. With percussion of the chest, the following are determined: the boundaries of the lungs (normally up to the 9th, 11th, 12th rib); the nature of the percussion sound - tympanic, atympanic, enhanced, dull, dull; boundaries and place of changed sounds; soreness and cough.

In dogs, as already mentioned, digital percussion is usually used.

During percussion, the finger replacing the plessimeter is placed in the intercostal space and 2-3 blows are made on the middle phalanx with the middle finger of the other hand. Moving the finger attached to the chest to the next area, do the same and note the strength and character of the sound.

The percussion sound can be loud, long and full in some cases and quiet, short and dull in others. In small and young dogs, the percussion sound is usually tympanic, since they have a predominant sound of chest resonance (higher). U large dogs- atympanic, since the own sound (characteristic of the chest) prevails over the resonant one.

The nature of percussion sound depends on a number of conditions. The percussion sound in well-fed dogs is weaker, quieter and shorter than in thin dogs. A flat chest produces a higher sound during percussion. In areas of the chest covered with muscles, the sound is quieter and shorter.

The posterior border of the lung percussion field in dogs along the line of the ilium reaches the 12th rib, on the line of the ischial tuberosity - to the 11th rib, on the line of the humeral tuberosity - to the 9th rib. From here it goes to the posterior border of cardiac dullness (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Percussion field of the lungs in a medium-sized dog.

Expansion of the posterior border of the lungs is observed with emphysema. At the same time, a significant increase in percussion sound is noted. A sharp increase in percussion sound occurs in the presence of pneumothorax.

Dullness of percussion sound is observed in serous-fibrinous pleurisy, hemothorax, catarrhal bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, aspiration bronchopneumonia and other diseases associated with a decrease in air in the pulmonary parenchyma or with pushing the lungs away from the chest wall.

Auscultation of the chest. When auscultating the lungs, respiratory sounds are determined: increased, weakened, absent; the nature of the noise is bronchial, hard vesicular; uniformity of respiratory sounds across the lung field; the presence of wheezing - rare, abundant, dry, wet, large-bubble, fine-bubble, crackling, pleural friction noises.

Auscultation of respiratory sounds is carried out either directly with the ear through a towel or using a phonendoscope.

Using the first method, they listen to undistorted breathing sounds and get a general picture of changes in breathing sounds in the lungs. The second method makes it possible to listen to individual areas with pathological noise for better differentiation and localization.

In dogs, bronchial breathing is normally heard, especially in the anterior parts of the lungs; in the rear, respiratory sounds are closer to enhanced vesicular sounds. In small dogs, bronchial breathing is found throughout the entire pulmonary field, including the area of ​​the shoulder blades.

In dogs with a flat chest, near the border of cardiac dullness, murmurs are sometimes heard periodically (on the left), coinciding with periods of cardiac systole at the moment of inspiration, reminiscent of intermittent vesicular breathing sounds. These are cardiopulmonary murmurs; they are not due to lung or heart disease. Weakening or absence of respiratory sounds in certain areas occurs as a result of the presence of wet pleurisy, hemothorax, pneumonia and bronchopneumonia, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia.

Pathological noises. When auscultating a sick dog, you can detect wet and dry rales, crepitus, and friction noises.

Wet wheezing They are distinguished by the presence of noises reminiscent of bursting bubbles, boiling, bubbling. Detection of wheezing in the chest indicates the presence of liquid exudate in the bronchi with preserved air patency. These wheezes can be large-bubble or small-bubble, depending on the location and the diameter of the bronchi. Moist rales, especially coarse rales, disappear from time to time.

Moist rales appear with pulmonary edema, bronchitis, and pneumonia, especially during the period of resolution of the process.

Dry wheezing are whistling, singing or hissing noises that are similar to musical sounds. The formation of dry wheezing is associated with the presence of viscous exudate in the lumen of the bronchi. Dry wheezing with a low sound usually occurs in larger bronchi, while wheezing with a higher sound usually occurs in small bronchi. Dry wheezing is often accompanied by stenotic sounds.

Dry wheezing occurs with diffuse bronchitis, chronic alveolar emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.

Crepitus- very small, homogeneous wheezing, the sound of which resembles the crackling of salt or juniper on fire. They are clearer at the moment of inhalation. These wheezes are formed in the alveoli and bronchioles in the presence of viscous exudate. When inhaling, the adhered walls are sharply separated by air, which is accompanied by multiple sounds of gentle crackling. Crepitating wheezing is characterized, in addition to homogeneity, by constancy, in contrast to wet and dry wheezing, which can appear and disappear in certain areas of the pulmonary field (especially after a cough). Crepitus sounds are observed with pulmonary edema, bronchiolitis, and less commonly with bronchopneumonia.

Friction noises- a sound phenomenon when, during auscultation, noises resembling scratching, rustling, or friction are heard. Friction noises are observed with fibrinous pleurisy and in the initial stage of exudative pleurisy. They arise as a result of friction of the pleural layers, which have become rough from the deposition of fibrin. These noises are easily heard close, directly next to the ear.

X-ray examination makes it possible to more confidently confirm clinical diagnosis. It is known that at certain stages of the disease process in the body there are difficulties in quickly clinical definition type of disease. Taking advantage x-ray examination, especially when comparing clinical data, in doubtful cases it is possible to more quickly clarify the diagnosis. The shadow picture of the pulmonary pattern in severe bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, pneumonia and exudative pleurisy is completely different (see corresponding diseases).

For a test puncture resorted to in case of detection, both clinically and radiologically, of fluid in the pleural cavity. A test puncture determines the nature of the exudate (serous, serous-fibrinous, hemorrhagic, purulent) or transudate (see pleurisy).

If dogs have respiratory diseases, it is necessary to remember that they also occur with infectious diseases (plague, tuberculosis).

When describing individual diseases, the treatment section does not indicate such important therapeutic measures, as complete appropriate feeding with easily digestible, well-prepared feed (broth, good minced meat, warm milk, etc.) and artificial feeding, as well as good care, keeping in a warm, moderately humid room. All these measures to maintain the strength of the body are common to most lung diseases and therefore should be taken for granted. Therefore, in order not to repeat them for every disease, we limit ourselves to this general remark.

Upper respiratory tract diseases

Rhinitis(rhinitis). Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavities.

There are rhinitis primary And secondary, and according to the course of the disease - spicy And chronic. Acute rhinitis It can be both primary and secondary. Chronic rhinitis, as a rule, is always secondary and very rarely can be primary.

Reasons Primary acute rhinitis is most often caused by sudden cooling of the body, rapid transitions from heat to cold or vice versa. Rhinitis is most often observed in spring and autumn.

Rhinitis can also be caused by inhalation of hot air, smoke (forest and steppe fires), caustic fumes and other causes.

Secondary, both acute and chronic rhinitis, occurs with certain infectious diseases (plague) and with inflammation of the pharynx and larynx. In these cases, the inflammatory process can spread to the trachea and even to the bronchi (generalized catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract).

Clinical picture. Acute rhinitis is initially characterized by frequent sneezing - the dog rubs its nose on its forelimbs and licks its lips; then nasal discharge appears, first serous, later it becomes mucous and, finally, mucopurulent. Nasal discharge, drying on the wings of the nose, forms crusts.

With profuse nasal discharge, breathing becomes difficult, with the sound of snorting. When the nasal openings are completely blocked by secretions and crusts on the wings of the nose dry out, the dog begins to breathe through the mouth. The general condition of the dog usually does not change. Appetite preserved.

In chronic rhinitis, mucopurulent discharge may have an unpleasant odor, sometimes mixed with blood, and the nasal mucosa may be ulcerated.

Flow. Acute primary rhinitis usually proceeds well and ends with recovery within 5–7 days. Acute rhinitis can become chronic if measures are not taken to eliminate the cause of the disease.

The duration of secondary rhinitis depends on the course of the underlying diseases and can be observed for months and even years.

Diagnosis Rhinitis is diagnosed based on the history and clinical examination of the animal. Diagnosing rhinitis is generally not very difficult. But it is important to establish whether we are dealing with acute or chronic rhinitis, primary or secondary. All future treatment measures will depend on this. Primary rhinitis goes away quickly without treatment; secondary rhinitis requires much more attention to the patient, since it is necessary to treat the underlying disease; The sooner the underlying disease is eliminated, the faster rhinitis will be cured. As for chronic rhinitis, here in carrying out therapeutic measures one has to use great perseverance and perseverance.

Treatment Acute primary rhinitis is very simple. If there is excessive discharge, you should clean the nostrils and remove dried crusts several times a day. The nasal cavities should be lubricated several times a day with the medicine according to the prescription: boric acid 2.0, glycerin 50.0; or inject 2–5 drops 2–3 times a day into each nostril with a medicine consisting of cocaine hydrochloride 0.15, boric acid 0.4, solution of hydrochloride adrenaline 1: 1000–25 drops, distilled water 15.0 (store in dark dishes).

In addition, for irrigation of the nasal mucosa, a 0.5% solution of taniin, a 1% solution of soda, and a 1% solution of alum can be recommended.

To prevent the crusts on the wings of the nose from drying out, the circumference of the nasal openings must be lubricated with Vaseline.

For chronic rhinitis, the treatment is the same. In the presence of fabrinous deposits, the nasal cavities are washed with alkali solutions. From time to time, a few drops of 1–2% menthol oil are injected into the nasal cavities. To increase the body's defenses, general ultraviolet irradiation is recommended.

Laryngitis(laryngitis). Laryngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx.

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx can be primary And secondary, and according to the course of the disease - sharp And chronic.

The cause of the primary acute laryngitis are common cold, occurring in spring or autumn (especially in hunting dogs), watering cold water a hot dog, inhalation of poisonous gases, prolonged angry barking, especially in the cold, inhalation of hot vapors or air (during fires), inhalation of very dusty air when working, etc.

Secondary acute laryngitis occurs with various infectious diseases or as a result of the transition of the inflammatory process from the mucous membrane of the nose, larynx or trachea.

Chronic laryngitis occurs with prolonged or frequently repeated action of the causes that cause acute primary laryngitis. Chronic course Laryngitis is observed in weak, emaciated and old animals, in which the body’s reactivity is sharply reduced and inflammation is sluggish.

Clinical picture. Clinical manifestation Acute laryngitis is expressed by the following symptoms: at first there is a dry, sharp, jerky, painful cannula. Coughing attacks appear most sharply when there is a rapid change in ambient temperature (taking the dog out of a warm room into the street). The sensitivity of the larynx during palpation is increased (manifestation of pain and cough). Some dogs experience an increase in general body temperature and a decrease in appetite. Subsequently, the cough becomes moist, less sharp and painful with sputum production. Sometimes, due to severe irritation of the mucous membrane of the larynx (cold air, smoke, etc.), coughing attacks accompanied by vomiting are observed.

The clinical picture of chronic laryngitis is manifested by the presence severe cough, more often in attacks that occur or without any visible reasons, or under the influence of cold, or when the animal is excited. The cough is usually dry or wet, and is quite frequent at night. A cough can be caused by light pressure on the larynx area. Signs of pain may be absent or mild. Sometimes there is a mucous or muco-bloody discharge from the nasal openings. The voice is often hoarse. General condition, body temperature and appetite without deviations from the norm.

Flow Primary acute laryngitis, when the causes of the disease are eliminated, is benign and ends within one and a half to two weeks. In the absence of treatment and continued exposure to the causes that caused this disease, it can become chronic. The clinical picture of secondary acute laryngitis depends on the underlying disease.

The course of chronic laryngitis is long and alternates with periods of improvement and deterioration.

It is necessary to point out that laryngitis can generally recur, therefore, after recovery, it is necessary to keep the animal under special supervision for some time and protect it from repeated illness through appropriate conditions of detention.

Diagnosis laryngitis is diagnosed based on the presence of cough, hypersensitivity area of ​​the larynx, taking into account the absence of signs of disease of the lungs and trachea. Along with this, it is necessary to exclude the presence of foreign bodies or tumors in the pharynx and larynx by X-ray examination.

Treatment acute laryngitis. The dog must be protected from the cold and from causes of agitation. Warm-moist wraps or warming compresses are applied to the area of ​​the pharynx and larynx and the dog is kept in a warm room. Warming the larynx area with a Minin lamp or small solux, followed by warm wrapping.

In addition, with a painful frequent cough, the dog is prescribed to reduce the sensitivity of the laryngeal mucosa: codeine phosphate 0.15, bicarbonate of soda 3.0 to 150.0 boiled water and give after 4 hours but a dessert or tablespoon. For the same purpose, a medicine is prescribed according to the prescription: hydrochloric morphine 0.1, bitter almond water 15.0 - 10-15 drops per lump of sugar 3-4 times a day. In this recipe, morphine can be replaced with codeine 0.15, dionine 0.15 or heroin 0.1. When coughing, powders according to the prescription can be recommended as a sedative: codeine phosphate 0.025 and sugar 0.3. One powder 3 times a day for two days.

At chronic laryngitis prescribe the same medicinal products, as in acute. In addition, intralaryngeal injections of 0.1–0.3% silver nitrate solution in a dose of 5 ml or Lugolev solution in the same dose are used, general UV irradiation and UHF therapy are prescribed.

Lung diseases

Bronchitis(bronchitis). Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, and the inflammatory process in some cases covers bronchi of all sizes ( diffuse bronchitis), in others - only large bronchi ( macrobronchitis), thirdly - only small bronchi ( microbronchitis).

There are bronchitis primary And secondary. According to the course of the disease they distinguish - spicy And chronic.

Reason primary acute bronchitis is mainly a cold in the cold season, especially in hunting and detection dogs (bathing in cold water, long stay in the rain in cold weather). Bronchitis also occurs from direct exposure to the bronchial mucosa of hot air (during fires), smoke, various dusts (coal, metal), toxic gases, and accidental ingestion of medicinal substances into the trachea. Thus, bronchitis, as such, is rare in its pure form. This disease is almost always accompanied by inflammation of the trachea and larynx.

Secondary acute bronchitis occurs as a result of the spread of inflammation from neighboring areas but continues, for example, from the larynx and trachea to large bronchi, or inflammation that began in large bronchi spreads to small ones (microbronchitis), or inflammation to the bronchi can spread from the lung tissue. Bronchitis also occurs with plague.

Reasons chronic bronchitis are: repeated acute inflammation of the bronchi, chronic diseases heart and kidneys. Most often, chronic bronchitis develops in old dogs and in weak, thin dogs whose body's resistance is reduced. Chronical bronchitis - common occurrence with pulmonary tuberculosis. Chronic bronchitis is accompanied by complications (bronchiectasis, atelectasis, emphysema), which, in turn, lead to repeated relapses of bronchitis.

Clinical picture Acute bronchitis is manifested by the presence of general lethargy of the animal, bouts of trembling, painful dry cough, and increased breathing. Body temperature is increased in most cases, sometimes by 1.5–2°C. When auscultating the chest, individual and rare wheezing is heard first, and then dry wheezing (singing, whistling) sounds are heard on both sides of the chest, throughout the entire lung field. In subsequent days, the cough becomes less loud and painful, wet. Bilateral nasal discharge appears, initially serous, mucous, and then mucopurulent. With diffuse bronchitis and bronchiolitis, breathing is tense and difficult; mixed shortness of breath appears. On auscultation, moist mixed, large-bubble or fine-bubble rales are heard. Percussion of the chest does not give any special deviations from the norm.

With microbronchitis, there is significant shortness of breath, a painful, severe cough, profuse discharge from the nostrils, sometimes foamy. Nasal discharge dries on the nose and often closes the nasal passages. The dog breathes through its mouth. Body temperature is high (increase by 1.5–2°). This form of bronchitis is often complicated by a lung disease (bronchopneumonia).

The clinical picture of chronic bronchitis is characterized by the presence of a dry, painful, painful cough, sometimes in the form of attacks, and in other cases a wet, painless cough with copious discharge of mucopurulent discharge from the nasal opening. In many cases there is shortness of breath, and in some it appears only during physical activity. The greatest degree of shortness of breath occurs with bronchitis, which has caused complications such as bronchiectasis, emphysema, and atelectasis. Percussion of the chest does not reveal any deviations from the norm. Auscultation establishes the presence of various types of wheezing in the lungs: dry (squeaking, buzzing, whistling) or wet, large or small bubbles. Wheezing is not constant and appears in one place or another, especially after coughing.

Flow. Acute bronchitis, with timely measures taken, ends in recovery within 2–3 weeks. Micro-bronchitis can be complicated by bronchopneumonia as a result of the formation of atelectic areas, peribronchitis - when the inflammatory process spreads to the peribronchial tissue. Peribronchitis, in turn, can cause the formation of bronchiectasis and emphysema (if it becomes chronic).

Chronic bronchitis can last for many weeks, months and even years. Sometimes during the course of the disease there are quickly passing attacks of fever, accompanied by a decrease in appetite, increased cough (in cold raw time). During periods of improvement in the animal’s condition, the temperature is within normal limits, the appetite is normal, coughing occurs rarely (with sudden changes in the ambient air).

Diagnosis Acute bronchitis is diagnosed based on the presence of a painful cough that has arisen recently, lethargy of the animal, wheezing during auscultation of the lungs and the absence of a change in percussion sound.

When making a diagnosis, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of bronchitis due to infectious diseases.

X-ray examination in the initial period does not show any noticeable changes. In more late dates, when the mucous membrane of the bronchi swells and especially in the presence of an accumulation of exudate in the bronchial cavity, a slight increase in the shadow of the bronchi is noted. X-ray examination for bronchitis is necessary to exclude pulmonary tuberculosis.

The diagnosis of chronic bronchitis is made based on the presence of duration of the disease, periodic improvements, cough, shortness of breath, wheezing in the lungs with normal temperature body and unchanged percussion sound or in the presence of a louder pulmonary sound.

To confirm the diagnosis, an X-ray examination of the chest cavity is necessary. In chronic bronchitis, an increase in the shadow of the bronchial pattern is detected on the screen or film. The shadows of the bronchi are clearly visible almost to the diaphragm (especially in the presence of peribronchitis). Often, when inhaling, the shadow of the diaphragm moves back with slight jerks or makes small wave-like movements (disruption of normal ventilation of the lungs). In the presence of emphysema, the pulmonary field is uneven or completely bright. In the light pulmonary field, the vascular-bronchial tree protrudes sharply. In this case, the diaphragm, in its upper part, protrudes towards the abdominal cavity.

Treatment. For acute bronchitis accompanied by dry painful cough, prescribe narcotic medications that calm the cough: codeine, morphine, dionine or heroin according to the prescriptions indicated in the treatment of acute laryngitis.

When coughing with the presence of viscous exudate, expectorants are used to more easily free the bronchi from secretions: emetic root powder 0.03, bicarbonate soda 0.3, sugar powder 0.5 - one powder 2 times a day for three days or an infusion of emetic root 0.5 per 150.0, opium tincture 15 drops, sugar syrup 15.0 - give depending on the size of the dog a tablespoon or a teaspoon. Or give one powder 2 times a day according to the prescription: antimony pentasulfur 0.2, dover powder 0.3, sugar powder 0.5 - for three days.

In addition, physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed: warming the chest with a Sollux lamp, followed by warm wrapping. Deep warming of the lungs with short-wave diathermy or, even better, UHF.

For chronic bronchitis, the treatments remain the same as for acute bronchitis. For coughing, narcotic expectorants. For a cough accompanied by spasm of the larynx, a medicine is prescribed according to the prescription: codeine phosphate 0.15, terpinhydrite 3.0 - mix, then divide into 10 powders and give 3 powders a day. For general strengthening body - physical treatment procedures, ultraviolet irradiation, inside - irradiated fish fat.

Catarrhal bronchopneumonia(pneumonia catarrhalis). Catarrhal bronchopneumonia is inflammation of the bronchi and certain areas of the lung. This disease occurs mainly in puppies, and often in weak, anemic, emaciated adult dogs, and especially often in old dogs.

The cause of bronchopneumonia is usually a complication of acute bronchitis. Therefore, in most cases, the etiological factors that cause bronchitis can cause the development of catarrhal bronchopneumonia. If there are predisposing factors, the inflammatory process from the bronchi moves to the lung tissue. Most often, bronchopneumonia occurs in this way with diffuse bronchitis and microbronchitis. Initially, the inflammatory process covers the lung tissue in separate areas. Later, these areas merge into a large inflammatory area, resulting in diffuse bronchopneumonia.

Bronchopneumonia is also observed as a result of food masses entering the lungs (with pharyngitis) and various medicinal substances (with improper administration).

Secondary bronchopneumonia occurs when foreign bodies get stuck in the throat, with canine distemper.

Clinical picture. The general condition of the animal is depressed. From time to time a short, muffled cough. There is significant mucopurulent discharge from the nasal openings. Breathing is rapid, shallow, labored, with the sound of snorting. Appetite is sharply reduced or absent altogether. Body temperature is often increased by 1.5–2°C, and during the illness it either decreases or rises again.

Upon percussion of the chest, the presence of individual areas of dullness is noted, most often in the lower parts of the pulmonary field. Over areas of dullness, the percussion sound is louder than normal. When individual areas of inflammation merge, percussion reveals a large area of ​​dullness with an uneven and unclear upper border.

During auscultation, a weakening or intensification of respiratory sounds is heard in some areas, moist rales in others, and bronchial breathing in others. In the presence of a large dull area in the lower part of the pulmonary field (drain bronchopneumonia), respiratory sounds are completely absent. Such large areas are most often obtained with aspiration bronchopneumonia. In these cases, purulent-necrotic decay of the lung tissue quickly develops, resulting in septic complications and gangrene of the lung. With these complications, nasal discharge acquires an unpleasant, foul odor.

Flow and the outcome of catarrhal bronchopneumonia is different. In some cases, recovery occurs after 15–20 days; in others, under unfavorable conditions, the disease ends in death on the 8th–10th day or even earlier (especially with aspiration bronchopneumonia).

Diagnosis diagnosed as bronchopneumonia: upon percussion of the lungs based on the presence of individual areas of dullness or one extensive dullness with an uneven upper border; Upon auscultation, a motley picture of respiratory sounds is observed - wheezing in some areas, absence or weakening of breathing in others, increased respiratory sounds in others. It is also necessary to take into account the presence of bronchial breathing and X-ray data.

An X-ray examination of the chest cavity reveals individual small, blurred edges, dark spots of slight density in a lighter field of healthy areas of the lungs. These areas of darkening are usually located in the lower half of the pulmonary field. When individual areas of inflammation merge into a more extensive, general one (drain bronchopneumonia) or with aspiration bronchopneumonia, an extensive darkening with a blurred and uneven upper border appears on the x-ray picture in the lower part of the pulmonary field.

Rice. 12. An area of ​​low-density darkening on a bright field of healthy areas of the lungs with bronchopneumonia

Treatment is not much different from acute catarrhal bronchitis. A dry, painful cough is moderated with sedatives and expectorants. In addition to the prescriptions given for bronchitis, it is recommended: ammonium chloride 6.0, tartar emetic 0.00, licorice root extract 3.0, distilled water up to 200.0 - one tablespoon 3-4 times a day; or emetic root 0.03, bicarbonate of soda, granulated sugar 0.5 - for 6 powders, 1 powder 2 times a day. To combat the infection, penicillin 50,000 units intramuscularly every 3–4 hours. In the presence of cardiac weakness, camphor oil 1.0–2.0, caffeine 0.1–0.3 per 1 ml of distilled water, under the skin. From procedures physical method treatment - warm wrapping and warming compresses on the chest. Warming up with a Sollux lamp with warm wrapping. Deep heating of the chest cavity using a UHF device.

Lobar pneumonia(pneumonia crouposa). Lobar pneumonia is an acute fibrinous inflammation of the lungs, covering an entire lobe at once. This disease is very rare in dogs.

Reason Lobar pneumonia is most often caused by a cold. Therefore, the disease is more often observed in spring and autumn, rarely in winter, mainly in hunting or working dogs (hunting in swamps, in areas crossed by streams, etc.). Lobar pneumonia can also occur with excessive fatigue and rapid cooling of a hot animal. The microflora present in the bronchi, when the body’s protective functions are weakened from the above reasons, freely penetrates into the lung tissue and causes an acute inflammatory process.

Clinical picture. Unlike bronchopneumonia, the disease usually begins suddenly. The animal is in a sharply depressed state; the sick dog reacts sluggishly or does not react at all to its surroundings; There is no appetite, there is severe thirst. The body temperature is high, the mucous membrane of the eyes is hyperemic. Breathing is intense, somewhat rapid. Pulse is rapid, full.

Subsequently, a short, painful, dry cough appears, and breathing becomes more frequent. On auscultation, crepitating sounds are heard. During percussion, the percussion sound is loud, without dullness. Percussion causes coughing.

After one or two days, nasal discharge appears, first mucous, and then rusty in color; There is shortness of breath, a dull, painful, wet cough. Upon percussion, dullness is usually found in the lower part of the pulmonary field. The boundaries of dullness are clearly defined. The pulmonary sound is loud over the area of ​​dullness. On auscultation in the area of ​​dullness, breathing is weakened or bronchial breathing and wheezing are heard. Body temperature with slight fluctuations remains at high level(40° and above).

When the inflammation process resolves (day 7–8), the animal’s condition improves, appetite appears, and general condition improves. Body temperature decreases quickly or gradually. Cough is wet with sputum. Nasal discharge intensifies again, becomes mucopurulent, gray. The dullness gradually decreases and the percussion sound becomes loud again. On auscultation, a wide variety of wheezing is heard, with a predominance of wet wheezing.

Flow. In a typical course, the disease usually ends in recovery after 14–15 days. Moreover, the first 6–7 days go by an increase in clinical symptoms, and then comes the stage of resolution of the process.

In some cases, a more prolonged course is observed and recovery occurs at a later date, leaving profound changes in the lungs and heart muscle.

Lobar pneumonia can cause complications in the form of pleurisy, pericarditis, nephritis, which usually lead to the death of the animal. The death of an animal can also occur due to asphyxia during a rapidly developing inflammatory process and damage to most of the lungs. Death is also possible from a sharp weakening of the heart.

Diagnosis. A sharp depression and increase in body temperature, thirst and intense breathing after the dog has worked (hunting in a swamp, swimming in cold water in autumn or spring) give rise to suspicion of pneumonia. But the final diagnosis can be made one or two days after the disease, when signs lobar pneumonia expressed more clearly. The presence of characteristic discharge from the nasal openings, wheezing and dullness in the lungs, and rapid breathing give grounds for a diagnosis of lobar pneumonia.

When making a diagnosis, it is necessary to keep in mind for differentiation bronchopneumonia, serous or serous-fibrinous pleurisy.

Bronchopneumonia can be distinguished from lobar pneumonia by the following characteristics: bronchopneumonia usually begins slowly following bronchitis, which was observed earlier (bronchiolitis). Dullness on the chest is limited to small areas, body temperature is variable.

With lobar pneumonia, suddenness of the disease is noted, high constant temperature, rapid formation of a large area of ​​dull, rusty-colored nasal discharge.

With pleurisy, in contrast to lobar pneumonia, there is no discharge, wheezing in the lungs, horizontal dullness or unevenness is noted in serous-fibrinous pleurisy.

X-ray examination provides significant assistance in making a diagnosis. With lobar pneumonia, a darkening is detected in one plane or another, usually occupying the lower part of the pulmonary field (cardiodiaphragmatic triangle and above), depending on the stage and density of the area of ​​inflammation. The upper limit of the darkening is sharply demarcated, which differs from the confluent form of bronchopneumonia. The pulmonary pattern above the darkened area has increased transparency.

Rice. 13. Darkening in the lung with lobar pneumonia (initial stage)

With exudative pleurisy, the darkened area gives a denser shadow and its upper border has a strictly even horizontal line. During breathing movements, the upper border of the shadow sways in waves. If there is a significant amount of fluid or a large part of the lobe is affected lung shadow the heart merges with the darkened area and therefore does not stand out.

Treatment. To combat cough, narcotics (codeine, dionine, morphine) are first given, as with bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. Warm wrapping of the chest. To maintain cardiac activity, apply camphor oil 20%, 1–2 ml, under the skin. To limit the effusion of exudate at first and remove toxic products in the future, diuretics are given - diuretin 0.2–0.5 2–3 times a day; sodium acetate 0.3–1.0; methenamine 0.5–1.0.

When dullness appears, alternate heating of the chest cavity with a Sollux lamp and a UHF device, followed by warm wrapping of the chest. In the presence of profuse nasal discharge, profuse wheezing, expectorants: emetic root, ammonium chloride, terpiphydrate with soda (see bronchitis).

To prevent septic complications - intramuscular penicillin 50,000 units 4 times a day.

Pleurisy(plcuriiis). Pleurisy is inflammation of the costal and pulmonary pleura. There are pleurisy primary And secondary. By localization - unilateral And bilateral. According to the nature of the exudate - dry And wet. Wet pleurisy occurs serous, serous-fibrinous, purulent And putrid. The last two types of wet pleurisy are usually a complication of serous or serous-fibrinous pleurisy, and also occur independently with a penetrating wound of the chest cavity or damage to the thoracic esophagus.

Reason primary pleurisy is a cold, hypothermia. Predisposing factors are exhaustion, old age, chronic debilitating diseases, etc.

Secondary pleurisy occurs more often as a complication from other diseases: with a penetrating wound of the chest wall, caries of the ribs and chest bone, rupture of the thoracic part of the esophagus as a result of its necrosis, lobar pneumonia, opening of abscesses into the chest cavity, with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Clinical picture. At the onset of the disease, the animal is lethargic, has a decreased appetite, and the body temperature is elevated. There is a weak, painful, dry cough.

With dry or fibrinous pleurisy, breathing is shallow, intermittent, rapid, and sometimes rare, cautious (due to pain). Abdominal breathing.

During auscultation, pleural friction noises are noted in the affected areas of the pleura, coinciding with the phases of breathing. When percussing the chest, pain is noted.

Mild forms of dry pleurisy end with a quick recovery of the animal.

With exudative pleurisy, the accumulation of fluid in the chest cavity gradually changes the clinical picture. Breathing is shallow at first, but as exudate accumulates, it becomes less frequent and deeper. Chest pain gradually decreases and may disappear completely. As fluid accumulates, breathing becomes more frequent again and shortness of breath appears.

Percussion reveals, on one or both sides of the chest cavity, in its lower part, dullness of percussion sound or dull percussion sound to a certain level with a horizontal upper line. Above the dullness there is a percussion sound close to thymic.

When auscultating in the area of ​​dullness, breathing is heard weakly, and when large cluster exudate may be completely absent. Above the area of ​​dullness - reinforced or hard vesicular respiration.

The pulse is frequent, small waves and weak filling. The heartbeat is weakened, heart sounds are muffled. Body temperature is not constant. At times it drops to normal, and then increases again. With purulent and putrefactive pleurisy, the animal’s condition is very serious. Body temperature is constantly high.

Flow depends on the type of pleurisy, the degree of damage, the cause of pleurisy, as well as the body’s resistance. Primary pleurisy ends with recovery within 2–3 weeks. Secondary pleurisy can last much longer - months, and recovery is incomplete. There remains fusion of the pleura, incomplete resorption of the exudate, and relapses occur. With a large accumulation of exudate there may be fatal outcome during the first two weeks from asphyxia or from heart weakness. Purulent and putrefactive pleurisy in most cases ends in death within the first or second week.

Diagnosis. Dry pleurisy is established by the presence of chest pain and pleural friction noises associated with the breathing phases, a painful, cautious dry cough.

Exudative pleurisy is diagnosed in the presence of unilateral or bilateral dullness in the lower part of the chest, a horizontal line of its upper border, the absence of wheezing in the lungs and discharge from the nose.

The type of exudative pleurisy is clarified by a test puncture of the chest. Based on the nature of the exudate, they are classified into: pleurisy serous, serous-fibrinous or purulent. Based on the puncture, hemothorax and hydrothorax are excluded.

Transudate for hydrothorax contains 2–3% protein. Transudate can be distinguished from exudate as follows: add 2 drops of glacial acetic acid to 100 ml of water, then drop the liquid obtained from the chest cavity into this solution. If this is an exudate, then a whitish-bluish cloud (protein) will stretch along the descending drop. With transudate, this cloud will not exist. The liquid will be clear. In addition, hydrothorax is a chronic disease and occurs without fever.

To confirm the presence of fluid in the chest cavity, an X-ray examination is performed before a test puncture of the chest. Fluoroscopy in this case reveals a dense darkening in the area of ​​dullness of percussion sound with a horizontal upper border. When changing the position of the body (standing and sitting examination), the upper border of the shadow maintains a horizontal position.

Rice. 14. Dense darkening with pleurisy

Treatment. For dry pleurisy - a warm compress, dry heat in the form of warming the chest cavity with a Sollux lamp, infraruuge, followed by warm wrapping. For a painful cough - codeine, dionine (see laryngitis, bronchitis).

For exudative pleurisy - first, in short-haired dogs, rubbing with turpentine and warm wrapping of the chest, dry heat. In the future, give methenamine 0.5–1.0, diuretin 0.1–0.3 orally, water restriction. Cardiac: caffeine 0.1–0.3 under the skin, camphor oil 20% under the skin (in a dose of 1–2 ml). If there is a large accumulation of exudate, a puncture of the chest.

For purulent pleurisy - penicillin 50,000 units 3-4 times a day intramuscularly. Puncture of the chest cavity. Removal of purulent exudate and injection of penicillin at 100,000 units.

Deep heating of the chest cavity using a UHF device.

Emphysema(emphysema). Emphysema is a pathological increase in lung volume as a result of excessive expansion of the alveoli and loss of elasticity, as a result of which they are unable to contract when exhaling. It occurs quite often as a secondary disease in older dogs. Emphysema may be diffuse or seize certain areas of the lungs. According to the flow they are divided into acute And chronic form.

The cause of acute emphysema is prolonged hard work (fast running while hunting, hard riding), especially in old animals; when suffering from diffuse bronchitis, microbronchitis as a result of a severe prolonged cough. Vicarious (compensatory) emphysema of certain areas of the lungs occurs when the respiratory surface of the lungs decreases, when part of the lung is compressed by exudate (pleurisy), unilateral pneumothorax, and with bronchopneumonia involving large areas of the lungs.

The causes of chronic emphysema are basically the same as acute ones. Often recurring causes that cause acute emphysema or the long course of these diseases ultimately cause chronic alveolar emphysema (chronic diffuse bronchitis, peribronchitis causing strictures and twisting of the bronchi, etc.). As a result of this, the resulting acute emphysema gradually turns into chronic.

Clinical picture emphysema is expressed by rapid, labored breathing and mixed shortness of breath, attacks of dry cough, sometimes leading to attacks of vomiting. During percussion, a clear, loud sound with a tympanic tint is heard. The posterior borders of the lungs are expanded. On auscultation, dry rales (singing, whistling) are heard, and breathing sounds are weakened.

Along with the signs of emphysema itself, signs of the disease that caused the emphysema are also detected, in particular chronic bronchitis - dry and moist wheezing in certain areas of the lungs; peribronchitis - dry, whistling, hissing, singing sounds, as a result of the formation of strictures and twisting of the bronchi and narrowing of their lumen; signs of pneumothorax and pleurisy in vicarious emphysema healthy lung.

The signs of chronic emphysema are basically the same, but it is necessary to point out that chronic alveolar emphysema develops gradually and at first its signs are weak. A sick dog experiences rapid fatigue and slightly difficulty breathing when working. There is some prolongation of exhalation and greater participation of the abdominal press in this phase of breathing. As the disease progresses, these signs become more intense. Shortness of breath becomes more pronounced, especially expiratory, with a more active area of ​​​​the abdominal muscles. The exhalation becomes double: the first is short and sharp (active work of the expiratory muscles of the chest), the second is long, coinciding with an energetic, longer contraction of the abdominal muscles.

As a result of increased lung capacity, the chest may become barrel-shaped. The borders of the lungs become enlarged posteriorly. A dull, weak cough appears.

Flow acute pulmonary emphysema is relatively short-lived, provided that the cause that caused the emphysema is promptly eliminated and the underlying disease is cured.

The course of chronic emphysema is usually long-lasting. It can continue for many months and years. At the same time, improvement occurs periodically. Mild chronic emphysema, with appropriate treatment and proper conditions of care and feeding, may not cause further deterioration of the animal’s condition. In the presence of significantly pronounced pulmonary emphysema, the disease gradually becomes more severe due to the fact that the resulting emphysema constantly contributes to the development of bronchitis, which, in turn, maintains and intensifies emphysema. Therefore, chronic emphysema lasts until the end of the animal’s life, since organic changes in the lungs are already irreversible.

Diagnosis acute alveolar emphysema occurs in the presence of shortness of breath, which appeared shortly after repeated hard work or repeated fast running; percussion data, which gives an increase in the posterior border of the lungs and increased pulmonary sound; Auscultation data, which reveals dry, singing sounds, and in the presence of bronchitis, moist rales.

The diagnosis of vicarious emphysema, which occurs with atelectasis, bronchopneumonia, exudative pleurisy, is based on the clinical picture, percussion and auscultation. In these diseases, compensatory emphysema is of secondary importance, and when the underlying disease is cured, the detected emphysema of a healthy area of ​​the lung disappears without a trace.

Chronic alveolar pulmonary emphysema is diagnosed according to the following criteria: a history of a gradual increase in shortness of breath, bronchitis or catarrhal bronchopneumonia. On clinical examination, mixed shortness of breath with a predominance of expiratory shortness of breath is noted. A sharp increase in shortness of breath when running. Percussion of the chest cavity produces a loud, tympanic sound. The boundaries of the lungs are enlarged. On auscultation, dry or, in the presence of bronchitis, wet or mixed wheezing can be heard. Body temperature is usually within normal limits.

The external picture of emphysema is similar to other lung diseases, such as pneumothorax (spontaneous), exudative pleurisy, diaphragmatic hernia with prolapse of part of the stomach and a significant number of intestinal loops.

When differentiating these diseases, it is assumed that spontaneous (internal) pneumothorax usually occurs without fever. During percussion, an increased box sound is noted in the upper part of the chest and a dull sound in the lower parts. When auscultating in the upper part, breathing is completely absent, and in the lower part it is weakened.

Exudative pleurisy on percussion can give findings similar to pneumothorax. During auscultation in the upper parts of the lungs, respiratory sounds are increased, and in the lower parts they may be completely absent.

An extensive diaphragmatic hernia usually occurs without an increase in general body temperature and at rest does not cause particularly pronounced shortness of breath. Percussion may produce slight dullness in the lower areas. Upon auscultation, no noticeable changes in breath sounds are observed.

A quick differential diagnosis is established by X-ray examination. Acute alveolar emphysema is characterized by significant clearing of the pulmonary field (with diffuse emphysema) or its individual sections.

Chronic alveolar emphysema also gives a picture of increased airiness of the lungs, against which the vascular-bronchial pattern stands out quite sharply and the branches of the hilus pattern are visible right up to the line of the diaphragm.

With pneumothorax, in the upper part of the pulmonary field there is a light strip of varying width running along the spine. The lower border of this area is arcuate. The rest of the pulmonary field is darker, against which a condensed (in the lung pressed down) vascular-bronchial pattern is visible.

Exudative pleurisy is revealed by a sharp darkened area in the lower part of the pulmonary field with a horizontal upper line and a lighter pulmonary field above the darkened area (see pleurisy).

A diaphragmatic hernia is radiographically characterized by the presence in the lower part of the pulmonary field of a not particularly dense (unlike pneumonia and exudative pleurisy) darkening with an unequal upper border. Giving barium sulfate orally gives a final solution to a diaphragmatic hernia.

Treatment. For acute emphysema resulting from overexertion and not associated with other lung diseases, subcutaneous injections of atropine in a dose of 0.002–0.005 are recommended; or ephedrine 0.02, sugar 0.3 - 3 powders per day orally for 3–4 days; or platifilin 0.02, sugar 0.3 - 3 powders per day for 4 days. To maintain cardiac activity, camphor oil is applied under the skin in a dose of 1–2 ml.

Vicarious acute emphysema usually disappears during the process of recovery from the underlying disease, so in these cases the underlying disease is treated - microbronchitis, bronchiolitis, catarrhal pneumonia, etc.

Chronic emphysema is practically incurable. Therefore, therapeutic measures in this case should be aimed at stopping the further development of the disease and alleviating the animal’s condition.

To relax the smooth muscles of the bronchi, atropine, ephedrine or platyphylline are given, as in acute emphysema. If, when giving the specified antispasmodics improvement occurs within a few days, it is necessary to give expectorants to remove secretions from the bronchi (see bronchitis, bronchopneumonia). If there are coughing attacks, use narcotic drugs.

In addition, it is necessary to warm the chest with a Sollux or InfraRuge lamp, followed by warm wrapping in the cold season; deep heating of the chest cavity using a UHF device.

During the study, it is important to identify the main, typical, specific, characteristic, nonspecific and atypical symptoms, the role of which in making a diagnosis during the course of the disease varies. General weakness, depression, sometimes agitation (interstitial emphysema), anorexia, decreased appetite, fatness, performance and productivity and other signs of malaise are usually more or less accompanied by diseases of the respiratory organs.

Rhinitis occurs against the background of severe nasal discharge and inflammation of the mucous membrane. As a result of swelling, the lumen of the nasal cavity narrows and breathing becomes difficult, accompanied by sniffling, sneezing, and snorting. Rashes may appear on the mucous membrane. At atrophic rhinitis(in pigs) deformation of the osteochondral skeleton of the nose occurs.

Laryngitis, like tracheitis, is accompanied by a cough. At glossitis voice changes.

When painful, the animal sticks its head forward and avoids lateral movements. Dyspnea, especially inspiratory, and the sound of laryngeal stenosis are possible. With wheezing in horses during work, laryngeal noise manifests itself in the form of whistling, humming, and snoring. With unilateral semi-paralysis of the larynx, stridor is heard, and asymmetry of the glottis is detected due to retraction of the arytenoid cartilage.

Bronchitis manifests itself as large-, medium- and small-bubble wet and dry wheezing and cough. Dyspnea is of a mixed nature, and with microbronchitis, expiratory dyspnea predominates. When bronchitis is complicated, bronchiectasis is formed with copious mucus secretion after coughing attacks.

Lung lesions manifest themselves in a very diverse manner depending on the shape and degree of damage to the lung tissue. With emphysema, mixed dyspnea with dominance of expiratory dyspnea, tympanic, box-like percussion sound, enlarged lung boundaries, wheezing and various noises during auscultation occur. Characteristic is the “beating of the groins” and the appearance of an “ignition chute”. In lobar and lobular pneumonia, as edema and infiltration of the pulmonary tissue progresses to the stage of hepatization, the sound from a voiced tympanic changes to dull and dull, and as the process resolves, it is restored to normal pulmonary.

The main feature pneumonia is the presence of shortness of breath, dullness, crepitus, bronchial breathing in accordance with the nature, intensity and stage of development of the process.

For lobar (fibrinous) pneumonia in the resolution stage, saffron-yellow discharge is released from the nasal openings. With gangrene, brown and gray-dirty discharges have an extremely unpleasant and ichorous odor. At purulent catarrhal bronchopneumonia purulent discharge.

Pleuritis always accompanied by a painful cough, pain on palpation of the chest wall; with the deposition of fibrin on the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura, friction noises appear, coinciding with the respiratory movements of the lungs and disappearing with apnea. When fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity, the percussion line of dullness takes on a horizontal direction, regardless of the change in the animal’s posture. On auscultation, splashing noises are heard. In the area of ​​fluid accumulation, breathing sounds are significantly weakened. Local and general temperature can be significantly increased, especially in septic processes (purulent pleurisy). With unilateral pleurisy, asymmetry of respiratory movements occurs. Depending on the nature of the pathological process, exudate (pleurisy), transudate (thoracic hydrops) or blood (hemothorax) are detected in the pleural cavity during thoracentesis.

Pleurisy occurs primary and secondary. Lesions of the pleura can be focal, diffuse or encysted. There are dry (fibrinous, granulating and adhesive, or adhesive) and exudative pleurisy. The exudate can be serous, serous-fibrinous, hemorrhagic, purulent, purulent-putrefactive, ichorous and chyle in nature.

Sick animals are isolated and treated.

Therapy should be comprehensive and aimed at restoring impaired breathing, suppressing pathogenic microflora, to eliminate dysbacteriosis and microbial toxicosis, normalize acid-base balance, regulate neurotrophic functions, increase the body's resistance.

Rational and systemic treatment of animals with respiratory diseases is carried out taking into account the specific causes of the pathogenesis of the disease.

High therapeutic effectiveness of treating pathologies of the respiratory organs of young animals is achieved with early detection of sick animals, their timely and comprehensive treatment.

Complex treatment includes etiotropic, pathogenetic, replacement and symptomatic therapy.

The following means of etiotropic therapy are used:

antibiotics – aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, etc.), tetracyclines (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, etc.),

sulfonamides – (norsulfazole, sulfadimizine, sulfadimitoxin, etc.),

nitrofurans (furazalidone, furaclin, furazonal, furacron, etc.), quinoxalan derivatives (diosidine and quinoxidine)

and other drugs, taking into account the sensitivity of the respiratory microflora to them.

Antimicrobial drugs, depending on the chemical and pharmacological characteristics, are prescribed parenterally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, intratracheally and intrapulmonarily, orally and in the form of aerosols in accordance with current instructions and recommendations for their use.

Therapy of respiratory diseases with antimicrobial drugs in the form of aerosols is especially effective and economically justified.

The aerosol method has the following advantages:

1. The drugs have a direct and deeper effect on the inflammatory process in the lungs;

2. A high concentration of drugs in the blood and lesions is quickly achieved;

3. Drugs enter through the pulmonary circulation into the systemic circulation, bypassing the liver, the neutralizing function of which affects the activity of the drug;

4. Low labor intensity allows you to process a large number of animals in a short time.

The dose of inhaled drugs is calculated taking into account the tidal volume of the animals' lungs, the concentration of antimicrobial drugs (MCG, units in 1 liter of inhaled air), the volume of the room (chamber), the duration of inhalation and the adsorption coefficient in the respiratory organs relative to the aspirated dose.

The retention coefficient of aerosols of medicinal substances in the lungs of pigs is 0.5, and their tidal volume in suckling piglets is equal to body weight, in weanlings - 8 l/min., gilts - 12 l/min., pigs 60-90 kg - 15 l /min, and more than 100 kg - 20 l/min.

The adsorbed dose is calculated using the formula:

A = CVTK ,

where A is the adsorbed dose (mcg, ED);

C - average inhaled dose (concentration in the air of the drug in mcg, U/l);

V - breathing volume in l/min;

T - inhalation time (min.);

K is the drug adsorption coefficient.

The average inhaled concentration in the air (IU, µg/l) is determined by the formula:

The dose of the inhaled substance for one animal is multiplied by the total number of animals.

To stabilize aerosols, slow down absorption and reduce the irritating effect of drugs on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, 10-30% glycerol and 5-10% glucose are added to medicinal solutions. or 5% by weight skimmed milk powder (preferably 5% milk and 10% glycerin at the same time).

The volume of the drug per 1 m 3 is from 0.1-1.0 to 5.0 ml, the duration of inhalation is 40-60 minutes, including the spraying time.

Aerosol treatments are carried out 1-2 times a day.

Aerosol therapy is carried out in special chambers or in small sealed rooms. The volume of the chamber is determined at the rate of 1-1.5 m 3 per pig. Small chambers (10-25 m3) are used for aerosol therapy with antibiotics, and large chambers (50-100 m3) are used for other antibacterial agents and preventive group treatment of animals.

For aerosol therapy of animals, water-soluble drugs are used among antimicrobial drugs:

antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, farmazin-50, farmazin-700),

sulfa drugs ( sodium salt norsulfazole – water-soluble norsulfazole, sulfacyl,

furazonal, furakrilin, furazolidone),

arsenic preparations (novorsenol, miarsenol),

antiseptics (ethacridine lactate),

biquaternary ammonium compounds (lomaden-thionium), aethonium, dodeconium, etc.

The optimal concentration of antimicrobial agents in solutions for aerosol treatment should not exceed 10%.

For spraying medicines, SAG-1, RSSG, DAG-2 are used.

The following combinations of drugs per 1 m3 are highly effective:

1) norsulfazole - 0.3 g, water - 1-2 ml, glucose - 0.1 g;

2) norsulfazole - 0.25 g, oxytetracycline hydrochloride - 0.12 g, water - 1-2 ml, glucose - 0.1 g;

3) aethonium - 0.02 g, glucose - 0.5 g, water - 10.0 ml;

4) the following drugs are effective for aerosol therapy of sick animals indoors:

turpentine at the rate of 5 ml/m 3 ;

Iodinol - 5 ml/m 3,

50% solution of iodotriethylene glycol - 3 ml/m 3;

0.5% lomaden solution - 5 ml/m 3;

0.3% dodeconium solution - 5 ml/m3;

5% solution of chloramine B - 3 ml/m 3;

40% lactic acid solution - 2 ml/m 3 and others.

Pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy is aimed at restoring the patency of the respiratory tract, the drainage function of the bronchi, and combating cardiovascular and respiratory failure.

To improve the drainage function of the lungs, expectorants are prescribed - sodium bicarbonate or sodium benzoate, terpin hydrate, thermopsis grass in powder form or 0.01-0.05 g/kg or infusion consisting of 1 g of herb per 200 ml of water, ammonium chloride 0 .02 g/kg, sodium or potassium iodite 0.01 g/kg body weight; infusion of leaves of coltsfoot 1:10, 200-300 ml 2-3 times a day, tricolor violet 1:10 in a dose of 100-150 ml, mullein in the same dose; infusion of pine buds 1:20, 100-200 ml 2-3 times a day.

In order to restore the patency of the respiratory tract, bronchodilators are used - euphilin in the form of a 2-4% solution in a dose of 1-2 ml, atropine 0.1% solution in a dose of 5-10 ml subcutaneously. Broncholytics are applied within 10-15 minutes. before using antibacterial agents.

An important role in pathogenetic therapy is played by increasing the immunological resistance of the body.

For this purpose, nonspecific gammaglobulins are used in a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight at intervals of 48 hours (2-3 times), quoted blood in a dose of 2 mg/kg every 3 days 3 times per course of treatment; transfusion of autologous blood irradiated with ultraviolet rays at a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight 2 times a day with an interval of 3 days. Sodium nucleinate, levamisole and diocyfon have a good immunostimulating effect. Thymus preparations have a pronounced immunostimulating and modulating effect: t-activin, thymolin, thymosin, thymotropin, thymogen, from bone marrow B-activin. These drugs are administered subcutaneously and intramuscularly according to instructions.

As anti-inflammatory drugs, acetylsalicylic acid is used 0.3-0.5 g 2 times a day, amidopyrine 0.25 g 2-3 times a day.

Symptomatic therapy is carried out to maintain and restore the functioning of the heart, liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.

For this purpose, a 20-40% glucose solution of 10-20 ml is used intravenously once a day for 5-6 days, camphor oil is injected subcutaneously 2-3 ml per calf, caffeine benzoate 3-5 ml.

To eliminate intoxication, hexomethylenetetramine, sodium thiosulfate, hemodez, etc. are prescribed intravenously, and to restore acid-base balance - sodium bicarbonate, triolamine, etc.).

To enhance diuresis and excretion of toxic products in the urine, diuretics are prescribed - potassium acetate in a dose of 25-30 g per calf, bearberry leaf in the form of a decoction (1:10) in a dose of 20-30 g, horsetail herb (1:10) at a dose of 15-20 g, etc.

As replacement therapy for severe forms of pneumonia, vitamins A, B, C and D are prescribed, which are necessary to restore metabolic processes and increase the body's resistance.

Vitamin A is prescribed orally daily in a dose of 30-40 thousand units, vitamin D once every 5 days, 40-50 thousand units. Vitamin C is administered to calves intramuscularly at 0.1-0.2 g in a dilution of 1:10 in a 10-20% glucose solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution for 5-10 days, 2 times a day.

Vitamin E is used as antioxidant protection.

The offered drugs are environmentally safe and meet the requirements of the veterinary protection system for animals against gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases.

Among the methods of therapy that regulate neurotrophic functions, the most widely used are novocaine blockades (blockade of stellate ganglia, blockade of the thoracic sympathetic innervation (according to Shakurov), blockade of superficial tracheal receptors, etc.).

Elimination of respiratory failure is achieved by using oxygen aerogenously, subcutaneously (25 ml/kg), intraperitoneally (80-100 ml/kg), in the form of oxygen cocktails, negative air ions (devices for producing air ions GAI-4, GAI 4A, AII-7, AIR -2, etc.)

Prevention of diseases of the respiratory system is carried out taking into account the type of animal, the specialization of the farm and natural and climatic features. The system of preventive measures should be planned and provide for a complex of organizational, economic and special veterinary and sanitary measures aimed at complying with zoohygienic standards for keeping animals and adequate feeding of animals.

During the construction of livestock buildings, veterinary specialists are required to monitor the implementation necessary conditions, ensuring the protection of animals from colds: to provide for a rational location of objects in relation to the prevailing winds in the area, to prevent construction in swampy and low-lying areas filled with flood waters.-

A necessary condition for the prevention of colds is strict adherence zoohygienic microclimate standards.

Due to the intensive use of premises and the dense placement of animals in specialized farms and industrial complexes, the requirements for physiologically based microclimate standards should be higher than in conventional ones livestock farms. In complexes, the microclimate must be optimal and constantly adjusted, taking into account age groups, breed and productivity of animals.

Before stabling, animal premises are repaired and insulated so that there are no drafts or sudden daily temperature fluctuations in the room. Pay attention to the elimination of excess humidity, especially in pigsties. This is achieved by maintaining good ventilation, regular heating and using fluff lime in accordance with the instructions. To prevent the accumulation of large amounts of harmful gases and microflora in the premises, the sewage system is maintained in good working order and manure is removed in a timely manner. Animals, especially young animals, should not be allowed to lie on unheated cement and asphalt floors without bedding. In recreation areas, cement floors must be equipped with wooden flooring or removable movable panels. Change the litter regularly. In hot weather, animals should be kept under shady canopies or in rooms with enhanced ventilation. Animals kept in warm rooms should be given water at room temperature.

The fight against dust in premises and walking areas is of great importance. This is achieved by landscaping the farm, creating a forest protection fence around the complex or farm, sowing grass in areas near the farm, etc. Long drives of livestock along dusty paths are not allowed, especially in the hottest part of the day. Bulk feed (compound feed, grass meal, chaff, etc.) should be stored under lock and key in separate rooms, and when distributing it is recommended to slightly moisten it. It is better to granulate herbal flour.

It is necessary to staff specialized farms and industrial complexes for fattening animals and raising breeding stock from the minimum possible number of supplying farms that are required to raise young animals in optimal technological conditions. When selecting animals, an individual examination, thermometry, and selective laboratory and diagnostic studies are carried out. Before transportation, young animals are treated against stress in accordance with accepted technology. Animals are transported using specially equipped vehicles, and during transportation they monitor compliance with the zoohygienic regime and protect them from colds and overheating. The duration of transportation in a car should not exceed an average of 5 hours; the established speed must be strictly observed. When sanitizing animals newly arrived at the complex, they are not allowed to become hypothermic. The established sanitary regime is maintained in animal premises and feedlots, including regular sanitization according to the principle “everything is occupied - everything is empty.”

In the summer, it is advisable to transfer the breeding stock and young animals from stationary premises to summer camps, which are pre-equipped with canopies from rain and sun.

Gradually accustoming animals to cold external air temperatures by organizing walking and camping has a positive effect on increasing the body's resistance to colds. In breeding farms for breeding stock and young animals, it is necessary to provide exercise on walking areas or courtyards.

The complex of preventive measures to combat diseases of the respiratory system includes measures aimed at increasing the body’s natural resistance and immunobiological resistance. For this purpose, they provide adequate feeding to animals, introduce premixes containing vitamin and mineral components into diets, use gamma and polyglobulins, hydrolysins, lysozyme and other agents.

Prerequisites for ensuring the effectiveness of preventive measures are routine medical examination and periodic veterinary examinations using modern means diagnostics