Increase in IOP. Intraocular pressure - symptoms, causes and treatment

Intraocular pressure is the pressure under which the ocular fluid is in the cavity. eyeball. Ideally, IOP does not change, which creates stable physiological conditions for all eye structures. Normal pressure inside the eyes ensures a normal level of microcirculation and metabolism in the tissues of the eyes.

When pressure decreases or increases, it poses a danger to normal functioning visual apparatus. Persistent decline intraocular pressure called hypotension, persistent high blood pressure is characteristic of the development of glaucoma.

Unfortunately, even today, in the age of developed medical technologies, many people cannot boast that they have checked their intraocular pressure at least once in their lives. It is this behavior that leads to the fact that approximately 50% of patients come to the doctor too late, when treatment options are already very limited.

Normally, intraocular pressure in adults should be within the range of 10-23 mm. rt. Art. This level of pressure allows you to maintain microcirculatory and metabolic processes in the eyes, and also maintains the normal optical properties of the retina.

In ophthalmological practice, an increase in IOP is most often observed. The main clinical form of increased intraocular pressure is glaucoma.

The causes of this disease are:

• increased tone of arterioles of the ciliary body;
• disruption of the innervation of the vessels of the eye by the optic nerve;
• disruption of IOP outflow through Schlemm's canal;
• high pressure in the scleral veins;
• anatomical defects in the structure of the eye chambers;
• inflammatory lesions of the iris and choroid - iritis and uveitis.

In addition, increased pressure inside the eye comes in three types:

• Stable - IOP is constantly above normal. This pressure inside the eyes is the first sign of glaucoma.
• Labile - IOP periodically increases, and then returns to normal values.
• Transient – ​​IOP increases once and has short-term nature and then returns to normal.

Increased ophthalmotonus can be caused by fluid retention in certain kidney diseases and heart failure. In addition, its causes include Graves' disease (diffuse toxic goiter), hypothyroidism (thyroid disease), menopause in women, poisoning with certain medications, chemicals, tumor processes and inflammatory eye diseases, eye injuries.

All the above reasons contribute periodic appearance increased intraocular pressure. If the disease lasts long enough, it can contribute to the development of glaucoma, which will require long and complex treatment.

Another common complication of increased intraocular pressure is atrophy. optic nerve. Most often, there is a general decrease in vision, up to its complete loss. The affected eye becomes blind. Sometimes, if only part of the nerve bundles atrophies, the field of vision changes, and entire fragments may fall out of it.

Low eye pressure

Low eye pressure is much less common, but poses a much greater threat to eye health. The causes of low intraocular pressure can be:

• surgical interventions;
• eye injuries;
• underdeveloped eyeball;
• retinal disinsertion;
• lowering blood pressure;
• detachment of the choroid;
• underdevelopment of the eyeball.

If left untreated, decreased internal pressure in the eyes can lead to significant visual impairment. If atrophy of the eyeball occurs, pathological disorders become irreversible.

Symptoms of eye pressure

Here are the symptoms of increased intraocular pressure:

1. Impaired twilight vision.
2. Vision deterioration is actively progressing.
3. The field of view is significantly reduced.
4. The eyes get tired too quickly.
5. Redness of the eyes is observed.
6. Intense headaches in the suprafrontal arches, eyes and temporal area.
7. Midges or rainbow circles flash before your eyes when you look at the light.
8. Discomfort when reading, watching TV or working on a computer.

Now in more detail about the manifestations of low intraocular pressure. They are not as obvious and noticeable as with promotion. Often a person does not notice any changes at all and only after a year or several years does he discover that his vision has deteriorated. And yet there are some possible symptoms, rather related to related problems and pathologies that may allow one to suspect a decrease:

1. Decreased visual acuity;
2. Visible dryness of the cornea and sclera;
3. Decreased density of the eyeball to the touch;
4. Retraction of the eyeball in the socket.

In the absence of medical correction, this condition can cause subatrophy of the eye and complete loss of vision.

How is intraocular pressure measured?

Preventative checks of intraocular pressure are recommended when necessary, and for persons over 40 years of age once every three years.

A specialist can measure intraocular pressure without using any devices. This method is called palpation. A man looks down, covering his eyes with his eyelids, and the doctor presses his fingers on upper eyelids eye. This is how the doctor checks the density of the eyes and also compares their density. The fact is that in this way it is also possible to diagnose primary glaucoma, in which the pressure in the eyes varies.

For a more accurate diagnosis of intraocular pressure, a tonometer is used. During the procedure, special colored weights are placed on the center of the patient's cornea, the imprint of which is later measured and deciphered. To ensure that the procedure is painless, the patient is given local anesthesia. The norm of intraocular pressure is different for each device. If the procedure is carried out using a Maklakov tonometer, then the normal intraocular pressure is up to 24 mm. rt. Art., but normal pneumotonometer readings are within 15-16 mm. rt. Art.

Diagnostics

To figure out how to treat intraocular pressure, the doctor must not only diagnose it, but also determine the cause of its development.
An ophthalmologist is involved in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions associated with increased or decreased intraocular pressure.

In parallel, depending on the cause of the violations, consultations with the following doctors may be prescribed:

• therapist;
• neurologist and neurosurgeon;
• traumatologist;
• cardiologist;
• endocrinologist;
• nephrologist.

The doctor asks the patient in detail about his symptoms, and then conducts an examination of the fundus. If there are appropriate indications, the patient will be sent for a procedure to measure intraocular pressure.

Treatment of intraocular pressure

Choice therapeutic tactics depends on the reason that provoked a decrease or increase in intraocular pressure in an adult.

With increased intraocular pressure, the following conservative measures can be used as treatment:

1. Drops that improve nutrition of eye tissue and fluid outflow.
2. Treatment of the underlying disease if the increase in intraocular pressure is symptomatic.
3. If drug methods are ineffective, laser treatment is used.

Here's what you can do to reduce intraocular pressure:

1. Oxygen therapy (use of oxygen).
2. Vitamin B1 injections.
3. Drops based on atropine sulfate.
4. Injections (subconjunctival) of atropine sulfate, dexamethasone or sodium chloride solution.

In general, treatment for low intraocular pressure consists of treating the underlying disease that led to the disorder.

The most radical method of treating intraocular pressure is microsurgical technology: goniotomy with or without goniopuncture, as well as trabeculotomy. During goniotomy, the iridocorneal angle of the anterior chamber of the eye is dissected. Trabeculotomy, in turn, is a dissection of the trabcular meshwork of the eye - the tissue connecting the ciliary edge of the iris to the posterior plane of the cornea.

Prevention

To avoid discomfort in the eye organs, it is necessary to avoid stress and not overwork. If you need to spend a lot of time in front of a monitor screen, you should take five-minute breaks every hour. Closing your eyes, you need to massage your eyelids and walk around the room.

Nutrition is also important. Products should be fresh and healthy; you should avoid those products that can lead to the accumulation of cholesterol. In autumn and winter, it is advisable to take vitamins.

The fluid localized inside the eye puts pressure on its membrane. In medicine, this phenomenon is called ophthalmotonus. Under the influence of external or internal factors, it can change upward or downward. There is a deviation due to a failure in the blood supply to the eyeball, which disrupts its functioning. The patient begins to suffer from severe headaches and blurred vision. To prevent the development of the pathological process, you will need to consult an ophthalmologist. The specialist will measure the eye pressure, identify the cause of the malfunction and draw up a treatment regimen.

Features of ophthalmotonus

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an indicator of the strength of fluid (blood and aqueous humor) on outer shell. It directly affects all processes in the visual organ. An increase or decrease in ophthalmotonus occurs due to disruptions in internal circulation.

Fundus pressure is included in general concept intraocular pressure. The definition refers to the force of the latter's influence on the back of the shell. The concepts are not considered separately.

Normally, every minute 2 mm³ of fluid enters the eye and a similar volume should exit it. If the outflow does not occur fully, then the eye pressure increases, which leads to deformation of the capillaries and a decrease in visual acuity. The increase in tone is classified as follows:

• Transient temporary increase. It is mainly a consequence of stress and overwork. Goes away on its own after rest.
• Labile growth of tone is more stable. The problem occurs periodically. Normalization occurs independently.
• Persistently high eye pressure is called glaucoma. It does not return to normal on its own and leads to blindness.

If high ophthalmotonus does not decrease for a long time, then the risk of consequences increases. The patient's optic nerve gradually atrophies, cataracts and glaucoma develop. Without undergoing a course of treatment, the voiced pathological processes will lead to blindness. People over 40 years of age are most susceptible to high eye pressure. In children it occurs only congenital form glaucoma. The main problem of early diagnosis is mild symptoms at the beginning of development. They consult a doctor mainly at an advanced stage.

A decrease in ophthalmotonus occurs extremely rarely. The development of such a pathological process is dangerous due to its undercurrent. People turn to a specialist mainly when it is no longer possible to fully restore vision. Early symptom Often it is just dry eyes.

Acceptable standards

Intraocular pressure is measured, like blood pressure, in mm Hg. Art. In children and adults, the indicator ranges from 9-23 units. Measurements of the strength of tone are carried out throughout the day. After waking up, the measurement result will be the highest, and before going to bed - the lowest. The difference in indicators mainly does not exceed 5 mm Hg. Art. Such a deviation is not considered a pathology and is often only an individual feature. There is no need to reduce ophthalmotonus.

Mature people (over 40-45 years old) are at risk of developing glaucoma, especially if there are several exposure factors. They are recommended to undergo an annual examination for timely detection of abnormalities in ophthalmotonus. The permissible norm in mature people reaches 26 mmHg. Art. It is increased due to age-related changes that affect the entire body, including the eyes.

If ophthalmotonus is measured using the Maklakov method, the norm increases by 4-6 units. The changes are associated with the pressure exerted by the weight on the surface of the eyeball.

Pressure in glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure gradually leads to the development of glaucoma. It is divided into 4 stages:

• basic (up to 27);
• pronounced (from 27 to 32);
• neglected (over 33);
• terminal (significantly more than 33).

Methods for determining pressure

In a hospital setting, doctors use the most accurate and proven procedures to determine ophthalmotonus:

• Palpation. The doctor will press lightly with their fingers on the eyelids to assess the degree of elasticity of the eyeballs. If they are too soft, then the pressure is low, and if they are too hard, they indicate increased tone.
• Maklakov method. A weight weighing up to 10 g, painted with harmless paint, is applied to the cornea. With its weight, it pushes the liquid out of the chambers. The pressure force is determined by the size of the resulting imprint on the load. It is applied to paper previously moistened with alcohol. To prevent discomfort, before starting the measurement procedure, the doctor will administer local anesthesia, and after it is completed, drop a disinfectant solution into the eyes.
• Contactless method. The surface of the eye is exposed to air supplied under a certain pressure. Based on the result obtained, the specialist calculates ophthalmotonus. The technique is used if glaucoma is suspected. Among its advantages, the absence of contact with the surface of the eye and the accuracy of measurement clearly stand out.

Causes of fluctuations in ophthalmotonus

Jumps in eye pressure are predominantly observed in people at risk. It includes patients with the following problems:

• pathologies of the heart and blood vessels;
• eye diseases;
• atherosclerosis;
• genetic predisposition.

Increased eye pressure is the most common. Its growth is influenced by the following factors:

• mental illness;
• nervous breakdowns;
• constant exposure to stressful situations;
• eye strain from computers, phones and other gadgets;

• the impact of hypertension;
• chronic kidney pathologies;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels;
• problems with the thyroid gland;
• poisoning of the body with chemical elements.

For the reasons stated, intraocular pressure will increase for a certain period of time. On an ongoing basis, high tone remains with the development of glaucoma.

Low eye pressure is much less common. Deviation occurs for the following reasons:

• low blood pressure;
• head and eye injuries;
• advanced form of diabetes mellitus;
• development inflammatory process in the eyeball;
• liver pathologies;
• dehydration due to the development of an infectious disease;
• retinal detachment.

Clinical picture

In most cases, the cause of surges in eye pressure cannot be identified in time. It will be virtually impossible to completely restore vision. The problem is associated with mild symptoms on early stages.

A clear sign of a decrease in ophthalmotonus is a decrease in visual acuity. If the patient does not undergo a course of treatment, then over time the eyes will become dry, begin to sink, atrophy and change shape. When tone drops due to infection in the body or severe dehydration, loss of shine and rare blinking are added to the main symptoms.

High eye pressure initially also occurs sluggishly. Gradually, the patient begins to notice the development of the following clinical picture:

• redness of the eyes;
• pain in the temple area;
• constant feeling of heaviness and fatigue of the eyeballs;
• drop in visual acuity;
• the appearance of “flies” before the eyes;
• noticeable deterioration of vision in the dark;
• migraine attacks with pain radiating to the eyes;
• areas falling out of sight;
• reduction of severity lateral vision.

Course of therapy

After identifying an increase or decrease in ophthalmotonus, the doctor will select a treatment regimen, focusing on the reason for the deviation from acceptable indicators. In mild cases and as a complement to more advanced forms of pathology, the following remedies are used:

• classes therapeutic exercises for eyes;
• wearing special glasses, for example, Professor Pankov;
• reducing the time spent on processes that strain the eyes.

It is advisable for the patient to walk in the fresh air more often and follow the rules healthy image life. The most important thing is to give your eyes more time to rest. If the cause of the jump in ophthalmotonus is other pathological processes, then they must be eliminated.

Drug treatment

In more complex cases, the use of special drops will be required. They provide:

• improvement of fluid outflow;
• reduction in moisture production;
• a combination of both actions.

The most common groups of drops are:

• Beta-blockers (Timol, Aritel, Tirez) help reduce the synthesis of fluid in the eyeball and reduce its volume.
• Cholinomimetics (Pilocarpine, Carbachol) constrict the pupil and stimulate the outflow of moisture.
• Latanprost-based drugs (Gluprost, Xalatamax, Latanomol) improve fluid outflow and are prescribed mainly for glaucoma. The progression of the disease is significantly reduced and its symptoms are relieved.

The drugs have their own contraindications, dosages and combination features. If used incorrectly, there is a risk of worsening the condition. The choice of drops should be entrusted to an ophthalmologist. He will examine the patient and draw up an effective drug treatment regimen. If possible, it is recommended to use products with a combined effect (Fotil, Xalacom). Price similar drugs higher, but with their help you can achieve desired result much faster.

Surgery

Constant jumps in ophthalmotonus lead to severe damage to the eyeball. Simple treatments and pills will not solve the problem. You will need to contact an experienced surgeon. Most relevant the following types surgical intervention performed using a laser:

• excision of the iris;
• trabecular extension.

A successful operation will improve the outflow of fluid inside the eye, thereby stabilizing the pressure. It is not always possible to completely eliminate the consequences, but you can increase visual acuity and stop or slow down the development of the pathological process.

There are generally accepted standards for ophthalmotonus by age. If deviations from them are detected, the patient is sent for examination to determine causative factor. After its detection, the doctor draws up a treatment regimen, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient and the presence of other diseases. In mild cases, it is enough to change your lifestyle and do eye exercises. Advanced forms of pathology require drug treatment and even surgery.

Ocular pressure, intraocular pressure (IOP) or ophthalmotonus, is the pressure of the fluid contained inside the eyeball on the walls of the eye. Intraocular pressure is now determined for all persons who have crossed the 40-year mark, regardless of whether the person makes complaints or not. This is due to the fact that increased eye pressure is the main prerequisite for the development of a disease such as glaucoma, which, if left untreated, leads to complete blindness.

Intraocular pressure is measured using a special tonometer, and the results are expressed in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). True, ophthalmologists of the 19th century judged the hardness of the eyeball by pressing on the eye with their fingers. In other cases, in the absence of equipment, a similar method is used today as a preliminary assessment of the condition of the visual organs.

Why is it important to know IOP?

The attention paid to such an indicator of health status as intraocular pressure is due to the role played by IOP:

• Maintains the spherical shape of the eyeball;
• Creates favorable conditions for conservation anatomical structure the eye and its structures;
• Maintains blood circulation in the microvasculature and metabolic processes in the tissues of the eyeball at a normal level.

The statistical norm of eye pressure measured by tonometric method is within 10 mmHg Art.(lower limit) - 21 mmHg Art.(upper limit) and has average values ​​in adults and children are about 15 – 16 mm Hg. Art., although after 60 years there is a slight increase in IOP due to the aging of the body, and the norm of eye pressure for such persons is set differently - up to 26 mm Hg. Art. (tonometry according to Maklakov). It should be noted that IOP is not particularly constant and changes its values ​​(by 3-5 mm Hg) depending on the time of day.

It would seem that at night, when the eyes are resting, eye pressure should decrease, but this does not happen in all people, despite the fact that the secretion of aqueous humor slows down at night. Closer to the morning, eye pressure begins to increase and reaches its maximum, while in the evening, it, on the contrary, decreases, therefore, in healthy adults, the highest IOP values ​​are observed early in the morning, and the lowest in the evening. Fluctuations in ophthalmotonus in glaucoma are more significant and amount to 6 or more mm Hg. Art.

Measuring intraocular pressure

It should be noted that not all people referred for annual preventive examinations to an ophthalmologist are enthusiastic about the upcoming measurement of intraocular pressure. Women may be afraid of ruining carefully applied makeup; men will refer to the absence of any complaints about their own organs of vision. Meanwhile, measuring intraocular pressure is a mandatory procedure for people who have turned 40 or older, even if they assure the doctor that they are in perfect health.

Measuring intraocular pressure is carried out using special equipment and instruments, and in general, modern ophthalmology uses 3 main types of measuring intraocular pressure:

tonometry according to Maklakov

The above-mentioned method according to Maklakov - many patients remember it, know it and most of all dislike it, since drops are dropped into the eyes, providing local anesthesia, and “weights” are installed (for a very short time), which are quickly removed and lowered onto a clean sheet of paper so that leave imprints indicating the value of IOP. This method is more than 100 years old, but it still has not lost its relevance;

1. Pneumotonometry, very similar to Maklakov tonometry, but different in that it uses an air jet. Unfortunately, this study not particularly accurate;
2. Electron diffraction is the most modern method, successfully replacing the previous two. It is used mainly in specialized institutions (not all clinics can yet afford expensive ophthalmological equipment). The method is classified as non-contact, highly accurate and safe research.

Most often in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries, Maklakov tonometry or non-contact tonometry using an electronograph are used.

Increased intraocular pressure

Increased eye pressure (ophthalmohypertension) is not necessarily the result of age-related changes, as many people think.

The reasons for increased IOP can be very diverse, for example:

• Constant tension on the organs of vision, leading to fatigue;
• Atherosclerosis;
• Persistent arterial hypertension (periodic surges in blood pressure, as a rule, are not dangerous to the eyes);
• Vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• Psycho-emotional stress, chronic stress;
• Fluid retention in the body due to cardiovascular pathology;
• Intracranial hypertension often causes increased fundus pressure;
• Professional activities (wind musicians);
• Individual (strength) physical exercises;
• Medicines used locally;
• Strong tea or coffee (due to caffeine);
• Heart rhythm disturbances, respiratory arrhythmia;
• Features of the anatomical structure of the eye;
• Intoxication;
• An inflammatory process localized in the organ of vision;
• Diencephalic pathology;
• Traumatic brain injuries;
• Diabetes;
• Menopause;
• Hereditary pathology;
• Side effects of certain medicines, treatment with corticosteroid hormones.

Increased intraocular pressure is often a sign of glaucoma, the risk of developing which increases markedly after 40 years.

Warning symptoms of increased IOP

Increased eye pressure may not show any particular signs of trouble for a long time. A person continues to live in a normal rhythm, unaware of the impending danger, because real symptoms of a pathological eye condition appear only when the IOP changes significantly towards an increase. And here are some signs of illness that may suggest that, putting everything aside, you need to immediately visit an ophthalmologist to check your vision and measure intraocular pressure:

1. Pain in the eyes, in the eyebrow area, in the frontal and temporal areas (or on one side of the head);
2. “Fog” before the eyes;
3. Multi-colored circles when looking at a burning lamp or lantern;
4. Feeling of heaviness, fullness and tiredness of the eyes at the end of the day;
5. Attacks of unmotivated lacrimation;
6. Change in corneal color (redness);
7. Decreased visual acuity, lack of image clarity (with glaucoma, patients often change glasses).

An increase in IOP and the development of glaucoma can be suspected if a person often changes glasses because he begins to be unable to see in the “old” ones, and also if this disease was diagnosed in close relatives.

For starters, drops for eye pressure

If pathological process has not gone too far, but the risk of developing glaucoma is quite high, then treatment usually begins with a direct impact on the high level of IOP, and for this purpose the doctor prescribes eye pressure drops, which:

• Promote fluid outflow;
• Reduce the pressing effect on the eye capsule;
• Normalize tissue metabolism.

By the way, eye pressure drops can cover different pharmacological groups, This:

1. F2α prostaglandin analogues (Travoprost, Xalatan, Latanoprost);
2. Beta-blockers (selective - Betaxolol, and - non-selective - Timolol);
3. M-cholinomimetics (Pilocarpine);
4. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (local - Bronzopt, and in addition to drops for eye pressure: systemic - Diacarb in capsules and tablets).

In this regard, it is very important to correctly assess how drugs will affect the hydrodynamics of the organ of vision, whether it will be possible to quickly obtain a hypotensive effect, calculate how often a person will depend on drops, and also take into account contraindications and individual tolerance of individual drugs. If with the prescribed treatment everything did not go very smoothly, that is, no special effect was obtained from monotherapy with antihypertensive drugs, you have to turn to combined treatment using:

1. Travapress Plus, Azarga, Fotil-forte;
2. α and β-adrenergic agonists (Adrenaline, Clonidine).

However, even in such cases, use more than two different drugs parallel is not at all advisable.

In addition to those listed medications for glaucoma (acute attack), osmotic agents are prescribed orally (Glycerol) and intravenously (Mannitol, Urea).

Of course, examples of eye pressure drops are not given so that the patient goes and buys them at the pharmacy on his own initiative. Data medicines and are prescribed and prescribed exclusively by an ophthalmologist.

When treating high eye pressure, in order to adequately assess the results achieved, the patient is regularly IOP measurement, visual acuity and the condition of the optic discs are checked, that is, during treatment the patient works closely with the attending physician and is under his control. For getting maximum effect from treatment and to prevent addiction to drugs, ophthalmologists recommend periodically changing drops for eye pressure.

The use of drops and other medications that reduce IOP involves treatment at home. For glaucoma, treatment depends on the form of the disease and the stage of the glaucomatous process. If conservative therapy does not give the expected effect, laser treatment is used (iridoplasty, trabeculoplasty, etc.), which allows the operation to be performed without a hospital stay. Minimal trauma and a short rehabilitation period also make it possible to continue treatment at home after the intervention.

In advanced cases, when there is no other way out, surgical treatment for glaucoma is indicated (iridectomy, fistulizing placements, operations using drains, etc.) with a stay in a specialized clinic under the supervision of doctors. In this case, the rehabilitation period is somewhat delayed.

Decreased fundus pressure

Doctors involved in the treatment of eye diseases are aware of another phenomenon that is opposite to increased IOP -

ophthalmic hypotension

Hypotony of the eyes or decreased fundus pressure.

This pathology develops quite rarely, but this does not make it any less dangerous.

Unfortunately, patients with eye hypotony reach the ophthalmologist's office when a significant percentage of their vision has already been lost.

This late presentation is explained by the fact that there are no obvious signs of the disease, initial stage proceeds almost without symptoms, except for a not very pronounced decrease in visual acuity, which people attribute to eye strain or age-related changes. The only symptom that appears later and can already alert the patient is considered dry eyes and loss of natural shine.

Factors that contribute to a decrease in intraocular pressure are not as diverse as the prerequisites that increase it. These include:

• Injury to the organs of vision in the past;
• Purulent infections;
• Diabetes;
• Dehydration
• Arterial hypotension;
• Alcoholic drinks and drugs (marijuana);
• Glycerin (if consumed orally).

Meanwhile, a person who pays as much attention to the eyes as other organs can prevent the unwanted effects of lowering IOP by visiting an ophthalmologist and talking about the above-mentioned “minor” symptoms. But if you do not notice the signs of eye health in a timely manner, you may find yourself faced with the development of an irreversible process - atrophy of the eyeball.

Home treatment involves using eye drops: Trimecaine, Leocaine, Dicaine, Collargol, etc. Products with aloe extract, as well as B vitamins (B1), are useful.

Patients suffering from elevated IOP, which threatens the development of the glaucomatous process, are recommended to follow some rules of prevention:

1. Try to avoid hypothermia, stress and excessive physical exertion (hard work, heavy lifting, tilting the head and body, causing blood to flow in larger quantities than the brain needs;
2. Stop athletics, but don’t shirk hiking(away from city noise and pollution), feasible gymnastics for the respiratory system and the whole body, hardening the body;
3. Treat chronic concomitant diseases;
4. Once and for all, regulate the regime of work, night sleep, rest and nutrition (a lactic acid diet enriched with vitamins and minerals is preferable);
5. On sunny summer days, when going outside, make it a rule not to forget glasses at home that provide eye comfort and protection (glasses should be purchased at Optics, and not at the market where sunglasses are sold sunglasses, which can further increase EDH).

Concerning low blood pressure, then, as stated earlier, it refers to the number rare cases, therefore, patients who experience suspicious signs (dull, dry eyes) can be advised to contact a specialist as soon as possible, who will tell you what to do next.

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Eye pressure helps maintain the stable functioning of the retina and the processes of microcirculation of metabolic substances in it. A decrease or decrease in this indicator may indicate the development of serious pathologies that can affect the acuity and quality of vision.

A decrease or increase in IOP indicates the development of pathologies

Eye pressure standards

Ocular monotonus or intraocular pressure (IOP) contributes to the normal nutrition of the eye shell and maintenance of its spherical shape. It is the result of the process of outflow and inflow within eye fluid. The amount of this very liquid determines the level of IOP.

Normal intraocular pressure

Throughout the day, intraocular pressure can vary - in the morning it is higher, in the late afternoon it is lower. Ophthalmonormotension or normal IOP, regardless of age and gender, ranges from 10 to 25 mmHg. Considering the time of day, deviations from reference values ​​of no more than 3 mmHg are permissible.

Symptoms of intraocular pressure

Disorders of blood microcirculation inside the eye, as well as deviations in the optical properties of the retina, occur after 40 years. In women, jumps in IOP are observed more often than in men, which is associated with hormonal characteristics of the body (lack of estrogen during menopause).

The pressure inside the eye rarely decreases. A common problem is increasing this indicator. In any case, pathologies do not occur hidden, but are accompanied by specific signs.

Increased IOP

High pressure inside the eyes can occur in several forms:

• stable (values ​​above normal on an ongoing basis);
• labile (periodic upward pressure surges);
• transient (there is a one-time and short-term increase in ophthalmotonus).

Stable IOP is the first sign of the development of glaucoma. Pathology occurs as a result of changes in the body that occur with age, or is a consequence of concomitant diseases, and appears in men and women after 43–45 years.

Symptoms of high eye pressure (glaucoma):

• the appearance of goosebumps or rainbow circles before the eyes when looking at the light;
• Red eyes;
• feeling of fatigue and pain;
• discomfort when watching TV, reading, working on a computer (tablet, laptop);
• decreased visibility at dusk;
• narrowing of the field of view;
• pain in the forehead, temples.

Eyes turn red when IOP increases

In addition to glaucoma, pressure depends on inflammatory diseases of the corresponding part of the brain, endocrine disorders, eye pathologies (iridocyclitis, iritis, keratoiridocyclitis) or long-term treatment certain medications. This is ocular hypertension. The disease does not affect the optic nerve and does not affect the field of vision, but if left untreated it can develop into cataracts and secondary glaucoma.

Ocular hypertension is manifested by symptoms such as:

• headache;
• aching discomfort in the eyes;
• feeling of distension of the eyeball;
• blinking is accompanied by pain;
• constant feeling of tiredness in the eyes.

Unlike glaucoma, which develops after 43 years of age, ocular hypertension can develop in children and adults, and can be especially aggressive in women. Reduced pressure in the eyes

Ocular hypotension is a rare and dangerous phenomenon in ophthalmology. With gradual development, the signs are mild (except for a gradual decrease in vision, the patient does not feel other abnormalities), which does not always make it possible to identify the pathology in the early stages and often leads to blindness (partial or complete).

With a sharp decrease in IOP, the symptoms are more expressive:

• eyes lose their healthy shine;
• dryness of the mucous membrane appears;
• eyeballs may fall through.

To avoid loss of vision due to low pressure inside the eyes, it is necessary to undergo examination by a specialist at least once every 5-6 months.

Reasons for deviation from the norm

Lability of eye pressure may result from age-related changes, external stimuli, congenital pathologies or disruptions of internal systems.

Why does eye pressure increase?

The cause of a one-time (transient) increase in ophthalmotonus is the development of hypertension in humans. This also includes stressful situations, severe fatigue. In such cases, simultaneously with IOP, intracranial pressure also increases.

Provoking factors for increased ophthalmotonus (with glaucoma) may be:

• severe dysfunction of the liver or heart;
• deviations in the functioning of the nervous system;
• endocrine pathologies (Bazedow's disease, hypothyroidism);
• severe menopause;
• severe intoxication of the body.

Hypothyroidism can cause high eye pressure

Ocular hypertension, unlike glaucoma, can develop not only in adults, but also in children. There are 2 types of pathology – essential and symptomatic. Both types are not independent diseases, but a consequence of serious pathologies of the eyes or vital systems.

The provoking factor of the essential form of high eye pressure is an imbalance between the production of intraocular fluid (increases) and its outflow (slows down). This condition often occurs due to age-related changes in the body and occurs in people after 50 years of age.

Symptomatic ocular hypertension occurs as a result of:

• eye pathologies – iridocyclitis, iritis, keratoiridocyclitis, glaucomocyclitic crises;
• long-term treatment with corticosteroid medications;
• endocrine (Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism) or hormonal (severe menopause) disorders;
• inflammatory processes in specific areas of the brain (hypothalamus).

Chronic intoxication can cause symptomatic ocular hypertension strong poisons(tetraethyl lead, furfural). Why is eye pressure low?

A decrease in eye pressure is observed less frequently than an increase, but is no less dangerous pathology.

The reasons for this condition are:

• inflammatory changes in the eyeballs – uveitis, iritis;
• foreign objects (squeaks, glass, metal shavings) or corneal bruise;
• intense loss of fluid from the body (occurs with peritonitis, dysentery);
• kidney disease;
• complications after operations;
• congenital anomalies (underdevelopment of the eyeball);
• retinal detachment.

Most often, reduced IOP occurs hidden, gradually worsening vision, up to blindness (if not treated).

IOP often decreases in kidney disease

Different pressure in the eyes

It is not uncommon for the pressure in the right and left eyes to differ by 4–6 mmHg. Art. This is normal. If the difference exceeds the permissible values, we are talking about development pathological changes. The cause of this condition may be the development of primary or secondary glaucoma. The disease can develop in one eye or in both eyes at the same time. In order to prevent negative consequences, it is important not to hesitate to consult a doctor at the slightest deviation in vision.

A strong difference in eye pressure indicates the development of pathological changes

Ocular pressure measurement

Eye pressure can be determined using daily tonometry. The analysis is carried out using special methods - a Goldman study or using a Maklakov tonometer. The devices are shown in the photo. Both methods accurately test the eyes and guarantee a painless procedure.

Measuring IOP using a Goldmann tonometer

Maklakov tonometer - a device for measuring intraocular pressure

In the first case, an anesthetic substance and a contrast liquid are dripped into the patient's eyes, he is seated at a slit lamp on which a tonometer is installed, and the examination begins. The doctor places the prism on the eye and adjusts its pressure on the cornea. Using a blue filter, the specialist determines right moment and deciphers IOP using a special scale.

Monitoring intraocular pressure using the Maklakov method requires the patient to lie down.

The procedure takes place in several stages:

1. An anesthetic liquid is dropped into the patient's eyes.
2. A contrast liquid is placed on the prepared glass plates and the device is carefully lowered onto the cornea so that the colored parts come into contact with it.
3. The pressure of a metal object slightly deforms the convex part of the eyeball.
4. Similar actions are carried out with the second eye.
5. The resulting circle prints are placed on damp paper and measured with a ruler.

To obtain accurate results, it is recommended to perform tonometry 2 times a day. This is explained by the fact that in different time days the values ​​may vary slightly.

Which doctor should I contact?

An ophthalmologist can help solve vision problems.

The specialist conducts tonometry, studies the medical history and, if necessary, prescribes additional consultation from other doctors:

• neurosurgeon;
• neurologist;
• therapist;
• endocrinologist.

The need for examination by a specific specialist depends on the reason that led to changes in eye pressure.

What are the dangers of deviations from the norm?

Long-term untreated high or low eye pressure can lead to dangerous consequences:

• increased intracranial pressure;
• removal of the eye (with constant pain discomfort);
• complete or partial (only dark silhouettes are visible) loss of vision;
• constant severe pain in the frontal and temporal parts of the head.

It is important to understand that deviation in IOP is serious problem, which must be resolved quickly, otherwise there is a high probability of dangerous complications.

If IOP deviations are left untreated for a long time, severe pain in the temples and forehead may occur.

Treatment of eye pressure

To normalize IOP, improve metabolism and microcirculation, medications are used. It is recommended to use methods as an aid traditional medicine.

Medicines

Drug therapy for abnormalities in eye pressure involves the use of drugs in the form of tablets and drops. Which medications are more effective depends on the stage of the disease, cause and type (increased or decreased ophthalmotonus).

Table “The best medications for intraocular pressure disorders”

The ophthalmologist selects all medications individually, based on the source of the disease, its severity and the characteristics of the patient’s body. Therefore, choosing medications on your own can greatly aggravate the existing problem.

Traditional medicine

You can normalize IOP at home using folk recipes.

Alcohol tincture of golden mustache

Grind the plant (100 g), place in a glass container and pour in 0.5 liters of vodka or alcohol. Leave for at least 12 days (shake regularly). Drink the prepared liquid in the morning on an empty stomach. Dose – 2 tsp. The product makes it possible to quickly reduce eye pressure and relieve unpleasant symptoms.

Golden mustache tincture helps normalize eye pressure

Red clover infusion

Brew 1 tsp in 250 ml of boiling water. chopped herbs, cover and let stand until completely cool. You need to drink the strained liquid half an hour before bedtime. Duration of treatment – ​​1 month.

Drink red clover infusion before bed

Healing lotions

Grind 1 apple, 1 cucumber and 100 g sorrel (horse) until mushy. Place the resulting mass on 2 pieces of gauze and apply to the eyes for 10–15 minutes once a day.

Apple and cucumber lotions are useful for IOP deviations

Dandelion and honey

Grind dandelion stems (2 tsp) and add 1 tbsp. honey, mix. Apply the creamy mixture to your eyelids in the morning and evening for 3-5 minutes, then rinse with warm water.

Apply a mixture of dandelion and honey to your eyelids 2 times a day

Motherwort decoction

Pour 1 tbsp into an enamel bowl. l. motherwort herbs, pour in 500 ml of water and simmer over low heat for 7 minutes (after boiling). Take the cooled drink 1 tbsp. l. morning, afternoon and evening.

Motherwort decoction normalizes IOP

Mint drops

Dilute 1 drop of mint oil in 100 ml of distilled liquid. Apply the prepared solution to the eyes once a day.

Dilute mint drops in water before instillation

Aloe decoction for washing eyes

Pour hot water (300 ml) over aloe (5 leaves), simmer over low heat for 3-5 minutes. Use the cooled solution to rinse your eyes at least 4 times a day at equal intervals.

Wash your eyes with aloe vera decoction 4 times a day

Nettle and lily of the valley lotions

Add 3 tbsp to 200 ml of boiling water. l. nettle and 2 tsp. lily of the valley, leave to infuse for 8–10 hours in a dark place. Soak cotton pads in the herbal liquid and apply to eyes for 5–7 minutes.

Nettle and lily of the valley infuse for 10-12 hours

Potato compresses

Pass peeled potatoes (2 pcs.) through a meat grinder, pour in 10 ml of table vinegar (9%). Stir and leave to steep for 25–35 minutes. Place the resulting mixture on gauze and place on the eyelids and area around the eyes.

To normalize eye pressure, make eye lotions from potatoes

Dill infusion

Pour crushed dill seeds (1 tbsp) into 500 ml of boiling water, boil for 2-3 minutes, cool. Take 50 ml of herbal liquid before meals.

Take a decoction of dill seeds before meals

It is necessary to understand that traditional medicine recipes are, first of all, aid to normalize eye pressure. Alternative medicine should not be used to replace primary drug therapy, otherwise the course of the disease may worsen.

Eye exercises

Special eye exercises will relieve fatigue and tension and normalize IOP. It consists of simple exercises.

1. Relaxation and stress relief. Blinking at a fixed time interval (4–5 seconds). You need to close your eyes with your palm, relax and blink a couple of times. Perform for 2 minutes.
2. Strengthening and increasing flexibility of the eye muscles. Imagine an infinity sign (an inverted figure eight) and mentally draw it for 2 minutes, moving only your eyeballs (do not turn your head).
3. Strengthening muscles and improving vision. First, focus your gaze on an object that is no more than 30 cm away. After 1–1.5 minutes, look at a more distant object. You need to move your gaze from one object to another at least 10 times, lingering on each for at least a minute.
4. Improved focus. Extend your hand in front of you with your finger raised up. Smoothly bring the phalanges closer to the nose. Stop at a distance of 8 cm from your face and move your finger back. Do the exercise for 2–3 minutes, while keeping your eyes on your finger.

Warming up helps improve vision, normalize the balance between the secretion of tear fluid and its outflow, and reduce the load on the optic nerve.

1. Monitor your sleep schedule. You need to sleep at least 8 hours a day.
2. Take short breaks while working at the computer. Every 2 hours you need to give your eyes a rest for at least 10-15 minutes. At this time, you can do special exercises.
3. News active image life. Spend more time outdoors, limit computer work and spend less time watching TV.
4. Review your diet. Avoid drinking alcohol, limit coffee, tea, salt, sugar. Lean on fruits, vegetables, vitamin complexes, and fish products.
5. Visit an ophthalmologist once every 6 months and do not neglect any identified abnormalities.
6. Do not self-medicate, strictly follow all recommendations of specialists.

If you have problems with IOP, exclude tea and coffee from your diet

It is important to understand that increased or decreased IOP can negatively affect eye health. It is important to carry out preventive measures on time and monitor your vision.

High or low eye pressure may be a sign of the development of glaucoma or eyeball atrophy. Pathologies rarely occur as independent diseases, they are mainly the result of external stimuli - injuries, stress, overwork, age-related changes, or internal disorders - endocrine, cardiovascular, eye diseases. To prevent serious complications, it is important to have a timely examination by an ophthalmologist, regularly perform eye exercises, and strictly monitor your lifestyle and diet.

The intraocular fluid puts pressure on the walls of the eye. This is called eye pressure (ophthalmotonus, intraocular pressure, IOP).

The relationship between the formation and outflow of aqueous humor forms the pressure inside the eye. To understand what normal eye pressure is, you need to understand the anatomy visual organ.

The chambers of the visual organ are filled with aqueous humor. This clear liquid, similar in composition to blood plasma. Aqueous humor is produced by cells of the ciliary body. The function is to maintain the spherical shape of the visual organ, refraction of light rays, and metabolic exchange. Moisture drains primarily through the trabecular meshwork.

Intraocular pressure increases when there is excessive synthesis or disruption of the outflow of intraocular fluid. Normal eye pressure is 10–21 mmHg. Art., in women it is usually 1 mm Hg higher. Art. than in men.

A normal phenomenon is changes in eye pressure during the day: in the morning, IOP is 2–3 mmHg higher. Art. than in the evening. In one eye, IOP may differ by 4–6 mm Hg. Art.

A slight decrease in eye pressure during pregnancy does not require treatment. This is associated with a decrease in blood pressure. During pregnancy, consultation with an ophthalmologist is mandatory. The doctor will monitor the woman’s condition and, if necessary, select safe treatment.

In newborns, the pressure inside the eye is increased. By the age of 10 it gradually decreases, and from the age of 20 it begins to grow again. After 70 years, IOP decreases. In women due to hormonal changes During menopause, changes in IOP are observed. Eye pressure is normal in humans different ages(50, 60, 70 years, etc.) you will find out from the table.

Classification

Eye pressure readings may be higher or lower than normal. Changes can be unilateral or bilateral. Elevated IOP can be classified according to various criteria.

By frequency:

• Transient (one-time).
• Labile (periodic deviations of indicators from the norm).
• Stable (always high).

For reasons:

• Primary (age-related deviations from the norm in people after 40 years).
• Secondary (due to diseases of the eyes or internal organs).

According to changes in the anatomical structure:

• Ophthalmic hypertension. Increased IOP is observed in the absence of changes in the fundus.
• Glaucoma. This is a disease of the organ of vision, accompanied by the appearance of clinical symptoms and changes in the fundus.

By degree of increase:

• Normal (10-21 mmHg).
• Moderate increase (up to 28 mm Hg).
• High IOP (more than 28 mm Hg).

Watch a video about increased pressure in the eyes:

Symptoms

Increased and decreased intraocular pressure is accompanied by the occurrence of clinical manifestations. Signs of altered intraocular pressure in adults are nonspecific and may indicate other eye pathologies. In children, the symptoms are erased; pathology can be suspected indirectly when the child’s vision deteriorates or during a medical examination.

High eye pressure causes symptoms of fullness, discomfort, or pain when moving the eyes. Characterized by fatigue and redness of the eyes, flickering spots, decreased visual acuity and narrowed fields of vision. There may be a headache in the temples and forehead.

Reduced IOP is manifested by a gradual deterioration of vision, the eyeball changes shape, decreases in size, and sinks. The eye loses its natural shine, and the conjunctiva becomes dry.

How to check eye pressure levels?

Drug treatment

Therapy for elevated IOP includes several groups of drugs. It is recommended to start with one. If necessary, add drops from another group, or replace the drug with a combined one. Popular drugs that lower IOP:

• Beta-blockers reduce the production of aqueous humor: Timolol, Betoptik, Okumed.
• Cholinomimetics improve the outflow of moisture by constricting the pupil: Pilocarpine.
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce the synthesis of intraocular fluid: Trusopt, Azopt.
• Prostaglandins improve the outflow of ocular fluid: “Xalatan”, “Glaumax”, “Glauprost”, “Travatan”.
• Combined drugs: “Xalacom”, “Fotil”, “Cosopt”.

For low IOP, Atropine eye drops are prescribed. Vascular strengthening tablets “Ascorutin” and B vitamins “Neuromultivit” will improve the effect.

Surgical intervention

If the effect of drug treatment is absent, the symptoms persist and progress, then the doctor comes to the decision that surgery is necessary. Surgical treatment aimed at the formation of improved drainage of aqueous humor.

• Iridotomy is the creation of a hole in the iris.
• Iridectomy – removal of a section of the iris.
• Trabeculoplasty is the creation of outflow pathways for eye fluid.

The operations are performed using a laser machine. The recovery period is short, the risk of complications is minimal.

Folk remedies

At home you can use folk remedies. Change in intraocular pressure – serious symptom which can lead to vision loss. That's why traditional treatment It is permissible with the permission of a doctor in combination with medications.

Strong tea, coffee, physical exercise will briefly increase IOP, drinking plenty of fluids. There are several recipes with herbal ingredients to lower IOP.

• Golden mustache helps relieve high eye pressure plant. It is used in the form of an alcohol tincture. Method of preparation: infuse the crushed golden mustache in 0.5 liters of vodka for 2 weeks. Shake the container periodically. It is recommended to take 2 tsp orally. in the morning on an empty stomach.
• Meadow clover. To prepare the meadow clover infusion, pour 1 tsp. herbs with a glass of boiling water. Leave to infuse. After cooling, strain the infusion and drink every day before bed for 1 month.
• Motherwort. Recipe for preparing motherwort decoction: add 1 tbsp to half a liter of water. l. motherwort. Boil for at least 7 minutes over low heat. Cool and strain. Take the finished decoction 1 tbsp orally. l. three times a day.
• Mint. To reduce IOP, the use of mint drops is effective. Method of preparation: stir 1 drop of mint oil in half a glass boiled water. It is enough to instill drops 1 time per day
• Aloe. To wash your eyes, you can prepare a decoction of aloe. To do this, pour boiling water over 5 medium-sized aloe leaves. Then simmer over low heat for 5 minutes. Cool the broth, then use it for rinsing every 6 hours.
• Potato. Can be used as a compress raw potatoes. Grate 2 pieces on a fine grater, mix with 10 ml of 9% table vinegar. After half an hour of infusion, the mixture is ready for use. Wrap the pulp in a gauze napkin and apply to closed eyelids for 20 minutes.

Complications and prognosis

High or low eye pressure is a pathological abnormality that requires treatment. Reduced IOP leads to atrophy of the eyeball and disruption of its functions. Increased eye pressure is more than dangerous, because it can cause complications:

• Deterioration of visual functions, blindness.
• Increased ICP.
• Frequent headache.
• Removal of the organ of vision.

Prevention

A lowered head position increases IOP, so avoid such positions. When cleaning, use a mop; when working on garden plot use gardening tools, use a high pillow to sleep.

Normal pressure inside the eye is promoted by following general recommendations:

• Fortified food. Reduce your consumption of sweets, salty foods, tea, coffee, and alcoholic beverages.
• Walks in the open air.
• Moderate physical activity.
• Avoid heavy physical activity.
• Reducing the time spent behind the monitor.
• Performing eye exercises while the organ of vision is working hard.
• Visit an ophthalmologist at least once a year.
• Treatment of chronic diseases.

If your eyes hurt from high blood pressure, contact an ophthalmologist immediately. A single increase in IOP is not dangerous. A persistent increase is a sign of glaucoma and treatment is required to prevent vision loss. The doctor will detect changes in the fundus in the early stages and select medications that you can use at home.

Tell us about your experience in the comments. Share what treatments helped you. Share the article with your friends. Be healthy.

1714 02/13/2019 7 min.

Millions of people around the world suffer from high intraocular pressure. Meanwhile, this symptom often signals the approach of serious illness eye - glaucoma. After 40 years of age, glaucoma occurs in approximately 2.4% of the population, and from 75 years of age - in 7-8% of people. How to measure intraocular pressure? What does high or low blood pressure lead to? We will talk about this in our material.

Definition of disease

Glaucoma (in translation from Greek - “azure”, “color of sea water”) - received its name due to the greenish color that the dilated and motionless pupil acquires in the stage of an acute attack of the disease.

This is also where the second name of this pathology comes from – “green cataract”. Today, glaucoma is understood as a chronic eye disease characterized by persistent or periodic increase

intraocular pressure (IOP) with the development of trophic disorders in the outflow pathways of the intraocular fluid, in the retina and in the optic nerve, which lead to the appearance of typical defects in the visual field and the development of a marginal recess of the optic disc. To date, the exact causes and mechanism of development of glaucoma have not yet been established, so the disease is often detected already acute stage

when the consequences are irreversible.

• Features and symptoms of glaucoma:
• Increased intraocular pressure; Characteristic damage to optic nerve fibers

– glaucomatous optic neuropathy, which leads to its. Glaucoma can occur at any age, even in newborns, but the prevalence of the disease is highest in the elderly and old age

. This disease ranks among the leading causes of incurable blindness.

Determination of eye pressure

The condition of the organ of vision depends on the indicators of intraocular pressure. Due to the constant pressure of the fluid inside the eye, its size and shape are maintained. If the pressure reading changes, the optical system of the eye will not be able to function normally.

The human eye is a complex system with clear self-regulation. Intraocular pressure should not fall below 18 mmHg. Art. and do not rise above 30 mmHg. Art. As soon as this regulatory mechanism goes astray in one direction or another, vision inevitably deteriorates and ophthalmological diseases develop.

Intraocular pressure normally has a constant value and healthy person does not change. But it may fluctuate slightly during the day.

In the morning, immediately after sleep, the intraocular pressure indicator is at higher levels. Most likely this is due to horizontal position body and the predominance of the vagus nerve at night.

In the evening, intraocular pressure gradually decreases. The difference between evening and morning readings can be no more than 2 – 2.5 mm Hg. Art.

Only with a healthy intraocular pressure is it possible to maintain normal metabolism in the eyeball.

Deviations

What are the most common causes and symptoms of low and high intraocular pressure?

Low eye pressure

• Hypotension, i.e. a drop in blood pressure. Today it has been proven that intraocular pressure is related to blood pressure. With general hypotension, the pressure in the capillaries of the eye drops, resulting in a decrease in intraocular pressure.
• Penetrating eye injuries. At severe injuries Intraocular pressure decreases, while vision deteriorates, resulting in atrophy of the eyeball.
• Inflammatory diseases of the eyeball: inflammation of the choroid (), inflammation of the iris (iritis).
• . In this case, the mechanisms of formation of intraocular fluid are disrupted.
• Dehydration(noted in severe infections and inflammatory diseases, for example, cholera, dysentery, peritonitis).
• Ketoacidosis – acute condition which occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus.
• Severe liver diseases.

Symptoms of decreased intraocular pressure:

• The patient loses the usual shine of the eyes and feels dry.
• Recession of the eyeballs (observed in severe cases).
• Gradual deterioration of vision.
• With a long course of the disease, the eye gradually decreases in size. Over time, this becomes noticeable externally.

With a decrease in intraocular pressure, rather sparse symptoms are observed. Sometimes the disease is accompanied by only one symptom—deterioration of vision. There are no symptoms such as pain and dizziness.

Increased eye pressure

Depending on the duration of the disease, there are 3 types of increased blood pressure:

1. Transient, in which intraocular pressure increases once for a short time, but then returns to normal.
2. Labile: IGT increases periodically, but then returns to normal values.
3. Stable when the pressure is constantly increased.

Causes

The most common causes of transient increase in intraocular pressure:

IOP is regulated nervous system and some hormones. If these regulatory mechanisms are violated, it may increase. Often this condition later develops into glaucoma. But in the initial stages, there may be no symptoms at all.

Secondary increase in IOP is a symptom various diseases eye:

• Tumor processes;
• Inflammatory diseases: iritis, iridocyclitis, uveitis;
• Eye injuries.

The main reason for the constant increase in IOP is glaucoma. Most often, glaucoma develops in the second half of life. But it can also be innate. In this case, the disease is known as “dropsy of the eye.”

Symptoms

With a slight increase in intraocular pressure, there may be no symptoms at all. The disorder can only be suspected at an appointment with an ophthalmologist.

Many people suffering from increased intraocular pressure have nonspecific symptoms, such as:

• Pain in the eyes (which is often not given due importance);
• Increased eye fatigue;
• Discomfort when working at a computer for a long time, in a poorly lit room, when reading books with small print;
• Redness of the eyes;
• Visual impairment.

The following symptoms are characteristic of a persistent increase in intraocular pressure in glaucoma:

• Severe pain in the eyes;
• Migraine headaches;
• Progressive deterioration of vision;
• Rainbow circles, so-called “spots” before the eyes;
• Impaired twilight vision;
• Reduced visual fields - the patient sees objects worse out of the corner of the eye.

In an acute attack of glaucoma, IOP can increase to 60–70 mm Hg. Art. In this case, a sharp, severe pain in the eye occurs, visual acuity decreases, dizziness, nausea and vomiting are noted. This condition requires immediate medical attention.

Increased intraocular pressure leads to optic nerve atrophy. As a result, vision decreases, sometimes to the point of complete loss. The affected eye becomes blind. If only part of the nerve bundles atrophies, the field of vision changes, and entire fragments may fall out of it.

As a result of retinal atrophy or rupture, retinal detachment may occur. This condition is also accompanied by significant visual impairment and requires surgical treatment.

Pressure measurement methods

IOP can be measured in several ways.

Method of self-probing the eye

Intraocular pressure can be controlled independently, however, in this case we only get an approximate result. This is done by touch. Light pressure should be applied through closed eyelids. Normally, your finger should feel an elastic ball that is slightly pressed. If the eye is hard as a stone and does not deform in any way when pressed, then there is a high probability that the intraocular pressure is increased.

If the spherical shape cannot be felt at all, and the finger seems to “fall” inside the eye, this indicates a strong decrease in intraocular pressure.

Measuring IOP using special devices

Accurate IOP measurement is carried out in specialized clinics as prescribed by an ophthalmologist. For this purpose, they use a Russian researcher who himself developed this method.

Before performing eye tonometry, it is necessary to remove contact lenses (if the patient wears them). Next, the doctor administers anesthesia to the eyes. Drops of Dicaine, an anesthetic that acts in the same way as Lidocaine and Novocaine, are instilled into them twice (with an interval of 1 minute). Then the patient is asked to lie down on the couch, his head is fixed and he is asked to look at a certain point. A small colored weight is placed on the eye. It's unpleasant, but not painful at all. By pressing on the eye, the weight slightly deforms it. The degree of deformity depends on how high the IOP is. A small part of the paint will remain on the eye, and then simply be washed off by the tear fluid.

IOP is measured twice in each eye. After this, an imprint of the paint remaining on the cargo is made. The intensity of the color determines the intraocular pressure in both eyes.

There is a portable version of the Maklakov device. The doctor applies pressure to the patient's eye using a device similar to ballpoint pen. This procedure is also safe and painless because anesthesia is administered first.

Non-contact tonometry

There is also non-contact tonometry. In this case, the load is not placed on the eye. carried out using a stream of air directed into the eye. This technique is less accurate.

Prevention of glaucoma

One of the main preventive measures is regular visits to the ophthalmologist, who will measure eye pressure.

Ways to prevent eye pressure disorders:

• Daily exercise for the eyes;
• Complete rest;
• Regular exercise;
• Quality food;
• Taking vitamin complexes;
• Moderate consumption of drinks with high caffeine content;
• Quitting alcohol.

Remember that your eyes get tired from excessive strain. Give them rest, do not strain your eyes while sitting at the computer.

Video

conclusions

So, we found out that intraocular pressure must be maintained at a normal level. Otherwise, an insidious and dangerous disease may develop - glaucoma, which can lead to complete loss of vision. Visit your ophthalmologist regularly, especially if your job causes eye strain. Don't forget that your eyes need rest and daily exercise.

Contents of the article: classList.toggle()">toggle

Fluid is constantly moving inside our eyes - a certain amount of it enters the cornea, and the same amount flows out.

Violation of the inflow or outflow leads to changes in intraocular pressure, to its decrease or increase.

Deviation from the norm is a rather dangerous phenomenon, which, Without proper treatment may cause vision loss.

A similar pathology can occur in anyone, so it is important to know the causes and symptoms of changes in intraocular pressure and how to bring the value back to normal. What causes eye pressure to increase or decrease will be discussed below.

Reasons causing changes

First of all, the risk group includes people who have problematic the cardiovascular system. Also, these disorders are often detected in those suffering from farsightedness or atherosclerosis.

Particular attention to the condition of the eyes should be paid to people with a hereditary predisposition to the disease.

Main causes of high eye pressure

What causes eye pressure to rise:

• Stressful situations, increased excitability, emotional outbursts
• Constantly working at a computer for long periods of time or any other conditions that cause eye strain
• Increased blood pressure, hypertension
• Chronic kidney disease
• Problems in the cardiovascular system
• Thyroid diseases
• Chemical poisoning

All these conditions cause changes for some time. Constant elevation is a sign of glaucoma and is more common in older people.

Causes of low pressure in the eyes

How to measure eye pressure

Ocular pressure is measured mainly in three ways: electrotonography, using a Maklakov tonometer, and pneumotachography.

Accurate and correct measurement of eye pressure at home is impossible, as this must be done by a doctor!

What eye pressure values ​​are considered normal?

Eye pressure is measured in mm. mercury column. Normal eye pressure: indicators range from 9 to 22 mm. rt. Art. When measuring pressure values, you should take into account the time of day: morning and evening values ​​may differ from each other by 2-2.5 mm.

It also matters what instrument the measurement was taken with.

Maklakov's tonometer gives normal values from 17 to 26 mm. rt. Art. The pneumotonometer determines the norm as 10-21 mm.

Normal after 60 years

Normal blood pressure in adults depends on age. Age changes cornea and eyeball lead to a change in intraocular pressure (it increases, and the eyeball stretches). The outflow of intraocular fluid is disrupted, which leads to an increase in ophthalmotonus.

After 40 years, it is necessary to undergo an examination by an ophthalmologist every year. with mandatory measurement of intraocular pressure, since the likelihood of glaucoma increases with age. Normal eye pressure at 60 years of age and older is 23 mmHg. Art.

Normal eye pressure for glaucoma

What eye pressure is considered normal depends on the form and severity of this pathology.

There are currently 4 known forms of the disease:

• Initial (< 27 мм рт. ст.);
• Severe (27-32 mm Hg);
• Deep (> 33 mm Hg);
• Final (significantly > 33 mmHg).

When glaucoma appears, a gradual increase in ophthalmotonus occurs as the outflow of moisture from the eye chambers worsens. The patient may not feel this and may not seek treatment. medical care, which makes timely diagnosis difficult. Eye drops for glaucoma and eye pressure are prescribed by your doctor!

Symptoms of abnormal eye pressure

The difficulty of determining violations lies in the practical complete absence symptoms in the early stages of pathology development. Changes at the onset of the disease do not manifest themselves. Only an ophthalmologist can determine the presence of a problem.

Sign of low eye pressure: The patient's vision begins to gradually deteriorate. In the absence of proper treatment, the eyeball begins to atrophy and change shape, sinking.

If the decrease occurred due to an infectious disease and dehydration, symptoms of eye disorders include rare blinking and lack of shine.

Increased eye pressure at the initial stage also occurs without obvious symptoms. With further development, the patient begins to notice heaviness in the eyes and fatigue. Next, pain appears in the temples, and redness of the eyes may occur.

The following symptoms are observed with high blood pressure:

• Migraine and severe eye pain
• Active visual impairment
• Blurred vision,
• Deterioration in picture quality at dusk
• Decreased lateral vision, reduced field of vision

We will consider what to do with eye pressure below.

Treatment when the disease is detected

Treatment of low eye pressure is aimed at eliminating the cause that caused this state. Treatment methods for high vision vary depending on the severity of the eye condition.

In the early stages of the disease it is used conservative treatment . How to reduce eye pressure at home:

• Do ;
• Use eye drops that improve fluid drainage;
• Reduce time watching TV and working on the computer;
• Wear special safety glasses.

It is also necessary to spend more time walking in the air, to exclude strength and contact types sports.

If increased intraocular pressure is an accompanying phenomenon with any other disease, it is necessary to begin comprehensive treatment.

Treatment of eye pressure with folk remedies, Three recipes are especially popular:

The use of traditional recipes should be discussed with your doctor

Golden mustache tincture. Pour 500 ml of vodka onto 20 antennae and place in a cool, dark place for 12 days. Drink one dessert spoon every morning before breakfast. Strain before use.

• Red clover. 1 tbsp. Pour 150 ml of boiling water over a spoonful of dry herbs. Strain and take daily before bed. The course of admission is 1 month.
• It is recommended to take kefir with a pinch of cinnamon.

If conservative methods have not brought any results and vision continues to deteriorate, doctors are forced to take more radical methods: laser treatment, and in the most advanced cases, microsurgical intervention.

Drops for eye pressure

According to the mechanism of action, drops are divided into:

These drops contain:

• B-blockers. Medicines in this subgroup reduce the production of aqueous humor, reduce its volume (thymol) or reduce production without affecting the volume ();
• Cholinomimetics (). Constrict the pupil, improve the outflow of intraocular fluid;
• Prostaglandin or latanoprost (,). Stimulates the removal of intraocular fluid. Indicated for open-angle glaucoma. Due to the outflow of fluid between the lens and cornea, the rate of progression of glaucoma decreases.

Each of these groups has its own positive and negative properties. Drops are selected by an ophthalmologist taking into account concomitant diseases. In addition, in addition to the above-mentioned, relatively inexpensive eye drops, there are combination eye drops (Xalacom), which are an order of magnitude more expensive, but also more effective.

Treating eye pressure at home

How to lower eye pressure at home, you can use the following tips:

Useful in such cases are dill, grapes, watermelon, birch sap, currants, rowan, and pumpkin.

The dangers of high and low eye pressure

Increased intraocular pressure causes glaucoma. If it is not treated with drops that normalize ophthalmotonus, then death of the optic nerve may occur, which leads to blindness.

Low eye pressure over time can cause it to shrink. Regulatory functions are impaired vitreous, that leads to severe violation vision.

Regardless of the reason that caused the decrease in pressure, vision deteriorates up to the development of total blindness.

You should regularly consult an ophthalmologist for preventive examinations. This will help to detect pathology in a timely manner and develop a set of measures necessary to preserve and restore vision.

Prevention

Problems with intraocular pressure can lead to sad consequences, namely glaucoma and vision loss. What kind preventive measures help in maintaining normal fluid circulation in the eyes? It's not that complicated:

Thus, the right approach will help avoid many problems associated with eye diseases. Don't miss out alarming symptoms and contact a specialist for advice!

Eye pressure in medical terminology is called ophthalmotonus. Deviations from the norm are a pathological condition, the development of which may be caused by individual characteristics or the development of diseases. Today we will talk about the normal intraocular pressure after 60 years, as well as the possible reasons for deviations from the norm and the specifics of treating the condition.

The average fundus pressure in an adult is 10-20 mmHg. A deviation of 2-4 marks is acceptable. These numbers are confirmation of the proper functioning, microcirculation and metabolism of the eye, the retina is working as expected.

Is your blood pressure within normal limits?

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Reduced ophthalmotonus in women after 60 years of age is quite rare. If the deviation is not diagnosed in a timely manner and treatment is not started, glaucoma can rapidly develop. The disease is not easy to treat and can lead to complete/partial blindness.

Correction of ophthalmotonus is based on the use of medications. But positive dynamics will be noticeable when the eyes get used to the drugs. Each person is individual, and even the highest quality and good drug may not fit.

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Hypotension

Hypotony is low intraocular pressure. The main reasons for its development include:

• Decreased blood pressure levels. Numerous studies have shown that these two indicators are closely related to each other.
• A surgical intervention during which doctors made mistakes.
• Inflammation of the eyeball.
• Ingress of foreign objects or injury to the eye can lead not only to changes in eye pressure, but also to atrophy of the eyeball.
• Dehydration of the body.
• Dysfunctions or developmental pathologies of the kidneys, liver and other organs and systems.

The most pronounced symptom is blurred vision. If the genesis is established and this infectious nature or dehydration, there is a loss of pupillary shine, dryness in the eye.

Regularly checking your vision, in particular ophthalmotonus, is very important for people over 60 years of age.

Ophthalmic hypertension

This condition is accompanied by increased eye pressure. Pathology is conventionally divided into three types:

1. Stable – increased eye pressure is constantly observed.
2. Labile pressure is characterized by an alternation of normal and elevated pressure.
3. Transient is accompanied by a single increase in ophthalmotonus. In this case, it is advisable to be examined and undergo the necessary treatment.

Typically, increased eye pressure is associated with hypertension. But don’t forget about overworking the eyeball: sitting for a long time in front of the TV, working for a long time at the computer.

Clinical picture next:

• In poor lighting, a person sees poorly.
• Visual coverage has noticeably decreased.
• Unusual fatigue or unreasonable fatigue of the visual organs.
• Redness.
• Painful sensations in the temples and suprafrontal arches.
• Watching TV and working at the computer cause a feeling of discomfort.

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Normal IOP after 60 years

At 60 years of age, the likelihood of developing eye diseases, and, accordingly, deviations from normal eye pressure increases significantly. Diseases such as glaucoma, farsightedness and myopia are diagnosed in every 4 cases. What is normal eye pressure in older people? Aging has a detrimental effect on the functioning and condition of all organs/systems human body including the eyes. According to Maklakov’s method, at the age of 60 a woman should have eye pressure no higher than 26 mmHg.

Table - normal IOP in a person aged 60-65 years

	BP system mm. rt. Art.			Diagnostic blood pressure mm. rt. Art.
	Bottom line	Upper limit	Dangerous border	Bottom line	Upper limit	Dangerous border
60-65 years	100	150	151-161	60	90	91-94

How is the procedure performed?

It is not possible to measure pressure in the eyes at home, since there is no universal device that allows you to measure the force of fluid pressure without using additional methods diagnostics

Measuring ocular pressure can be carried out in several ways: non-contact and by palpation. Figures may vary.

During palpation, the doctor determines the eye pressure using his fingers. It is used most often after surgery, when the possibility of using special equipment is excluded.

In public medical institutions, the Maklakov technique is most common. The idea is to measure intraocular pressure using weights treated with a special solution. The procedure is very unpleasant, but the results obtained will have minimal error.

To partially alleviate the patient’s condition, the doctor first instills eye drops into his eyes. As soon as the antiseptic begins to act, the weights are placed on the cornea using tweezers, and then immediately removed. The result can be assessed by the degree of coloring of the weights treated with a special solution.

TO modern methods diagnostics should include:

• Electronography is a measurement of the rate of continuous formation of intraocular fluid, as well as its outflow.
• Pneumotachography is the calculation of the strength of ophthalmotonus inside the eye using air flows.

The most precise method Tonometry according to Maklakov is still considered diagnostic.

How to bring eye IOP back to normal

The attending physician should tell you in detail how to correct eye pressure and prescribe treatment accordingly.