Chronic circulatory failure: classification, treatment. Symptoms of the disease - circulatory disorders

Pathology of the heart vascular system. Circulatory failure.

Normally, the cardiovascular system optimally provides the current blood supply needs of organs and tissues. In this case, the level of systemic circulation is determined by the activity of the heart, vascular tone and the state of the blood (its total and circulating mass, as well as rheological properties). Heart disorders vascular tone or changes in the blood system may lead to circulatory failure. Circulatory insufficiency is understood as a hemodynamic disorder in which the organs and tissues of the body are not provided with the amount of circulating blood that meets their needs. This leads to a disruption in their supply of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of metabolic products. NK can occur due to disruption of the heart (heart failure) or changes in vascular function (vascular insufficiency). Concomitant cardiovascular failure is often observed. As a rule, any isolated form of circulatory failure becomes mixed over time. According to the duration of the course, acute and chronic NK are distinguished. Acute NK includes acute heart failure (left ventricular, right ventricular, hypodiastolic failure with paroxysmal tachycardia, etc.) and acute vascular failure (shock, collapse, fainting). Chronic NK according to its severity is divided into three degrees (N.D. Strazhesko and V.Kh. Vasilenko, 1935):

Grade 1 or latent, characterized by the appearance of clinical signs (shortness of breath, tachycardia, fatigue) after physical activity. This is a compensated NK.

Grade 2A manifests itself with the same symptoms at rest.

2B - congestion develops in the systemic and pulmonary circulation.

Grade 3 NC (terminal) is characterized by the development of significant changes in the functions and structure of organs and tissues. The second and third degrees refer to decompensated circulatory failure.

Let us consider in detail heart failure, which is one of the common causes of disability, disability and death in patients suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system.

HF is a typical form of pathology in which the heart does not meet the needs of organs and tissues for blood supply adequate to their function and the level of plastic processes, which in turn leads to characteristic changes in hemodynamics and circulatory hypoxia.

Classification of forms of heart failure is given depending on the following factors:

1. According to the speed of development of the process: acute - several hours,

subacute - from several days. These forms are accompanied by a progressive decline in myocardial contractility.

chronic - lasts for years and is accompanied by periods of either complete disappearance or significant mitigation of HF symptoms.

2. As amended by the IOC:

1. CH with a decrease in the value of the IOC,

2. what is less common, HF with an increase in IOC, this develops with hypervolemia, thyrotoxicosis (IOC increases due to sudden tachycardia), B1-vitamin deficiency.

3. According to the degree of involvement of the heart parts in the process

a) left ventricular

b) right ventricular

c) total.

4 According to etiology and pathogenesis:

a) Overload form. In this case, HF may be caused by an excessive increase in the volume of blood flowing to the heart or the resistance that occurs when blood is expelled from the cavities of the heart. This may be the result of changes in the heart itself (some valvular defects), in the vascular bed (arterial hypertension, narrowing of the ascending aortic arch, etc.), in the blood system (hypervolemia, polycethemia), neurohumoral regulation of cardiac activity (activation of the sympathoadrenal system , thyrotoxicosis).

b) Myocardial form. It occurs as a result of direct effects on the myocardium of infection, intoxication, hypoxia, vitamin deficiency, coronary circulation disorders, fatigue, and some hereditary metabolic defects. In this case, heart failure develops with normal or even reduced load on the heart.

c) The mixed form of deficiency occurs as a result of a combination direct action on the myocardium and its overload. For example, with rheumatism, there is a combination of inflammatory damage to the myocardium and a disorder of the valve apparatus.

In addition to these forms of heart failure (they are conventionally called primary or cardiogenic), there are also those that are caused by a decrease in venous blood flow to the heart or when it is not able to accept all the incoming blood. The first is observed with hypovolemia, a sharp dilation of blood vessels (collapse), the second - with the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, which leads to difficulty in expanding the cavities of the heart during diastole.

Pathogenesis of heart failure. HF due to predominant direct damage to the myocardium is characterized by a decrease in the tension developed by the heart, which leads to a drop in the strength and speed of its contraction and relaxation. HF as a result of overload of the heart with pressure or volume is predominantly formed against the background of a more or less long period of its compensatory hyperfunction and hypertrophy, but also then leads to a decrease in the strength and speed of contraction and relaxation. In both cases, a decrease in contractile function is accompanied by the inclusion of extra- and intracardial mechanisms to compensate for this shift. Four such mechanisms are conventionally distinguished. It should be noted that in the conditions of a whole organism, all of them, despite a certain uniqueness, are interconnected in such a way that the activation of one of them significantly affects the implementation of the other. When there is an overload of blood volume, the heterometric Frank-Starling compensation mechanism is triggered. At the same time, during diastole, there is an increased blood supply to the cavities of the heart, which leads to increased stretching of muscle fibers, which in turn leads to a stronger contraction during systole. This mechanism is due to the properties of myocardial cells. There is a linear relationship between the amount of blood flowing and the force of contraction. However, if the degree of muscle fiber stretch exceeds acceptable limits, then the force of contraction decreases. With acceptable overloads, the linear dimensions of the heart increase by no more than 15-20%. The resulting expansion of the cavities of the heart is called tonogenic dilatation and is accompanied by an increase in stroke volume. Another important adaptation mechanism of the heart is the isometric compensation mechanism, which is activated in response to an increase in resistance to the outflow of blood from the cavities of the heart. In this case, the length of the muscle fiber of the heart increases slightly, but the pressure and tension that arise during muscle contraction at the end of diastole increases. In this case, there is an increase in the time of interaction between actin and myosin filaments.

Energetically, both of these mechanisms for compensating for increased load are unequal. Thus, with the same increase in the external work of the heart, calculated by the product of the IOC and the average systolic pressure in the aorta, oxygen consumption by the heart changes differently depending on the form of overload. If the work is doubled by doubling the minute volume, oxygen consumption increases by only one quarter, but if the work is doubled by doubling the outflow resistance, then the oxygen consumption of the myocardium increases to 200|. This is explained by the fact that with the isometric compensation mechanism, to overcome outflow resistance, a significant increase in systolic pressure is necessary, which can be achieved by increasing the magnitude and rate of development of muscle fiber tension. Namely, the phase of isometric tension is the most energy-intensive and serves as a factor determining ATP consumption and oxygen consumption by the myocardium. Thus, the heterometric compensation mechanism is energetically more favorable, which perhaps explains the more favorable course of those pathological processes that are accompanied by the activation of the Frank-Starling mechanism, for example, valve insufficiency compared to orifice stenosis. An essential mechanism for compensating for decreased cardiac contractility is an increase in heart rate - tachycardia. It can occur due to increased blood pressure in the vena cava, right atrium and their stretching (Bainbridge reflex), as well as due to nervous and humoral extracardiac influences. Energetically, this is the least favorable mechanism, because accompanied by:

a) increased myocardial oxygen demand

b) significant shortening of diastole - the period of recovery and rest of the myocardium

c) deterioration of the hemodynamic characteristics of the heart (during diastole, the ventricles do not have time to fill with blood, hence the systole becomes less complete, since mobilization of the heterometric compensation mechanism is impossible).

An evolutionarily later, but very effective and mobile mechanism of cardiac adaptation is the strengthening of sympathoadrenal effects on the myocardium, caused by a decrease in cardiac output. Activation of sympathetic effects on the heart provides a significant increase in the strength and speed of myocardial contraction. The functioning of mechanisms such as heterometric and isometric, tachycardia, and increased sympathoadrenal effects on the myocardium provide emergency compensation for the decrease in myocardial contractility. However, this is accompanied by a significant increase in the intensity of the heart - its hyperfunction, which in turn causes activation of the genetic apparatus of cardiomyocytes, manifested in an increase in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. Acceleration of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins of the myocardium leads to an increase in its mass - hypertrophy. The biological significance of compensatory hypertrophy is that the increased function of the organ is performed by its increased mass, and on the other hand, the structural and functional features of the hypertrophied heart serve as a prerequisite for the development of the pathological process. According to the dynamics of changes in the metabolism, structure and functions of the myocardium, three main stages of hypertrophy are distinguished (F.Z. Meyerson)

1 emergency

Stage 2 of completed hypertrophy and relatively stable hyperfunction

Stage 3 of progressive cardiosclerosis.

The first stage develops immediately after an increase in load and is characterized by an increase in heart mass due to increased protein synthesis and thickening of muscle fibers. At this stage, changes in the myocardium are noted, such as the disappearance of glycogen, a decrease in the level of creatine phosphate, an imbalance of ions (K is reduced) and (sodium is increased), the mobilization of glycolysis, and the accumulation of lactate.

In stage 2, the hypertrophy process is completed, the intensity of functioning has returned to normal. metabolic processes have normalized (oxygen consumption, energy production, and the content of high-energy compounds do not differ from the norm). All this leads to the normalization of hemodynamic disorders. However, if the heart continues to be under increased stress or is further damaged, stage 3 develops - gradual exhaustion and progressive cardiac sclerosis. This is due to an imbalance in the growth of various myocardial structures, which is manifested by the following shifts:

1 dysregulation due to a lag in the growth of nerve endings from an increase in the mass of cardiomyocytes,

2 development of relative coronary insufficiency, i.e. the growth of arterioles and capillaries lags behind the increase in the size and mass of muscle cells

3 decrease in cell surface per unit cell mass, which leads to the development of ionic imbalance and disruption of cardiomyocyte metabolism

4 decrease in the level of energy supply to myocardial cells as a result of a lag in the increase in the mass of mitochondria from the mass of myofibrils

5 as well as disruption of plastic processes in cardiomyocytes as a result of a relative decrease in the number of mitochondria, a decrease in the cell surface, the volume of the microvasculature, energy deficiency that develops as a result, as well as the substrates necessary for biosynthesis.

The complex of changes listed above ultimately causes a drop in the strength of heart contractions and the development of heart failure.

Dystrophic changes in the heart muscle are accompanied by expansion of the cavities of the heart, a decrease in the force of heart contractions - myogenic dilatation develops. In this condition, there is an increase in the remaining blood during systole in the cavities of the heart and overflow of blood into the veins. An increase in blood pressure in the right atrium and the mouth of the vena cava, with a direct effect on the sinus node and reflexively (Bainbridge reflex), causes tachycardia, which leads to worsening metabolic disorders in the myocardium. Therefore, expansion of the cavities of the heart and tachycardia serve as ominous symptoms of incipient decompensation. Thus, despite the difference in causes and the originality of the initial links in the pathogenesis of heart failure, the final mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level are the same. Among them are: 1) disruption of the energy supply of the myocardium, 2) damage to the membrane apparatus and enzyme systems of cardiomyocytes, 3) imbalance of amino acids and fluids in cardiomyocytes, 4) disorder of neurohumoral regulation of heart functions. All of these listed mechanisms lead to a decrease in the strength and speed of contraction and relaxation of the myocardium - heart failure develops.

Extracardiac compensation mechanisms are associated with numerous reflexes.

Kitaev reflex - develops with left heart failure. It is triggered due to an increase in pressure in the pulmonary veins when blood stagnates in the lungs. As a result of irritation of the receptors, a spasm of arterioles in the pulmonary circulation develops; as a result of vascular spasm, the blood flow to the left heart sharply decreases, and the load decreases. In addition, this protective mechanism prevents the development of pulmonary edema, but since blood flow to the lungs decreases, blood oxygenation is impaired and the load on the right heart increases sharply.

The three-component Parin-Shvichko unloading reflex occurs when there is stagnation at the mouths of the vena cava. Due to an increase in pressure at the mouths of the vena cava, a reflex is triggered that prevents the load on the right ventricle: tachycardia, dilation of peripheral arterioles of the systemic circulation, decreased venous return of blood to the heart, tachypnea.

Impaired cardiac function and hemodynamics in heart failure.

A decrease in the strength and speed of myocardial contraction and relaxation in heart failure is manifested by the following changes in cardiac function indicators, systemic and organ tissue hemodynamics.

1 decrease in cardiac output due to depression of its contractile function. However, it should be noted that IOC does not always decrease in HF. As has already been noted, in some conditions accompanied by an increase in blood volume and sharp tachycardia, there is an increase in IOC. In addition, it is known that in many cases, heart failure leading to congestive circulatory failure occurs with a high MO, which is a poor prognostic sign.

2 increase in residual systolic volume, resulting in the so-called non-full systole. Incomplete emptying of the ventricles may be a consequence of excessive inflow due to valvular insufficiency, an excessive increase in resistance to expulsion of blood (hypertension, aortic stenosis, etc.), or direct damage to the myocardium.

3 an increase in end-diastolic pressure in the ventricles of the heart as a result of an increase in the amount of blood remaining in the cavities of the heart after systole, as well as impaired myocardial relaxation.

4 dilatation of the cavities of the heart due to an increase in the final diastolic volume of blood in them and stretching of the myocardium.

5 increase in blood pressure in the veins and cardiac cavities, from where blood flows to the decompensated part of the heart. So, if, as a result of MI or rheumatic damage to the left ventricle, left ventricle has developed, then as a result the pressure in the left atrium and veins of the pulmonary circulation increases, which can lead to pulmonary edema. With PVC, the pressure increases in the venous bed of the systemic circulation.

6 a decrease in the speed of the contractile process, which is manifested by an increase in the duration of the period of isometric tension and systole in general.

Features of hemodynamic disorders depend on the location of the lesion.

LVH develops with damage to the aortic or mitral valves, aortic stenosis, and fatigue of the left ventricle. The function of the left ventricle is to pump blood from the pulmonary veins and atrium into the systemic circulation. Therefore, LV failure leads to a decrease in the amount of blood ejected into the systemic circle, systolic ejection decreases, which leads to a decrease in IOC - tissue hypoxia. 2. The development of blood stagnation in the vessels of the pulmonary circulation leads to an increase in blood and increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation.

The mechanism of subsequent violations depends on the duration of the violations. In acute MI, myocardial contractility sharply decreases, which leads to a decrease in stroke volume, ischemia and hypoxia of all organs and systems, primarily the central nervous system, hypercapnia develops, acid-base imbalance leads to death from impaired brain function. The pressure in the pulmonary veins increases sharply, and extravasation of fluid into the alveoli develops - pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema, in turn, compresses the pulmonary arterioles, their resistance to blood flow sharply increases, less blood enters the lungs - impaired oxygenation of the lungs - greater hypoxia of the systemic circle. Death occurs more often from hypoxia of the respiratory center. For chronic LVN general changes the same direction, but they develop slowly, compensatory mechanisms have time to turn on. The following changes are noted: Ischemia leads to dysfunction of all organs, but the kidneys react first. Renal ischemia leads to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism. The body retains sodium and, as a result, water, which leads to the development of cardiac edema. In addition, water retention leads to an increase in blood volume, which further overloads the heart. Under hypoxic conditions, the synthesis of erythrocytes in bone marrow, which leads to blood thickening - increased load, as well as impaired microcirculation, which further aggravates hypoxia. In turn, hypoxia leads to disruption of energy supply and changes in acid-base balance, sodium retention, loss of potassium and calcium further inhibit myocardial contractility. All these points lead to degeneration of tissues and organs and disruption of their functions. Stagnation of blood in the pulmonary circle does not lead to the development of pulmonary edema, but a prolonged increase in pressure leads to the development of sclerotic processes, connective tissue scars compress the bronchioles and blood vessels, which leads to hypoventilation of the lungs and impaired circulation in the lungs - pulmonary failure develops secondarily. Cardiopulmonary failure is a harbinger of cardiac decompensation. An increase in resistance in the arterioles of the small circle, due to cicatricial compression, leads to an increase in the load on the right ventricle.

PZHN. The pancreas pumps blood from the large veins of the systemic circle to the pulmonary arteries, so failure is accompanied by a decrease in the release of blood into the pulmonary circle and then into the large circle. The acute form of pancreatic insufficiency occurs rarely, with right ventricular myocardial infarction, or with pulmonary embolism. The amount of blood decreases sharply, the oxygen saturation of the blood decreases, less blood enters the small circle - less is thrown into the large circle. At the same time, hypoxia of the organs of the large and small circles develops. Blood accumulates in the veins, stagnation develops, central venous pressure increases, blood flow from the liver and brain sharply decreases, which leads to swelling of these organs and often death. Chronic - hemodynamic disturbances are less pronounced. Stagnation in the systemic circulation leads to swelling of peripheral tissues (lower limbs, ascites). If the outflow of blood from the liver is impaired, stagnation of the veins of the liver is observed, its volume increases, since the liver is in a capsule, this leads to an increase in pressure in the liver, compression of the arteries, disruption of cell nutrition, their death and replacement with connective tissue - cardiogenic cirrhosis of the liver develops, which leads to the development of liver failure, disruption of all types of metabolism (primarily carbohydrate and protein), which further disrupts the functioning of the heart, a decrease in oncotic pressure - ascites, edema. Circulatory failure when blood flow to the heart is impaired. It develops in cases where little blood flows to the heart through the veins or when it is not able to accept all the incoming blood. A decrease in blood flow is observed with a decrease in blood volume (blood loss) or a sharp dilation of blood vessels (collapse - acute vascular insufficiency). The inability of the heart to accept all the incoming blood is observed with pericarditis of various etiologies (trauma, infectious-allergic processes, impaired renal function - uremia, etc.) The accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity can occur quickly and slowly. Rapid accumulation occurs as a result of hemorrhage from injury or rupture of the heart, or from rapidly developing pericarditis. Due to the poor distensibility of the pericardium, the pressure in the cavity increases, which prevents the expansion of the heart cavities during diastole - acute cardiac tamponade occurs. At the same time, the blood supply to the cavities of the heart decreases, SV and blood pressure decrease. It should be noted that there is an inverse relationship between the value of intrapericardial pressure and blood pressure; the higher the intrapericardial pressure, the lower the blood pressure. Venous pressure increases. Compensatory mechanisms in pericarditis are activated reflexively with the participation of signals coming from three receptor zones:

1 openings of the vena cava and pulmonary veins, due to increased pressure on the inflow tract.

2 aorta and sinocarotid sinuses - a decrease in blood pressure and a subsequent decrease in the depressor effect

3 pericardium - due to irritation by increased intrapericardial pressure.

With cardiac tamponade, the mobilization of such powerful compensation mechanisms as the heterometric and isometric mechanism, the inotropic effect of catecholamines leading to increased heart contractions, is impossible. Therefore, a relatively low-power, but energy-intensive mechanism of tachycardia operates, to which the narrowing of peripheral vessels is then connected. This explains the severe course of acute cardiac tamponade. With a slower accumulation of fluid in the pericardium, the work of compensatory mechanisms turns out to be more effective; the increase in intrapericardial pressure can be compensated for some time. The slow accumulation of fluid observed in chronic exudative pericarditis and hydropericarditis is accompanied by gradual stretching of the pericardium and an increase in the pericardial sac. As a result, intrapericardial pressure changes relatively little, and circulatory disturbances do not occur for a long time.

In dry pericarditis, the pathogenesis is different. The coefficient of friction of the pericardial leaves sharply increases, which leads to severe irritation of the pericardial receptors - a powerful flow of impulses flows into the central nervous system, which, according to the principle of a pathological reflex, interrupts the contraction of the heart - a decrease in stroke volume.

Affects the health of the entire body. A disruption in its functioning can lead to tissues no longer receiving enough oxygen and nutrients. As a result, metabolism will slow down or even hypoxia may occur. Because of such problems, serious pathologies can develop.

Clinical manifestations of the disease

On early stages There are no signs of hemodynamic disturbances. And even after some time, the symptoms of this disease are so nonspecific that it is impossible to immediately detect the disease. The main signs of poor circulation are as follows:

• Lack of desire to eat.
• Deterioration of immunity.
• Cold extremities.
• Feeling of tingling and numbness in the hands.
• Brittle hair and nails.
• Varicose veins
• Constant fatigue.
• The appearance of ulcers on the legs.
• Changes in skin pigmentation.
• Swelling.

Prevalence

And the treatment of which is interrelated can lead to a stroke. It is for this reason that as soon as a person experiences the first signs of such a pathology, it is necessary to immediately consult a doctor. After all, only timely and effective therapy, aimed at improving blood circulation in the brain, will avoid negative consequences.

Poor blood flow in the hands

Poor circulation in the extremities leads to deterioration of blood circulation in the body. This condition occurs due to the fact that the resulting plaques clog the blood vessels.

The most common symptoms of this disease include numbness in the fingers, headaches, swelling in the elbows and hands, tingling, cold extremities syndrome, and deterioration of the nails.

Poor blood circulation in the hands usually occurs due to the following reasons:

• Abuse of caffeine, alcohol and drugs.
• Diabetes.
• Smoking.
• High blood pressure.
• Sedentary lifestyle.
• High cholesterol.

People who have poor blood circulation in their hands need to eat more foods containing fiber, and also try to eat low-fat foods, because most often it is because of such foods that plaques are formed that block blood vessels. This is why many patients with this disease are advised to lose weight.

Those who want to improve blood circulation in the extremities should definitely eat foods rich in vitamins E and C. If you have poor blood circulation, you should also drink enough water. Watermelon juice is especially useful for this disease.

Patients are strongly advised to support the body and spine in correct position to ensure continuous blood flow without difficulty or obstruction. To prevent numbness in your hands, keep them in a comfortable position while sleeping.

Poor blood circulation in the legs

Poor circulation in the extremities can lead to many health problems. If no action is taken against such an illness, the consequences can be severe.

The main cause of circulatory disorders in the legs is various. This problem occurs when a plaque of fatty substances forms on the walls of the peripheral arteries, which hardens. The formed hardening impedes the movement of blood through the veins and arteries.

Often, impaired blood circulation is caused by the use of drugs and certain medications, sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle. Quite often, poor blood flow to the legs is observed with atherosclerosis. These problems also occur in people who suffer from anemia, smoke a lot and eat poorly.

If blood circulation is impaired, tingling sensations appear in the lower extremities, convulsions, black and blue spots, which occur most often in calf muscles, as well as a feeling of numbness.

To receive accurate diagnosis the patient will have to undergo one of the following examinations: arterial angiography, Doppler ultrasound, CTA or MRA. Doctors compare blood pressure levels in the ankles and arms to check how well blood is flowing through the extremities.

Therapeutic measures depend on the severity of the blockage of the veins and arteries. Mild and moderate forms of the disease are treated with medications and various creams. Aerobics is also recommended.

Severe circulatory disorders in the legs are treated exclusively with a surgical procedure: endarterectomy, angioplasty, peripheral bypass, revascularization, or atherectomy.

Consequences of poor circulation

If circulatory problems are left untreated, myocardial infarction may occur. Moreover, the risk of stroke increases. In some cases, poor circulation leads to critical ischemia. You can avoid such complications only if you undergo regular examinations.

Improving blood circulation using folk methods

If poor blood circulation is diagnosed, what to do in this case? For quick fix The main treatment for the disease should be combined with folk remedies.

To do effective remedy, necessary in a glass with warm water dissolve a small spoon of table salt and the same amount of sea salt. This liquid should be sucked in through your nostrils and your breath should be held for a few seconds. You should be treated with this solution for about 10 days.

To improve blood circulation in the legs, the following recipe will help: a pod of chopped hot pepper, a tablespoon of dry mustard and a little sea ​​salt. Mix everything and pour a glass of vodka. The resulting mixture is infused for at least 10 days in a dark place. The limbs are rubbed with this product, after which woolen socks are put on. It is better to do the procedure before bedtime.

It helps a lot to get rid of this problem saline solution. To do this, dilute 5 tablespoons of sea salt in a glass warm water. Then a small piece of cotton wool is soaked in the solution and inserted into the nose for 20 minutes, keeping the head thrown back.

Prevention of blood flow disorders

To avoid problems with the circulatory system, it is necessary first of all to reduce cholesterol, and also overcome physical inactivity. Refusal bad habits helps reduce the risk of developing such pathologies. In addition, it is important to treat on time infectious diseases, causing complications.

Currently in the world it is diseases of the circulatory system are the leading cause of death. Very often, when the circulatory system is damaged, a person completely loses his ability to work. In diseases of this type, both different parts of the heart and blood vessels are affected. The circulatory organs are affected in both men and women, and such ailments can be diagnosed in patients of different ages. Due to the existence large quantity diseases belonging to this group, it is noted that some of them are more common among women, while others are more common among men.

Structure and functions of the circulatory system

The human circulatory system includes heart , arteries , veins And capillaries . In anatomy it is customary to distinguish big And small circles blood circulation These circles are formed by vessels that come out of the heart. Circles are closed.

Small circle The human circulation consists of the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins. Big circle blood circulation begins aorta , which leaves the left ventricle of the heart. Blood from the aorta enters large vessels, which are directed towards the person’s head, torso and limbs. Large vessels branch into small ones, passing into intraorgan arteries, and then into arterioles and capillaries. It is the capillaries that are responsible for the metabolic processes between tissues and blood. Next, the capillaries unite into post-capillary venules, which merge into veins - initially intraorgan, then into extraorgan veins. IN right atrium blood returns through the superior and inferior vena cava. More detailed structure circulatory system demonstrates its detailed diagram.

The human circulatory system ensures the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to tissues in the body and is responsible for removing harmful products metabolic processes, transports them for processing or removal from the human body. The circulatory system also moves metabolic intermediate products between organs.

Causes of diseases of the circulatory system

Due to the fact that experts identify many diseases of the circulatory system, there are a number of reasons that provoke them. First of all, on the manifestation of diseases of this type influences too much nervous tension as a consequence of serious mental trauma or prolonged strong experiences. Another cause of diseases of the circulatory system is, which provokes the occurrence.

Diseases of the circulatory system also appear due to infections. Thus, due to exposure to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, a person develops rheumatism . Infection with viridans streptococcus, enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus provokes the occurrence of septic, pericarditis , myocarditis .

The cause of some diseases of the circulatory system is disturbances in the development of the fetus in the prenatal period. The consequence of such disorders is often congenital heart disease.

Acute cardiovascular failure can develop in a person as a consequence of injuries that result in excessive blood loss.

Experts identify not only the listed reasons, but also a number of factors that contribute to the manifestation of a predisposition to organ ailments cardiovascular system. In this case we're talking about about hereditary predisposition to diseases, the presence of bad habits (smoking, regular use alcohol,), incorrect approach to nutrition (too salty and fatty foods). Also, diseases of the circulatory system more often manifest themselves in cases of lipid metabolism disorders, in the presence of changes in the work endocrine system(menopause in women), with excess weight. Ailments of other body systems and taking certain medications can also affect the development of such diseases.

Symptoms

The human circulatory system functions in such a way that complaints from diseases can be varied. Diseases of the circulatory system can manifest themselves with symptoms that are not characteristic of diseases of certain organs. Physiology human body is that many symptoms in varying degrees and can manifest themselves in varying intensity in a wide variety of ailments.

But one should also take into account the fact that initial stages Some diseases, when the circulatory system still performs its functions relatively normally, patients do not feel any changes in the body. Accordingly, diseases can only be diagnosed by chance, when contacting a specialist for another reason.

In diseases of the circulatory system, the patient has characteristic symptoms: interruptions in heart function , and also pain , cyanosis , swelling etc.

An important symptom is the presence of changes in heartbeat. If a person is healthy, then in a state of rest or light physical effort he does not feel his own heartbeat. In people with certain diseases of the circulatory system, the heartbeat can be clearly felt even with minor physical activity, and sometimes even at rest. We are talking about the manifestation of a rapid heartbeat. This symptom occurs as a consequence of a decrease in the contractile function of the heart. During one contraction, the heart sends less blood to the aorta than usual. To ensure a normal blood supply to the body, the heart must contract at a higher frequency. But this mode of operation cannot be favorable for the heart, because with increased heartbeat, the relaxation phase of the heart becomes shorter, during which processes take place in the heart muscle that have a positive effect on it and restore its performance.

Diseases of the circulatory system also often cause interruptions, that is, irregular heart function. the patient feels the heart sinking, followed by a strong short beat. Sometimes outages are isolated, sometimes they take a certain amount of time, or they occur constantly. In most cases, interruptions occur with tachycardia, but with a rare heart rhythm they can also be observed.

Pain in the heart area very often worries patients suffering from diseases of the circulatory system. But this symptom for various ailments different meaning. Yes, when coronary disease heart pain is the main symptom, and in other diseases of the cardiovascular system the symptom may be secondary.

In coronary heart disease, pain occurs as a result of a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle. The pain in this case lasts no more than five minutes and is of a compressive nature. Occurs in attacks, mainly during physical activity or at low temperatures. The pain stops after taking it. This type of pain is commonly called angina pectoris. If the same pain occurs in a person during sleep, it is called rest.

Pain in other diseases of the circulatory system has aching character, it can go on different period time. After taking medications, the pain usually does not subside. This symptom is observed when myocarditis , heart defects , pericarditis , hypertension etc.

Often with diseases of the circulatory system, the patient suffers from shortness of breath. Shortness of breath manifests itself as a consequence of a decrease in the contractile function of the heart and stagnation of blood in the vessels, which is observed in this case. Shortness of breath often indicates the patient is developing heart failure. If the heart muscle is weakened slightly, then shortness of breath will occur only after physical exertion. And in severe cases of illness, shortness of breath can also occur in bedridden patients.

Edema is considered a characteristic symptom of heart failure. In this case, as a rule, we are talking about right ventricular failure. Due to a decrease in the contractile function of the right ventricle, blood stagnates and increases. Due to stagnation of blood, its liquid part enters the tissues through the walls of blood vessels. Initially, swelling usually appears on the legs. If the work of the heart weakens further, then fluid begins to accumulate in the pleural and abdominal cavities.

Another characteristic symptom for diseases of the circulatory system -. The lips, tip of the nose, and fingers on the limbs acquire a bluish tint. This occurs due to the transillumination of blood through skin. The blood contains a lot of reduced blood, which occurs when blood flow in the capillaries is slow due to slow contractions of the heart.

Cerebrovascular insufficiency

Currently violation cerebral circulation is one of the main causes of disability. Every year the number of such patients is rapidly increasing. At the same time, cerebral circulation often deteriorates in a person already in middle age.

Deterioration of cerebral circulation often occurs due to hypertension and cerebral atherosclerosis. People with impaired cerebral circulation have a satisfactory condition while staying in normal conditions. But if increased blood circulation is necessary, their health suddenly becomes worse. This can happen when high temperature air, physical activity,... A person begins to suffer from noise in the head and headaches. Working capacity decreases, memory deteriorates. If such symptoms are present in the patient for at least three months, and are repeated at least once a week, then we are talking about a diagnosis “ cerebrovascular insufficiency ».

Insufficiency of cerebral circulation leads to. Therefore, as soon as a person develops the first symptoms of this disease, immediate treatment is required to improve cerebral circulation.

After a comprehensive diagnosis and detailed consultation, the doctor determines a treatment regimen and decides how to improve the patient’s blood circulation as effectively as possible. You need to start a course of treatment and take prescribed medications immediately. The course of treatment includes not only drugs that improve blood circulation, but also a complex of vitamins, sedatives. Drugs to improve blood supply are also necessarily included in this course of treatment. There are a number of such agents that have antihypoxic, vasodilating, and nootropic effects.

Except drug treatment the patient needs to take measures aimed at changing his lifestyle. It is very important to sleep enough time - about 8-9 hours, avoid heavy loads, and take regular breaks during the working day. Rest and absence are important negative emotions. It is necessary to stay as much as possible fresh air, ventilate the room where the patient is. It is also important: you need to limit carbohydrates, salt, and fats in your diet. You should quit smoking immediately. All these recommendations will help stop the development of the disease.

Diagnostics

A doctor can identify many symptoms during an examination of a patient. Thus, upon examination, the presence of tortuous temporal arteries is sometimes revealed, strong pulsation carotid arteries, aortic pulsation. Using percussion, the boundaries of the heart are determined.

During auscultation, you can hear altered sounds and noises.

In the process of diagnosing diseases of the circulatory system, instrumental methods research. The simplest and most commonly used method is an electrocardiogram. But the results obtained during such a study must be evaluated taking into account clinical data.

In addition to ECG, the method is used vectorcardiography, echocardiography, phonocardiography, which allow you to assess the condition and functioning of the heart.

In addition to heart studies, various studies of the state of blood flow are also carried out. For this purpose, the speed of blood flow, blood volume, and the mass of circulating blood are determined. Hemodynamics is determined by studying the minute volume of blood. To adequately assess functional state cardiovascular system, patients undergo tests with physical activity, breath-holding, orthostatic tests.

Informative research methods are also radiography of the heart and blood vessels, as well as magnetic resonance imaging. Also taken into account laboratory tests urine, blood, .

Treatment

Treatment of circulatory disorders is carried out only by a specialist, choosing tactics depending on the symptoms of which disease the patient has. Cerebrovascular accident, as well as acute disorder blood circulation of other organs should be treated immediately after diagnosis, the outcome of therapy depends on this. Dangerous condition is transient disturbance blood supply to the brain, which increases the risk of stroke.

It is easiest to treat the disease in the early stages of its development. Treatment can be either medication or surgery. Sometimes the desired effect can be achieved by making simple lifestyle changes. Sometimes it is necessary to combine several methods for treatment success. Also widely practiced spa treatment circulatory disorders using a number of physiotherapeutic procedures and physical therapy.

How to improve blood circulation

Unfortunately, most people think about how to improve blood circulation only when they have a certain disease or are diagnosed with poor blood circulation.

Meanwhile, every person can follow all the recommendations for improving blood circulation. First of all, it is important to provide daily physical activity that allows you to activate blood circulation. It is especially important to do physical exercise for those who work while sitting. In this case, the blood supply to the pelvis is disrupted, and other organs suffer. Therefore, fast walking has the best effect on the general condition of the body in this case. But during breaks between work, which should be done at least once every 2-3 hours, you can do all types of exercises. If there is insufficiency of cerebral circulation, exercises should also be done regularly, but with less intensity.

No less important point is to maintain normal weight bodies. To do this, it is important to adjust your diet by including vegetables, fruits, fish, fermented milk products. But smoked meats, fatty foods, baked goods, and sweets should be excluded from the diet. It is important to include natural foods in your diet, and it is better to exclude artificial foods completely. If a person has circulatory failure, smoking and drinking alcohol are contraindicated. Peripheral circulation can also improve some medications, however, they should only be prescribed by a doctor. Sometimes such drugs are also prescribed to pregnant women to activate the blood circulation of the fetus.

To strengthen nervous system important good sleep, positive emotions. Improvement occurs in people who are able to put all these recommendations into practice.

Prevention

All of the methods described above are effective measures to prevent diseases of this type. Methods for preventing diseases of the circulatory system should be aimed at reducing cholesterol levels, as well as overcoming physical inactivity. There are a number of scientifically proven facts that lifestyle changes can effectively reduce the risk of circulatory system diseases. In addition, it is important to promptly treat all infectious diseases which can cause complications.

Circulatory disorders are a change in blood volume in the vascular bed caused by the most for various reasons- from weather changes, stress and pregnancy to serious pathologies in the body or injuries.

The force of heart contractions ensures blood flow in large and small circles. Simultaneously with the blood, the cells of the body enter nutrients, oxygen and hormones, and blood removes unnecessary metabolic products from cells. Besides general violation blood circulation may be disrupted and the blood circulation of a certain part of the body, for example, lungs, heart.

The main circulatory disorders include hyperemia, ischemia, thrombosis, bleeding, embolism, shock.

Symptoms of poor circulation

• Flashing, sometimes black circles before the eyes.
• Dizziness.
• Sometimes a person does not respond when spoken to.
• Feeling weak.

Blood flow disorders are more common in older people, but also occur during growth and puberty. Weather changes, stress, poor nutrition, too much physical activity, pregnancy and illness. Important Feature heart and circulatory system of the person - regulation of the volume of flowing blood. Not only is the entire volume of circulating blood in the body regulated, but also the blood circulation of individual parts of the body is ensured (for example, the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys). This important organs, whose blood circulation is very quickly disrupted.

Pulse and blood pressure

Possible circulatory disorders are determined by the patient's pulse and blood pressure. And pulse, and blood pressure, as well as other important information(for example, about the circumstances of the accident, etc.) provide data on the condition of the victim’s heart and circulatory system. The average heart rate is about 60-80 beats/min, and blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. Art.

When do blood flow disorders occur?

In case of violation normal circulation blood and respiratory function is impaired. Impaired respiratory function, in turn, negatively affects the condition of the heart and circulatory system. Blood flow can be disrupted by sudden and sudden movement, for example, when getting out of bed in the morning.

Circulatory failure is the inability of the circulatory system to provide blood to the tissues and organs of the body. Heart and system blood vessels overnight it adapts to a different mode of operation - there is no need to pump blood upward, it is enough to pump it in a horizontal position. If a person suddenly gets out of bed in the morning, his body cannot immediately adapt to the changed situation, and too little blood gets to the brain, and the person may even faint.

First aid

Mild blood flow disturbances go away on their own. If you need to help a person who has a blood flow disorder, proceed as follows:

• Check whether the person is conscious or not.
• Put it in horizontal position, and lift your legs up (give your body a “jackknife” position),
• Try to ease your breathing - unbutton your collar, unbutton your trousers, and untie your tie.
• Even if a person feels better, do not allow him to get up quickly again: the circulatory disorder may recur.
• If more severe problems occur (for example, problems with consciousness and breathing), call emergency medical help immediately.
• Do not give a person any medicine unless directed by a doctor.

In case of severe circulatory disorders (for example, coronary heart disease), self-medication medical care is unlikely to be effective. In this case, it is necessary to urgently call an ambulance.

Stimulating blood circulation

An unhealthy lifestyle contributes to circulatory disorders, therefore, to stimulate blood circulation, you need to regularly do exercises, massage, as well as actively exercise and eat right.

Make an appointment with a doctor