Diseases reproductive system bitches

Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the genital organs

Sexually transmitted diseases

The list of STDs in dogs is as long as in humans. The main danger is chlamydia. It is difficult to diagnose, difficult to treat, and in most cases has a number of complications. You can suspect an STD in your pet if there is any discharge from the genital tract, especially after mating. Redness of the genitals and itching may also occur.

Pyometra, mixometra, endometritis

These three diseases are links in the same chain and can be attributed to both hormonal disorders and inflammatory diseases. Mixometra is characterized by the accumulation of mucous secretion in the uterine cavity. This usually happens after a long period of hyperesthesia (emptiness). On the background high level estrogen, the endometrial mucosa hyperplasias - increases in size. If the endometrium becomes infected, pus is formed - pyometra.

With even a slight dilatation of the cervix, one can observe the flow of purulent or mucopurulent discharge, often mixed with blood, from the dog’s vagina. In some cases, the disease cures on its own, but in most cases it requires contacting a veterinarian and prescribing antibacterial therapy.

When the cervix is ​​closed, pus accumulates in the uterine cavity, it increases in size, like the female’s abdomen. As a result of the septic process, the load on the kidneys increases, with the possible development renal failure. The dog is lethargic, appetite is reduced or absent altogether. If left untreated, uterine rupture with the development of peritonitis is possible.

Endometritis– this is inflammation of the uterine mucosa. Purulent or aseptic, as discussed above. Aseptic endometritis can proceed sluggishly and for a very long time, sometimes for months.

Inflammation of the labia and vaginal vestibule

Occurs predominantly in young bitches against the background of reduced estrogen concentrations, which leads to a decrease local immunity and infection with pathogenic flora. Or after trauma to the genital tract during sexual intercourse.

There is redness and swelling of the labia. There are discharges. Depending on the phase and degree of the disease, their character changes from mucous and watery to creamy and purulent.

Treatment is predominantly local; in more serious situations, antibiotics and estrogens are used.

Inflammation of the ovaries

Inflammation of the ovaries or oophoritis is uncommon, but can lead to serious consequences. Bitches become infected predominantly through the hematogenous route - in the presence of any general infectious or inflammatory process, pathogens or toxins penetrate the ovaries through the bloodstream. IN acute phase the ovaries are enlarged and painful on palpation. Treatment is effective in the acute period. Then the foci of inflammation become sclerotic and adhesions form. At this stage of the disease it is recommended surgical removal ovaries.

Hormonal disorders

False pupishness

False pregnancy or false pregnancy is also called pseudolactation. Develops 1.5-2 months after estrus. The dog's uterine horns and mammary glands enlarge, and milk appears. This is due to the fact that the corpus luteum persists. Due to hormonal imbalance, it dissolves much more slowly than healthy dogs, and therefore the level of progesterone in the blood turns out to be very high, which causes changes in the bitch’s body. In most cases, pseudolactation heals on its own - within a few weeks all symptoms false pregnancy decrease and disappear, but during subsequent heats the situation repeats, and the symptoms become more vivid and pronounced.

Hypoestria

Decreased estrogen production. Against the background of hypoestria, infertility develops. It occurs both in young individuals and in females who have given birth. As a rule, it is a consequence of exhaustion or, conversely, obesity of the cat, which suppresses the production of the hormone in the hypothalamic-pituitary system. He doesn’t allow the dog to come near him; moreover, he shows aggression. Corrected by introducing hormonal drugs.

Anestria

Complete absence estrogen. Most often it is a congenital pathology due to an abnormal development of the ovaries or their infantilism. It also occurs in bitches who have given birth for the same reasons as hypoesthesia, but with more severe insufficiency hormone. In the case of acquired pathology, it can be corrected with hormonal therapy.

Hyperestria

Excessive levels of estrogen in the dog's blood. May be a consequence increased function ovaries or hypothalamic-pituitary system, impaired liver function or the presence of tumors in the ovaries or brain. It is characterized by a long course – sometimes up to several months. Throughout this entire time, the bitch has been observed bloody issues from the vagina, the labia are thickened and swollen. He does not allow the male to approach him.

Neoplasms

Tumors of the genital organs

A very common pathology in dogs, especially in old bitches. Any genital organ can be affected, but most often it is the vagina and vestibule. Tumors can be benign (lipoma, fibroma, leomyoma), but most often they are malignant (fibrosarcoma, carcinoma and sarcoma). Malignant tumors the vestibule of the vagina, as a rule, has the appearance of a cauliflower or mushroom, located on a wide base. The “hat” is red or dirty brown with plaque or ulcerations.

Breast tumors

Benign tumors are also found, but the majority of neoplasms are malignant neoplasms, namely carcinoma. Most often, middle-aged or elderly females who have never given birth or nursed their offspring become ill. Upon palpation, the tumor is easy to limit, it is inactive or motionless. Sizes range from the size of a tennis ball to a football. There may be ulceration on the surface with mucopurulent discharge and a red-brown border. Ulcers are painless or slightly painful.

Degenerative changes

Vaginal hyperplasia and eversion

With prolonged estrus or prolonged exposure to estrogen, the vaginal walls hyperplasia (increase in size) and extend beyond the vagina and vulva itself. The disease is typical for Dobermans, bulldogs and boxers.

Diseases of pregnant women

Uterine inguinal hernia

Develops against the background of enlarged inguinal canals or a weak abdominal wall. Part of the uterus, together with the fetus or fetuses, protrudes through the inguinal canal under the skin of the abdominal wall. It can be reversible and irreducible. It can only be treated surgically. Even if the hernia is reducible early stages, becomes irreducible as pregnancy progresses.

Uterine bleeding

As a result of damage to one of the vessels of the chorion or endometrium, blood flows under the placenta, causing its detachment. Fresh blood is released from the genital tract, possibly with clots. The dog is restless, and over time, weakness and signs of increasing anemia appear. Without veterinary care, the animal may die or abort.

Polyhydramnios

The amount of amniotic fluid increases. Most often from the 45th day of pregnancy. The volume of the abdomen rapidly increases, it takes on a barrel-shaped shape. Without veterinary intervention, the bladder or even the abdominal muscles may rupture. Puppies are born very weak or dead.

Uterine torsion

The entire uterus or one of its horns curls “around itself.” This happens as a result of falls, jumps or injuries. The animal takes a forced pose with a hunched back. The abdomen is sharply painful on palpation. Treatment is only surgical.

Abortion

Abortion is the death of all fetuses with termination of pregnancy, or the death of one or more fetuses without termination. Accordingly, it is called complete or incomplete. Develops most often during infection.

Pathologies of childbirth

Weak contractions and pushing

Contractions are brief and of short duration. The time interval between them increases greatly, bringing the process of childbirth to a day or more, and the interval between the birth of fruits to 2 hours. Without veterinary care, the fetuses die from asphyxia.

Violent contractions and attempts

There is practically no time interval between contractions and pushing; they are very intense and painful. Without veterinary care, fetuses may also die from asphyxia or develop uterine rupture.

Narrowness of the birth canal

It can be either congenital or acquired in multiparous women as a result of injuries in previous births. To facilitate childbirth, use sterile Vaseline oil and a loop. If this method is ineffective, an incision is made in the perineum. If the pelvic ring is narrow, a caesarean section is performed.

Large-fruited

Found in short-snouted or dwarf breeds. Requires a caesarean section.

Uterine rupture

May be complete or incomplete. Often develops against the background of violent contractions. When breaking, labor activity stops instantly. In some cases, the fetus(es) can be felt through abdominal wall. The shape of the abdomen changes - it becomes flattened. Without emergency veterinary care, the dog dies, because... acute massive bleeding occurs in abdominal cavity with the development of peritonitis.

Placenta retention

If more than 2 hours have passed between the birth of the last fetus and the expulsion of the placenta, this is considered a delay. Requires urgent veterinary care, because the afterbirth quickly becomes infected with the development of sepsis and death of the animal.

Diseases of the reproductive system in males

Of the diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs, it is perhaps only worth noting prostatitis and prostate adenoma, resulting in difficulty urinating. Urine is released drop by drop. The disease most often develops against the background of infectious diseases. Which in some cases can also cause inflammation of the testicle and its appendages.

Antimicrobial treatment is prescribed, lasting 2-3 weeks. With proper and timely treatment, the disease disappears without a trace.

Date: December 18, 2014

DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF CATS AND DOGS.

Bazhina D.V. – graduate student

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Vyatka State Agricultural Academy, Kirov

Every year more and more more people have pets - cats and dogs. A huge variety of breeds - from simple mongrels to rare breeds. Very often, pet owners turn to veterinary clinics for help for their pets. Most of of them comes with complaints of diseases of the reproductive system.

Purulent-inflammatory diseases reproductive organs carnivores have been and continue to be one of the current problems modern veterinary gynecology. IN last years, due to the growing number inflammatory diseases in females, more and more attention is paid to finding optimal ways to solve this problem.

The problem under study is relevant for dogs and cats kept at home, and for bitches actively used in breeding in nurseries. Keeping dogs and cats in apartments, lack of necessary exercise, forced control of sexual cycles and pregnancy seriously affects the gynecological condition of the animal.

As a result of the analysis of the literature on this topic, the following can be highlighted.

All diseases of the reproductive system can be divided into:

• Vaginal diseases
• Uterine diseases
• Ovarian diseases
• Neoplasms of the reproductive system of dogs and cats

Vaginal diseases.

Vulvitis is an inflammation of the vulva (the external genitalia of the female).

Vulvovaginitis is inflammation of the vulva and vagina. The disease occurs due to mechanical influences and the development of microflora, as well as hormonal disorders. With these diseases, the external genitalia of the female swell, the skin and mucous membranes turn red, and bloody or mucopurulent discharge is possible.

This disease occurs with hormonal disorders, after childbirth, with injuries, or infection in the genital tract.

Vaginal prolapse (vaginal prolapse). This condition usually occurs during estrus and is associated with increased secretion of hormones, which leads to swelling of the vaginal mucosa. A tumor-like formation appears from the swollen loop, which irritates and leads to the formation of ulcers on the mucous membrane. At the onset of the disease, a slight protrusion of the vagina may appear only occasionally, especially during urination, or be repeated with each void. The mucous membrane of the prolapsed part of the vagina dries out over time, becomes injured, bleeds, undergoes ulceration and necrosis.

Diseases of the uterus.

Diseases of the uterus are divided into chronic and acute. TO chronic diseases include endometritis, glandular cystic hyperplasia, and sometimes hydro- and hemometra.

Endometritis is inflammation of the uterine mucosa. According to the nature of the exudate and the manifestation of the disease, chronic catarrhal, chronic purulent-catarrhal and chronic latent endometritis are distinguished.

General clinical signs are as follows:

Copious discharge of mucopurulent or bloody nature;

Gradual increase in abdominal volume;

Lethargy, poor health;

Increased thirst;

Increased amount of urine;

Cardiopalmus;

Decreased appetite and vomiting.

Chronic purulent catarrhal endometritis develops from acute postpartum purulent catarrhal endometritis or as a complication of chronic catarrhal endometritis. Mucous is secreted from the genital organs purulent exudate mixed with blood. The uterus is enlarged without rigidity with fluctuation, which is detected by palpation through the abdominal wall. The vaginal mucosa and the mouth of the cervix are swollen and severely hyperemic. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

Chronic catarrhal endometritis develops, as a rule, from acute postpartum endometritis, after coitus as a result of infection. In this case, there is a discharge of cloudy, flaky mucus from the genitals, often mixed with blood in dogs. In the vagina, striped hyperemia of the mucous membrane and mucous exudate are detected; the cervix is ​​open. The motor function of the uterus is reduced or not observed at all during palpation through the abdominal wall. Sexual cycles are not disrupted. After mating, fertilization does not occur in the animal.

Chronic latent endometritis is a type of chronic catarrhal with mild structural changes in the lining of the uterus.
With this disease, reproductive cycles are not disrupted and fertilization does not occur after mating. The cervix is ​​closed and opens during estrus.

Pyometra (endometritis-pyometra complex, glandular cystic hyperplasia - endometritis-pyometra complex) is a disease of adult dogs and cats, characterized by inflammation of the uterine mucosa with the accumulation of pus in its cavity, usually developing in the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle. Most authors associate the occurrence of pyometra with hormonal changes with simultaneous intrauterine infection.

This disease develops from chronic catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal endometritis when the cervical canal is closed by a greatly expanded and swollen mucous membrane. At the same time, sexual cycles are disrupted, the abdomen enlarges, general state the animal deteriorates, at times the body temperature rises, sometimes purulent exudate is released from the genital slit, in dogs, as a rule, with a small admixture of blood.
In animals with pyometra, palpation reveals a tense bladder, which can be confused with a full bladder. For differential diagnosis, it is necessary to perform catheterization of the bladder.

Ovarian diseases .

Most often, both cats and dogs develop cysts on the ovaries.

Cysts are cavities formed in the ovary from unovulated mature follicles, corpora lutea, etc.

Follicular cysts develop from Graafian follicles. The diameter of individual cysts is from 1 to 5 centimeters; they can also merge into groups with a diameter of up to 10 centimeters. Moreover, the cysts that form them are small and are not connected by cavities with other cysts.

Clinically follicular cysts manifested by prolonged estrus with bloody vaginal discharge, mammary gland hyperplasia and fibroleiomyoma of the genital organs.

In cats, excess estrogen can cause prolonged estrus, nymphomania, and aggressiveness.

Luteal cysts differ from follicular cysts in that their inner surface is lined with a layer of luteal tissue. They are rich in progesterone.

(photo taken at the veterinary clinic "True Friend")

In terms of their physiological effect on the body, they do not differ from the corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle.

Follicular and luteal cysts are formed in the absence of ovulation due to insufficient secretion of luteinizing hormone at the beginning of sexual heat. The follicles develop rapidly, but do not ovulate, but continue to enlarge. Then, depending on the action of the luteinizing factor, the formation of a luteal or follicular cyst occurs.

Cyst corpus luteum formed from the corpus luteum after ovulation. Such cysts account for about 2% of all cases of cysts. Their diameter is 1.5-3 cm in diameter. They contain cavities filled with progesterone.

They are not pathological formations.

Paraovarian cysts develop from the remnants of the mesonephric (Wolfian) or paramesonephric ducts. They are more common in dogs than in cats and are located between the ovary and the uterine horn.

Neoplasms of the reproductive system of dogs and cats. Tumors of the external genitalia and vagina. These tumors usually arise in the genitourinary vestibule and in the vagina itself. Benign tumors characterized by a round shape, smooth surface and often hang on a stalk, while malignant neoplasms are often characterized by the discharge of bloody mucus from the genital fissure. The animal often licks the vulva.
Symptoms: in addition to those indicated, restless behavior and frequent urination are characteristic.

Tumors of the uterus. This type of neoplasm is relatively rare. The disease is often asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is made by a doctor after detecting a tumor by palpation.

Ovarian tumors. These tumors are more common than uterine tumors.
Symptoms: the animal loses weight, the coat loses its shine, the hair is tousled.

As a result of the analysis of the data I collected from June to December 2014, the following can be highlighted.

Behind this period 12 dogs and 4 cats were identified with diseases of the reproductive system.

WITH clinical signs One dog was diagnosed with vaginitis - miniature pinscher, Belka, age 9 years. Every estrus, this dog experiences the development of vulvitis, which is manifested by swelling, hyperemia of the skin and mucous membranes. Mucous and bloody discharge is released from the vagina, which causes anxiety and pain to the animal. According to ultrasound diagnostic data, it was diagnosed additional diagnosis - chronic endometritis.

In most cases, cats have chronic latent endometritis. In dogs, in turn, chronic purulent-cateral endometritis occurs more often.

As a result of the analysis of data on uterine diseases in dogs, 4 out of 12 had clinical signs of pyometra, which were confirmed after extirpation of the uterus. Two dogs had the most severe general condition with an increase in temperature to 40ºC. Bloody-purulent discharge from the vagina was observed in a small amount. Enlarged uterine horns during ultrasound examination with accumulation of exudate inside. Most cases in dogs with endometritis and pyometra clinical symptoms is: increased temperature, purulent discharge from the vagina. Purulent discharge from the vagina is not always observed, since the cervix may be closed. The absence of discharge may make diagnosis difficult, so it is necessary additional research such as ultrasound examination.

The reasons for the development of pyometra can be: endometrial hyperplasia, which is caused by progesterone; bacterial infection uterine cavity. Not only animals that have given birth are predisposed to these diseases, but also animals that have never given birth. The reason for this may be the incorrect use of hormonal drugs to control sexual heat in animals.

Thus, we can highlight the following: the most common diseases of the reproductive system in cats are in first place hidden chronic endometritis, in second place - pyometra.

In dogs, endometritis is most common, and pyometra is less common. The most severe disease is pyometra.

The causes of the development of diseases can also be improper maintenance, feeding, lack of exercise, the use of hormonal drugs for the correction of sexual behavior, disorders in hormonal level animals.

Literature.

1. Allen V. E. Complete course of canine obstetrics and gynecology. (Second edition revised and expanded by Gary K.W. England.) / Trans. from English O. Suvorov. – M.: Aquarium-Print LLC, 2006. – P. 171-191.
2. Niemand H.G., Suter P.F. Diseases of dogs. Practical guide for veterinarians (organization veterinary clinic, examination, diagnosis of diseases, treatment) 8th ed./Trans. from German, 2nd edition. - M.: “Aquarium-Print”, 2008. – P. 624 -649.
3. http://kinlib.ru/

We begin to think about sexually transmitted diseases in dogs around the time when, after mating, bitches “suddenly” begin to get sick. And the answer lies nearby. Many veterinarians are now talking about a surge in sexually transmitted diseases among dogs. And the most common is the so-called transmission venereal sarcoma. There are now several times more animals infected with this disease than five years ago.

Any obvious symptoms indicating illness (depression, refusal to eat, skin rashes), usually not observed in the early stages. Over time, infected dogs begin to bleed blood in their urine. the main problem is that the dog venereal disease very difficult to diagnose. Due to the fact that it was previously extremely rare, many veterinarians are unaware of the existence of such a disease. For this reason, most experts mistake transmissible venereal sarcoma, for example, for urolithiasis and appoint incorrect treatment. There have been cases when advanced venous disease led to death.

All breeds of dogs are susceptible to venereal sarcoma. It occurs in both males and females.

Sarcoma is located on the mucous membrane of the genital organs and is transmitted sexually. During sexual intercourse, tumor cells break off and attach to the partner's mucous membrane. Venereal sarcoma does not metastasize, but it can spread to the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyes. When a dog licks a tumor, it mechanically transfers its cells.
Transmissible sarcoma cannot occur “on its own.” The most important role Stray dogs play a role in its spread. They are a natural reservoir of this pathology, infecting the “master’s” dogs, which sometimes run away in search of love.

The first and main sign to suspect the presence of transmissible sarcoma in a dog is the discharge of drops of blood from the genitals. Owners of bitches often mistake this for incipient or ongoing heat. In male dogs, spotting due to transmissible sarcoma is confused with a manifestation of prostatitis. With transmissible sarcoma, bleeding is usually permanent. Sometimes you can see the tumor itself: bright red with a lumpy bloody surface. This loose, bleeding formation on a broad base resembles a cauliflower.

The main prevention is to avoid unscheduled, and even more so, street matings.

Since sarcoma is cancerous, chemotherapy is used as treatment.

In addition to sarcoma, the group of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) includes more than 20 diseases caused by various pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc.). What they have in common is that infection is transmitted primarily through sexual contact.

The most likely possibility of infection during mating is:

• transmissible venereal sarcoma;
• gonococcal urethritis (in other words, gonorrhea - transmitted only during mating, and inflammation begins the next day; signs - painful and frequent urination);
• chlamydia (a disease similar to gonorrhea, only caused by other microbes - chlamydia; develops on the 3-5th day after breeding dogs).

In addition to the above ailments, dogs can become sexually infected with slightly less common, but by no means less dangerous staphylococcosis, streptococcosis, and brucellosis. These infections are very dangerous for both males and females and their puppies.

Prevention venereal diseases in dogs includes

1. douching after mating with a solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate 0.05%
2. To reassure yourself, it would be useful to do a microflora analysis (bacteriological studies).
3. reasonable restraint has never hurt anyone - regulation of mating activity and legibility in this regard is perhaps one of the most effective methods prevention of STDs in dogs.

For reference

Staphylococcosis. The most common form is staphylococcal plaques on the skin. The predominant localization of lesions is the groin area, back, croup, hips. During mating, the mucous membrane of the genital tract becomes very vulnerable, and if one of the animals was a carrier of staphylococcus, after mating it may develop clinical picture: against the background of general itching, round, scaly plaques with a dark center appear. Staphylococcal rashes often accompany chronic allergic otitis and dermatitis, the appearance of symptoms of vaginal inflammation and endometritis. Carriage of the infection in the mother can result in purulent conjunctivitis, otitis, acne, vaginitis of puppies.
Streptococcosis. Infection. Method of transmission: contact and airborne droplets. The diagnosis is made based on the results of bacteriological examination. The main source of the pathogen is sick animals.

Characterized by severe septic symptoms, inflammation of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and joints. In adult animals - endometritis and mastitis.

Young animals are affected from the first days of life to 3-4 months. At acute form body temperature rises to 41-42°C, loss of appetite and depression are observed, mucous membranes of the eyes and oral cavity turn red and start from the eyes and nostrils purulent discharge. The death of the animal occurs within 24-48 hours. In non-acute cases, a cough, mucopurulent discharge from the nose, diarrhea mixed with blood, and swelling of the joints appear on the 3-4th day. Chronic course typical in animals older than 2 months of age. Patients develop purulent discharge from the nose and a wet, painful cough.
Brucellosis. An infectious, predominantly chronic disease of animals, characterized by damage to many life support systems, dysfunction of the vascular, digestive, genitourinary and reproductive systems.
In bitches, brucellosis is manifested by abortions and retention of the placenta, the birth of non-viable young animals, and infertility; in males - orchitis (inflammation of the testicle). Possible joint inflammation.
The source of the pathogen is sick animals that excrete the infection during abortion, during childbirth, mating, with feces, urine, and milk.

The main route of infection is contact, through the mucous membrane, during mating, through the skin (damaged and undamaged). Newborn animals can become infected from a sick mother, as well as from artificial feeding their milk contaminated with Brucella.

A frequent and sometimes only sign of the disease in females is repeated fruitless matings with obviously healthy males, that is, those from which other females give viable offspring.
Cases of the course of the disease without damage to the genital tract have been described, when deviations from normal condition expressed in fever, increased lymph nodes, loss of appetite, indigestion, enlarged liver, weight loss and nervous phenomena.

Problems of the male reproductive system

Prostate diseases in dogs.

This category of diseases includes a number of pathologies: prostate swelling, benign hypertrophy (enlargement) of the prostate gland, prostatitis, prostate adenoma.
All these diseases are actually stages of one pathological process.
Unlike humans, dogs do not have a clear age-related predisposition to inflammation of the prostate gland: it can occur in male dogs even at the age of 6-8 months. Adults and old males suffer more often. All these diseases cause a lot of concern for animals and their owners. Often male dogs are brought to see a doctor with problems with urination and requests for treatment of the kidneys or bladder. Upon detailed examination, the reason for such violations lies elsewhere.

Bloody discharge can be observed with a fairly wide range of diseases of the urinary or genital area. We can only help you to some extent orient yourself based on the nature of the discharge, but not make a diagnosis.
Thus, blood at the beginning of urination (in the first fraction of urine, and then the urine looks normal) is observed in diseases of the ureter, penis, prostate gland (prostate).
Blood at the end of urination appears in diseases of the bladder or prostate.
In the absence of urination problems, blood may indicate kidney disease. So there are many options, and you need to understand it very specifically.

Causes
Swelling of the prostate most often develops against the background of stagnation of blood in the gland during prolonged stimulation. This usually occurs during the period of estrus in females. While walking, a male sniffs marks with the odor of a female in heat and a reflexive change occurs. hormonal levels, blood flow to the genitals increases. If odor exposure continues long time(an empty female in an apartment, with neighbors, in a house, etc.), then blood stagnation develops in the prostate gland and small organs
pelvis It increases in volume and can cause urinary problems such as: frequent urge on urination, urine retention in the bladder, painful urination. Cases have been described when, if there is a female in heat in the immediate vicinity, male dogs begin to urinate blood. Prostate swelling is a disease in the early stages that is most often reversible.

The cold factor as a cause of prostatitis has also not been confirmed in dogs.
The infectious nature of prostate inflammation in male dogs has not yet been proven, although it is widely discussed in scientific circles. The most likely and common cause of prostatitis in males today is considered to be imbalance of sex hormones.
At the same time, the prostate gland enlarges, its blood circulation worsens, and favorable conditions for microbes to multiply in it.
One of the main causes of prostatitis is nonspecific inflammation spreading from urinary tract. Great importance in the development of prostatitis have hidden infections genitourinary system, such as chlamydia, mycoplasmosis.
Other causes of prostatitis include frequent hypothermia, lack of mating or too frequent mating, and the presence of a source of inflammation in the body.

In the etiology of inflammation, the leading place is occupied by coli, Staphylococcus aureus, less often - other microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococci, mycoplasmas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pasteurella, Hemophilus). Anaerobic flora is extremely rarely found in the secretion of the inflamed prostate gland. The causative agent of specific prostatitis is usually Br. canis.

Symptoms

Caused mainly by an enlarged prostate gland: difficulties with defecation (tenesmus, constipation, ribbon-like stool) are observed much more often than problems with urination. Often the tail, with a typical depression in the dorsal part, is located at the base from the anus. When the prostate gland is enlarged, a unilateral or bilateral perineal hernia may occur.
If, under the influence of its weight, the prostate gland has moved into the abdominal cavity, then it cannot be completely palpated rectally.

Clinical signs.

One of the most common signs of prostatitis in male dogs is involuntary discharge of blood from the urethra (in drops, regardless of urination).
It is necessary, however, to distinguish the source of bleeding: it is from the opening of the urethra, and not from the prepuce.
IN acute period prostatitis may be observed slight increase temperature and lethargy of the animal, although more often the dog feels great.
Hypertrophy can be so severe that the prostate compresses the urinary canal. Against this background, urine retention occurs in the bladder, the animal urinates for a long time, in a weak and intermittent stream, males stop lifting hind paw when urinating. Bladder does not empty completely, which leads to its persistent stretching and decreased wall tone.

With a significant increase in the size of the prostate gland, defecation disorders sometimes occur: defecation is difficult, feces normal consistency, but noticeably reduced in diameter (as if flattened) - ribbon-like stool
1. With prostatitis in dogs, a characteristic swelling appears between the anus and the scrotum (this is what can be seen during a visual examination)
2. On palpation, a tumor/lump with a diameter greater than 3 cm is felt

Anamnesis
For staging correct diagnosis A detailed medical history is required, including specific symptoms, and the condition of the animal as a whole. Here you need to pay attention to factors such as the cause and degree of development of symptoms from the moment they are detected, whether the dog defecates and urinates normally. Systemic signs include lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, lameness or altered gait, as well as the amount of water consumed and the amount of urine excreted.

Last edited by moderator: 18 Feb 2016

Diseases of the genital area of ​​male dogs

BALANOPOSTHITIS
Definition. Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the skin of the glans penis and preputial sac.
Causes and development of the disease. The disease occurs due to the development of microflora. As a result, a mucopurulent secretion is formed, the skin of the glans penis and prepuce swells. Inflammation may spread to urethra with the development of urethritis (cm).
Clinical signs. Males constantly lick their prepuce.
The hair at the end of the penis is glued together with a mucopurulent secretion, which is easier to detect when the head of the penis is exposed.
Sometimes erosions form on the skin and it swells.
Treatment. Preputial sac washed with antiseptic solutions: 0.5-2% potassium permanganate solution, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Then the head of the penis and prepuce are lubricated from the inside and outside with ointments containing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory components (Lorinden S, Hyoxyzon, Cortomycetin, Dermozolon). Lubrication is repeated 2-3 times a day until complete recovery.

ORCHEPIDIDYMITIS
Definition. Orchiepididymitis is inflammation of the testicle and epididymis.
Causes and development of the disease. The disease occurs due to trauma and exposure to infectious agents, such as Brucella canis, rickettsia, staphylococci and streptococci. If fluid accumulates in the scrotal cavity, testicular hydrocele occurs.
Clinical signs. There is unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the testicles, redness of the skin, and increased temperature. The testicle may be painful or painless. With testicular hydrocele, there is a sharp increase in the volume of the scrotum, spreading upward to the groin.
Treatment. In case of traumatic orchiepididymitis, the dog is given rest and analgesics are prescribed ( acetylsalicylic acid, analgin), antihistamines(diphenhydramine, diprazine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone). For orchiepididymitis of unknown etiology, an additional course of therapy with tetracycline, doxycycline hydrochloride in combination with biseptol, rifampicin or ampicillin is prescribed.
In case of traumatic crushing of the testicle, as well as severe purulent lesions, it is removed. In case of hydrocele, a puncture is performed.
Prevention has not been developed.

PROSTATITIS, PROSTATE ADENOMA
Definition. Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostate adenoma is a growth of the prostate gland.
Causes and development of the disease. Prostatitis occurs due to the proliferation of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora(E.coli, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Proteus) in the prostate gland.
Prostate adenoma occurs due to hormonal disorders, as well as from unknown reasons. Older dogs are more likely to get sick. As a result of inflammatory edema, suppuration, and increased volume of the prostate gland, sexual function decreases and sexual desire, you may have difficulty urinating.
Both diseases contribute to the development of kidney and urinary organ diseases.
Clinical signs. There is difficulty urinating. Urine is released drop by drop. Possible with prostatitis low-grade fever, the appearance of pus and blood in the urine and ejaculate. An enlarged prostate gland is detected by palpation through the rectum. Palpation of the abdomen reveals a full bladder.
Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs.
Treatment. For prostatitis, it is prescribed for 2-3 weeks antimicrobials wide range actions: biseptol, tetracycline, doxycycline hydrochloride, chloramphenicol, abactal, ofloxacin. At the same time, it is useful to use antispasmodic and analgesic drugs such as baralgin, spasmalgin, trigan.
With adenoma in old age Estrogens are prescribed for 2-3 months. Theoretically possible surgery- adenectomy.
Prevention. Necessary timely treatment diseases genitourinary organs. Indoor dogs should be walked at least 3 times a day.

HYPERSEXUALISM AND ONANISM
Increased sexual excitability occurs in males starting from 4 months of age. Manifested by frequent erections of the penis, attempts to copulate with a female, a person, other animals, inanimate objects. As a rule, attempts do not end with ejaculation. This behavior sometimes frightens dog owners. No treatment required. Objects that are objects of sexual desire should be removed, and attempts to copulate with animate objects should be gently suppressed. Increased excitability of males who smell the discharge of a female who is in heat and is manifested by a desire to get closer to the female, a desire to run away, and frequent urination, also does not require correction.

Kuzmin A.A. "Diseases of dogs. A practitioner's reference book"

Contraception for dogs

Estrus in females is natural process, its presence indicates that the dog is ready to mate and bear offspring. Estrus is characterized by swelling of the external genitalia and bloody discharge from the loop, a change in the dog’s behavior, especially from the 9th day of estrus, when favorable period for conception. Normal estrus in dogs occurs twice a year.

In young animals, estrus usually occurs between 6 and 12 months of age. U small breeds In dogs and Russian greyhounds, it usually occurs at 12 months. In setters and drathhars at 6–8 months.

The complete absence of estrus or its occurrence more often than twice a year indicates hormonal disorders and requires treatment.

Estrus in dogs causes many problems. A failed hunt. Stained carpets and upholstered furniture, flocks of male dogs on a walk. Animals often run away. Pregnancy from a mongrel is a blow to the nerves of the owner and the health of the animal. False pupishness also causes a lot of trouble. Contact sexual diseases are especially dangerous. There are two ways out of this situation:

• Sterilization- reliable, but it's abdominal surgery. Sterilized animals are lazy, prone to obesity, and lose their excitement;
• Contraception- reliable, and just an injection. It eliminates estrus completely and does not affect the character and working qualities of the animal. Leaves the possibility of obtaining offspring.

There are many contraceptives for animals on the Ukrainian market, but not all of them good quality and very often do not give the expected effect. Many of them are also not harmless to animals. For more than 2 years, drugs have been used in Ukraine and Russia active substance, which is prolygestone. The drug is practically harmless, inexpensive, and easy to use. Stops estrus with a one-time injection for 5-6 months, which is convenient if there is an exhibition, a vacation trip or hunting. With constant use of the drug, approximately twice a year, there is no estrus at all. There is also no false greed. Drugs in this group are also used to treat prolonged estrus, lactation disorders, false pregnancy, uterine bleeding. The drug is well tolerated and is 100% effective. The drug has been successfully used in Ukraine by veterinarians for more than two years.

Caution: the dose and regimen of use should only be determined by a veterinarian. The animal must be examined for pyometra*.

Contraindications: pyometra.

* Pyometra - literally "uterus filled with pus." The disease occurs against the background of hormonal disorders in the animal’s body and the presence of pathogenic microflora in the female genital tract.

Sexual diseases in dogs

Congenital diseases of the external and internal genital organs in dogs are genetic diseases that are transmitted to offspring from parents. The carrier of the damaged gene can be either a male or a female. Genetic diseases of the genital organs of dogs include: cleft prepuce in males and genital cleft in females, cryptorchidism in males, underdevelopment of the uterus in females. The complete absence of estrus in a female dog may indicate underdevelopment of the ovaries. Animals with congenital pathologies, as well as producers who produce offspring with pathologies are considered breeding defects and cannot be used for breeding.

Non-union of the external genitalia It is usually discovered by breeders during the first two weeks after the birth of puppies. These defects can be corrected surgically, but it is better to euthanize such a puppy.

Cryptorchidism- a genetic disease characterized by the absence of one or both testes in males. In male dogs, the testes are brought out (into the scrotum) because the temperature of sperm maturation is 1–2 degrees lower than the animal’s body temperature. The disease occurs in all breeds of dogs. It cannot be treated. It is almost impossible to remove the testicle outside (into the scrotum) surgically. Because the testis is underdeveloped, the spermatic cord is short and its length is not enough to lower the testis into the scrotum.

Pseudocryptorchidism more common in small breeds of dogs (dachshunds, spaniels, welsh terriers). In this condition, one or both testes exit through the inguinal ring but do not descend into the scrotum. The testes are located in the groin area and can be easily felt under the skin. This defect is corrected surgically, if the length allows. spermatic cord. If the spermatic cord is short and correction is not possible, the testis is removed, because with age it can degenerate into a tumor.

Sexual contact diseases

Inflammation of the genital organs in dogs is common. The disease may be caused various microflora(Trichomonas-like, coccal, fungal). Dogs are most often infected through sexual contact. Diseases of the genitourinary system are also common in puppies. In this case, the infection enters the genital tract during the birth of a puppy, from an infected bitch. Inflammation of the genitourinary system affects both females and males.

Clinical signs: Yellow-green mucus is released from the genitals, the genitals are slightly swollen, the hair around is sticky, the dog licks itself often and for a long time. Sometimes there is frequent urination (cystitis) and inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis). Dog owners usually consult a doctor when advanced cases when there are already complications. Diagnostics: carried out on the basis of clinical signs and laboratory tests.

Treatment: prescribed by a veterinarian.

Transmissible genital sarcoma in dogs

Transmissible genital sarcoma in dogs is also known as venereal sarcoma, as it is transmitted exclusively through sexual contact.

Transmissible sarcoma affects both males and females aged 1 to 8 years. Most often, the tumor occurs in dogs leading a stray lifestyle or in those dogs whose owners allow free mating with stray animals.

The tumor is transmitted by living cells, which, during sexual intercourse, break off from the tumor and are implanted on the mucous membrane of the partner’s genitals. The tumor develops from the moment of infection to the appearance of clinical signs from 2–8 months. The first clinical signs are bloody discharge from the genitals, which the owners of the bitches take as the onset of estrus. As a result, owners of bitches usually present with advanced forms of the disease 1.5–3 months after the appearance of discharge. The owners of male dogs contact in the first weeks of the appearance of discharge, so they have running forms the disease almost never occurs.

The tumor is located on the mucous membrane of the genital organs. It is a loose red mushroom-shaped formation on a wide base.

The tumor is not nourished by large blood vessels, but the network is very developed small vessels; the tumor bleeds when touched.

Often in advanced cases, small areas of the tumor die and fester, causing inflammation of the surrounding tissues. When it grows strongly or is located close to the genital slit, the tumor falls out, and the animal gnaws it out with its teeth. In this case, there arises heavy bleeding, which can only be stopped by urgently operating the animal.

Transmissible genital sarcoma

Tumor cells can implant on the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and the conjunctiva of the eyes. This apparently occurs when infected animals are sniffed and licked by healthy ones. It is problematic to perform surgery in the nasal cavity of dogs. Sick animals die within a year.

The tumor does not metastasize. If the operation is performed on time and efficiently, then relapses are not observed.

Diagnosis: determined by a veterinarian based on clinical examination dogs.

Treatment: by surgical intervention.

Prevention: do not allow mating with stray dogs.

Cases from practice

The first time I encountered the disease transmissible sarcoma was when I was still a novice doctor. At that time, information about dog diseases was very difficult to obtain. There was little literature, and there were no specialists in this field at all. I had to do everything at my own peril and risk. The dog was brought to me with severe bleeding from the vagina. The animal showed all signs of blood loss. Weak breathing, rapid heartbeat and pale mucous membranes. It was impossible to operate on the animal in this condition. Something had to be done. The only thing that came to my mind was to tightly pack the vagina with tampons moistened with ether for anesthesia. This is what gynecologists sometimes do to stop bleeding. I put the dog on a drip and gave all the necessary injections. After two hours, I carefully removed the tampons, the bleeding was not significant. Two days later I operated on the dog. After sitting in the library of the institute all day, I managed to find information about this disease in the materials of a medical conference on oncology. It turned out that by studying this tumor, doctors different countries have been doing this for over 40 years. As it turned out, the dog had had a tumor for about 4 months. At first, the owners thought the dog was in heat. When they went to the veterinary hospital, they were told that it was cancer and the dog would die anyway. After 4 months, the tumor had grown to such a size that it fell out of the vagina. The dog chewed it out and began bleeding heavily. After asking the owners, I found out that six months ago the dog ran away during heat. Judging by the fact that she gave birth to puppies, she was mated to a street male. Another case occurred with a male fox terrier. The dog was young - 3 years old. The owners complained about persistent runny nose at the dog. Someone told the owners that it was a plague. It immediately seemed suspicious to me that the dog had discharge from only one nasal passage. This indicated non-communicable disease. I decided that a foreign body had gotten there. I tried to rinse the nasal passage and prescribed treatment. A month later, the owners contacted me again; the dog had the same symptoms, to which was added swelling in the area of ​​the back of the nose. I sent them for x-rays. The picture clearly showed that foreign body no, the bones and cartilages of the nose are not deformed. The tumor was located deep in the nasopharynx. It was impossible to operate in this area. We decided to treat with medication. I prescribed cytostatics - drugs that inhibit and stop growth cancer cells. The drug did not stop the growth of the tumor. The dog died a year later. The dog became infected when he ran away from home after a female dog in heat and was absent for 3 days.