Staphylococcal infection symptoms. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Damage to the genitourinary system

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that has an oval or sphere shape and can cause a variety of infections in the human body. It is dangerous due to its waste products (exfoliatin and enterotoxin), which cause blisters on the surface of the skin, vomiting, pain in the intestinal area, diarrhea and other signs of food poisoning.

How is Staphylococcus aureus transmitted?

This infection is transmitted:

• by contact or airborne droplets,
• through food
• through non-sterile medical devices or at the time of blood transfusion.

This bacterium multiplies both in the human body and in food products such as sauces, canned food, salads, confectionery with butter cream.

What is staphylococcus afraid of?

He dies from brilliant green solution and a five percent phenolic solution, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, aniline dyes, natural antibiotics and does not tolerate boiling above 80 degrees.

Symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus in adults, children, infants

After infection with one of known methods After a certain time, a person develops symptoms, which depend on which part of the body the staphylococcus has settled in.

In the throat. If bacteria have settled on the mucous membranes of the throat, then one should expect the development of a disease such as sore throat. This manifests itself in a sore throat, the appearance of ulcers on the tonsils, difficulty breathing and high fever.

In the nose. Every second

a person is a carrier of an infection in the nasal cavity, but staphylococcus actually manifests itself and is subject to treatment only when a chronic runny nose is detected.

In the intestines. The fact that staphylococcus appeared in the intestines is evidenced by:

• gastrointestinal disorders,
• colic in the stomach,
• blood or mucus in stool
• elevated temperature.

On the skin. On initial stage red pimples appear on the skin, similar to skin rashes with scarlet fever. Subsequently, the rash festers, and last stage Pimples turn into boils.

In eyes. If the bacterium affects the eyes, then the symptoms appear as with general diseases: the eyes become inflamed and swollen, and their whites turn red; a large amount of exudate is constantly released from the eyes; burning and itching occurs, and then cutting and sharp pain appears; Photophobia appears.

In the ears. When staphylococcus penetrates the ears:

• the skin of the ears turns red,
• swelling of the ears and dilation of their blood vessels occurs,
• the temperature in the affected area rises,
• general malaise and symptoms of intoxication appear,
• ulcers form
• hearing deteriorates due to narrowing of the ear canals.

Treatment with folk remedies in adults, children, infants

Depending on the symptoms that occur and the age of the person, the treatment for this disease will depend.

In the throat

This bacterium does not tolerate plants that contain natural antibiotics and phytoncides. Folk remedies are presented in the form:

• consuming echinacea extract, which boosts immunity,
• gargling with tincture of propolis, chamomile, parsley or celery roots. After rinsing, the squeezed juice is swallowed and done 2-3 times a day for 2 weeks.

In the nose

During treatment, you should not use alcohol-containing drugs that dry out the mucous membrane.

1) The nose is instilled with squeezed juice. It is mixed with honey in equal proportions and 2-3 drops are dropped into each nostril.

2) Essential oils are used for inhalation through the nose. Eucalyptus oil kills these bacteria 100%; chamomile oil has a weaker effect. Essential oil is effective tea tree, which destroys a large number of pathogenic bacteria.

In the intestines

1) Calendula flowers, string, thyme or yarrow are used to treat the intestines. Decoctions are prepared from these herbs.

2) Squeeze aloe vera juice right before eating and take a teaspoon.

3) Volatile compounds in garlic and onions kill many germs and bacteria. If you use them constantly fresh, then this inhibits pathogenic flora and promotes intestinal health.

4) If staphylococcus appears in the intestines, eating green apples, ripe apricots, raspberries, strawberries, currants, rosehip syrup or freshly squeezed cherry juice will help. Fruit and vegetable products contain a lot useful substances, enriching the human body with vitamin C, increasing immunity and healing the gastrointestinal tract.

In the ears

Appearing in the ears, Staphylococcus aureus causes otitis.

1) Effective folk remedies in this case will be antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs, which include a decoction or tincture of chamomile, calendula or St. John's wort. To do this, take a glass of boiling water and put 15 g of herbs there. The prepared decoction is placed in a dark place, where it is infused for 2 hours. After filtering, 5 drops are instilled into each ear.

St. John's wort

2) To prepare chamomile tincture, take 2 tbsp. flowers and after grinding in a coffee grinder, pour a glass of vodka. Place in a dark place and wait for 5 hours. After squeezing, filter the tincture and then instill 3 drops into each ear for 7 days.

3) Taking 1 tbsp. sage leaves, pour a glass of boiling water over them. Leave covered for half an hour. 2 drops are instilled into each ear every 5 hours. Any instillation of the ears is preceded by cleansing them of wax using anti-sulfur drops or ear candles.

On the skin

1) Use for skin diseases. Add a glass of product to the volume of water in a regular hot bath and lie in it for 15-20 minutes.

2) If abscesses or boils have already appeared, then you can apply hot lotions. Per glass hot water you need to take 30 milliliters of vinegar and apply hot compresses to the affected areas for 20 minutes 2-3 times a day.

3) Compresses from a decoction of burdock, comfrey and calamus are applied to the affected part of the skin. Take 50 g of the roots of these plants per glass of boiling water.

In eyes

1) Washing is done using decoctions of herbs such as sage, calendula or sage. You can also use tea leaves. This should be done as often as possible, which will help to quickly cope with the infection. The main thing is not to “overdo it”, so during the day such washings should be no more than 4-6 times during the day.

2) Eye baths should be made using similar solutions used for rinsing.

3) To one of the most effective means For washing the eyes use aloe juice, diluted in proportions 1:4.

If you use several treatment options at once, the effect will increase significantly.

Prevention of staphylococcus

In order not to become infected with staphylococcus or provoke its development if it is in the body, you need to constantly strengthen your immune system, for which you regularly consume only fresh food and dishes. The diet should contain vegetables and fruits that this bacterium is afraid of.

Be sure to wash your hands before eating and after going outside and maintain personal hygiene. Try not to contact patients, be careful in medical institutions and observe sanitary and hygienic standards. Your house, apartment or office should always be clean and tidy.

What is staphylococcus?

Staphylococcus is a bacterium that has a regular spherical or spherical shape, belonging to the group of positive non-motile microorganisms. For humans, staphylococcus in some cases is an opportunistic bacterium, one that always lives on his body. But pathogenic staphylococcus is also isolated, which, once inside the body, will definitely cause disease. In addition, it is widely distributed in nature.

In the presence of certain conditions conducive to this, the bacterium can exhibit pathological activity and cause inflammatory process any human organ or organ system. It could be skin nerve tissue, brain, heart, digestive system etc.

Staphylococcus has a large number of strains (27), the most common and pathogenic of which are Staphylococcus aureus, epidermal, saprophytic and hemolytic staphylococci. Each of them has varying degrees aggressiveness and pathogenetic activity.

The danger of these microorganisms is that they produce toxins and enzymes that are pathogenic for cells and disrupt their vital functions. Bacteria have a destructive effect on connective tissues, skin and subcutaneous tissue. They call a number the most dangerous diseases, including sepsis, toxic shock, central nervous system disorders nervous system, pneumonia, purulent skin lesions, general intoxication of the body. Often complications after various diseases are associated with staphylococcal infection.

Staphylococci are stable in the environment and have a fairly high resistance to antibiotics.

Types of staphylococcus

There are three types of staphylococcus, which are the most common and harmful to the human body:

Saprophytic staphylococcus most often affects women, causing inflammatory diseases in them Bladder(cystitis) and kidneys. Saprophytic staphylococcus bacteria are localized in the layers of the skin of the genitals and the mucous membrane of the urethra. Of all the types of staphylococcus, it causes the least damage.

Staphylococcus epidermidis can live on all mucous membranes and any part of human skin. With normal immunity, the body copes with this bacterium, and it does not cause any damage. But if somehow epidermal staphylococcus gets from the skin into the blood of a person with weak immunity (after surgery), inflammation of the endocardium may develop as a result of blood poisoning ( inner shell hearts).

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common and dangerous species. Adults and children, men and women are equally susceptible to infection. The bacterium can infect any organ, causing inflammatory diseases, the number of which exceeds a hundred. This is an extremely persistent and tenacious microorganism that can withstand very high temperatures, exposure to direct sunlight, 100% ethyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and a number of antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus causes purulent skin lesions (boils, boils, styes, etc.). It also causes a large number of dangerous systemic and common infections: staphylococcal sepsis, pneumonia, toxic shock, formation of ulcers in the brain, heart, liver and kidneys, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, etc.

Symptoms of staphylococcus

Symptoms of staphylococcus will depend on which organ or system is affected. The degree of their severity is influenced by the aggression of the microorganism and the state of the immune system of a particular person.

Among the most common signs of infection are:

Pyoderma. As a result of the introduction of bacteria under the skin, a purulent inflammatory process occurs. This may cause inflammation of the sebaceous and sweat glands, as well as hair follicles. Among the most common manifestations of pyoderma are folliculitis (manifested in inflammation of the upper part of the hair follicle), hidradenitis (when the site of infection is the sweat glands), carbuncle (when the skin, skin tissue and a group of hair follicles become inflamed), furuncle (inflamed hair follicle, sebaceous gland and connective tissues around). Wherever the inflammatory process is localized, it is always accompanied by the appearance of purulent masses, swelling and hyperemia of the surrounding tissues, and painful sensations varying intensity. In some cases, there is an increase in temperature, vomiting and nausea may occur (more often with carbuncles and hidradenitis).

Rhinitis. By causing an inflammatory process in the nasal mucosa, the bacterium leads to copious discharge mucus, which makes it difficult nasal breathing. This is where the most common type of bacteria settles - Staphylococcus aureus. In this case, a person can be either a permanent or temporary carrier of it. Most often, the patient complains of the following symptoms: difficulty breathing, impaired sense of smell, increased secretion of mucous secretion, change in voice timbre, mouth breathing. At the beginning, there is little mucus, but as the disease progresses, its amount increases and it becomes purulent.

Sinusitis. Characterized by an inflammatory process localized in paranasal sinuses nose Most often suffer from maxillary and frontal regions, which leads to the development of diseases such as sinusitis or sinusitis. The disease is very common in the practice of otolaryngologists. Up to 10% of all diseases of the upper respiratory tract In adults, sinusitis accounts for the most. Patients present the following complaints: inability to breathe through the nose, rhinophonia, severe runny nose with yellow-green discharge, general weakness, sleep disturbances, lack of appetite, increased body temperature, sometimes to high values, pain localized in the area of ​​the inflamed sinuses. If the infection is acute, then the thermometer shows numbers up to 39 degrees; if it becomes chronic, then no more than 37.5 degrees.

Pharyngitis. They are characterized by an inflammatory process localized in the mucous membrane lining the pharynx. Often the infection involves nearby tissues of the tonsils. In this case, the disease is called tonsillopharyngitis. Patients experience the following symptoms: redness back wall pharynx, the appearance of viscous mucus, a sore throat, dry cough, hoarseness, pain. All these signs occur against the background general weakness, with elevated body temperature and decreased appetite. According to statistics, pharyngitis caused by staphylococci is diagnosed in adults in no more than 5% of cases.

Laryngitis. Accompanied by the presence of an inflammatory process in the mucous membrane lining the larynx. The trachea often becomes infected, which is called laryngotracheitis. Distinctive feature staphylococcal infection– this is the presence of purulent discharge. In addition, the patient complains of pain in the larynx, dryness and soreness, changes in voice timbre, even loss of voice. In addition, there is a low body temperature, mostly not exceeding 37 degrees.

Bronchitis. The disease is characterized by inflammation in the bronchi. Most often it begins with the development of a pathological process in the upper respiratory tract with a gradual transition to the larynx, trachea and bronchi. The patient suffers from a cough, which can be either dry or wet with sputum discharge. If the bronchi are damaged by a bacterium, the sputum produced will contain purulent contents. In addition, there is an increase in body temperature, up to 39 degrees, shortness of breath and pain in the chest area.

Pneumonia. When lung tissue is damaged by staphylococcal infection, it has a severe course. Statistics indicate that outside a hospital, a person can get this type of pneumonia in only 1% of cases, but inside a hospital, staphylococcus affects the lungs much more often, on average, in 15% of cases. Among the complex of symptoms there are regular repeated increases in body temperature. That is, it periodically rises and falls, which manifests itself in the form of chills. The patient suffers from severe shortness of breath, muscle weakness, pain when coughing and even when breathing. Localization location painful sensations – rib cage, they are associated with stretching of the pleura. The sputum becomes not just mucous, but with purulent impurities. The complexion becomes bluish, which is a consequence oxygen starvation. Often it is staphylococcal pneumonia that leads to the development of lung abscesses and pleural empyema. The most serious complication is sepsis.

Osteomyelitis. Manifests itself in purulent-necrotic lesions bone tissue And bone marrow, as well as the soft tissues surrounding them. In adults, the spine is most often affected; the route of infection is hematogenous, that is, the bacterium reaches its destination through the bloodstream. However, the symptoms are not too pronounced. The temperature, as a rule, does not exceed subfebrile levels, while the person experiences pain at the site of inflammation and impaired motor function in the corresponding area.

Food poisoning caused by staphylococcus develops acutely. Often, the first signs of infection are observed within half an hour after eating contaminated products. Among the symptoms, patients note: abdominal pain, frequent vomiting, diarrhea, feeling of nausea.

These are the most common diseases caused by bacteria.

However, in order clinical picture, which is caused by staphylococcus was complete, it is necessary to give the general symptoms caused by the microorganism:

Local increase in body temperature. It is the local increase in temperature that is due to the fact that in this way the body tries to cope with the pathogenic bacteria and prevent its proliferation. This method of protection is called the bacteriostatic effect.

Hyperemia, which is formed due to a rush of blood to the site of inflammation. At the same time, the vessels dilate, and the outflow venous blood decreases. This is also defensive reaction body for infection. Thus, he tries to increase the flow of oxygen to neutralize the toxic effect.

Tissue swelling due to increased vascular permeability.

Painful sensations caused by pinching nerve endings edematous tissues. Damage to the vessel may also occur due to excess blood flow, which contributes to pain.

Impaired functionality of organs and tissues as a result of their damage at the cellular level.

It is important not to apply knowledge regarding the symptoms of the disease in adulthood to children. This is due to the fact that the signs of infection will differ slightly at different ages. This is especially true for newborns and children under one year old.

How is staphylococcus transmitted? Causes of infection

All diseases caused by bacteria can occur as a result of the infection entering the body through a violation of the integrity of skin or mucous membranes, because it is a permanent inhabitant of human skin and mucous membranes. In addition, infection can occur exogenously, that is, ingested through food or through close contact.

At the same time, we should not forget that some people are permanent or temporary carriers of this bacterium, which also has a significant role in the possibility of transmission. At the same time, pathogenic bacteria do not manifest themselves in any way and such people pose a particular danger to those around them.

The following are distinguished: possible ways transmission of infection:

Contact and household path. When bacteria enter the body through various household items or through direct contact with the skin. Sometimes it is enough to use someone else's towel or bedding for infection to occur. In this case, the bacterium can cause both an inflammatory process and simply exist in the host’s body.

By airborne droplets. That is, a person inhales air in which bacteria are present. The most common source of infection is sick people who release bacteria when they cough, sneeze, or simply breathe.

Dust. Bacteria tend to exist for a long time in the surrounding dust. When it enters the respiratory tract, infection occurs. This path is called air-dust path.

The fecal-oral route, which is also called the nutritional route. In this case, the bacteria are released when an infected organism vomits or defecates. An uninfected person eats foods that contain staphylococcus and becomes ill. This often happens due to insufficient hygiene, namely through dirty hands.

Medical instruments. Infection can get inside healthy body through poorly processed medical instruments, which is called an artificial method of infection. This occurs during diagnostic procedures, such as bronchoscopy, and also during surgery. An additional danger is that instruments may be processed in the usual way, but they contain bacteria that have developed resistance to specific processing methods.

Except existing paths infection, there are also reasons that provoke a person to become infected with a bacterium:

Any diseases causing a decrease human immune forces. This also includes frequent and severe stress and irregular sleep.

General hypothermia of the body. This reason plays a leading role in the development of the inflammatory process in the upper respiratory tract. At low body temperatures, the work of the cilia of the ciliated epithelium, which line the nasal mucosa, slows down. Thus, it is much easier for infections to enter the body and provoke an inflammatory process.

Available diabetes and disruptions in the endocrine system.

Bad habits such as smoking and frequent consumption of alcoholic beverages.

The presence of the immunodeficiency virus or AIDS.

Chronic diseases.

Age. According to statistics, newborns and young children are most susceptible to infection. preschool age and older people.

Viral infections often precede the disease becoming bacterial. In most cases, this is observed with influenza and ARVI, when, against the background of a decline in immunity, the staphylococci existing in the body begin to exhibit pathological activity.

Prolonged use of vasoconstrictor drops, which disrupt the integrity of the nasal mucosa and promote infection.

Inhalation of allergens and toxic substances leads to trauma to the bronchi, which can become a provoking factor in the development of bacterial inflammation.

Insufficient hygiene.

Eating contaminated foods.

Violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes or skin.

In medicine, it is customary to distinguish four degrees of staphylococcus. Moreover, each of which is characterized by a certain degree of activity and requires different treatment. It is necessary to distinguish between staphylococci that are definitely pathogenic, which are destructive to blood cells, and opportunistic, which contribute to the development of a minor inflammatory reaction. In addition, there are also saprophytes that cause virtually no damage.

It is knowledge of the degree of infection that helps doctors more accurately select treatment and predict the nature of the disease. Although the division by degree is rather conditional, and the prognosis largely depends on the level of immunity of the infected person, as well as his resistance to the bacterium.

A doctor can determine the degree of activity of staphylococcus by collecting blood or other materials for laboratory testing. He also decides on the need for treatment and the nature of future therapy.

Stage 1 staphylococcus

If the immune system is normal, then this degree of staphylococcus will not be able to cause pathological processes, which means that treatment is not required.

Stage 2 staphylococcus

When staphylococcus is detected in such a low diagnostic titer, doctors most often do not prescribe treatment. However, it is necessary comprehensive examination to identify other infections. This is especially true if there are any complaints about pathological processes occurring in the body.

If a person is found to have concomitant infection, then staphylococcus must be eliminated from the body using antibacterial therapy. However, the need for treatment is determined by the doctor and depends on each specific case.

Stage 3 staphylococcus

When it is discovered that a person has stage 3 staphylococcus, most doctors agree that it is necessary antibacterial therapy. Although when in good condition Without immune forces, the bacterium will not be able to provoke an infectious process. This degree is considered acceptable, but with any disruption in the body it can lead to serious inflammatory reactions.

First of all, the doctor will prescribe treatment aimed at strengthening the immune system; if it does not have an effect after 2 months, then a further therapeutic regimen is developed individually in each specific case.

4 degree staphylococcus

When grade 4 staphylococci are detected, it is required specific treatment, although such indicators are considered only potentially dangerous. It is important to prevent bacteria from becoming resistant to the drug, and it is also necessary to determine the sensitivity of a specific bacterium to a specific drug. Only after this can treatment begin, which in the vast majority of cases (if there are no signs of inflammation) boils down to increasing immunity and getting rid of possible dysbacteriosis and vitamin deficiency.

Complications and consequences of staphylococcus - what will happen if left untreated?

When antibacterial therapy is not started in a timely manner, this can lead to serious complications:

Endocarditis. In this case, the damage is heart valve and inner layers of the heart. In this case, the patient experiences joint pain, increased heart rate, decreased performance, and sometimes body temperature rises. This pathology, in turn, is accompanied by no less serious diseases, including heart failure, meningitis, etc.

Meningitis caused by staphylococcus is characterized by purulent inflammation membranes of the brain, accompanied by high body temperature, nausea and vomiting, convulsions, and severe headache. Moreover, even timely started therapy is not a guarantee that the patient will avoid fatal outcome. Mortality with adequate treatment is up to 30%.

Syndrome toxic shock often referred to as a symptom of staphylococcal infection, however, it is a complication of the disease. It consists of a shock reaction of the body in response to infection. Wherein drug therapy difficult. The patient suffers from elevated temperature body, up to 40 degrees, repeated vomiting and diarrhea. Arterial pressure falls, there is a high probability of death.

Blood poisoning is another serious complication of an untreated infection. Happens in that case. When a bacterium enters the bloodstream and begins to poison the body with the toxins it produces. It is sepsis caused by staphylococcus that is the most common blood infection and also the most dangerous. In addition to extremely high body temperature, it is accompanied by severe headaches, nausea and vomiting, damage to the liver, intestines, lungs, and brain. At the same time, antibacterial therapy without a preliminary antibiogram often leads to high mortality among patients.

Treatment of staphylococcus

In order to get rid of bacteria, a competent selection of antibacterial therapy is necessary.

The most commonly used treatments are the following:

Amoxicillin, which is able to suppress the reproduction and growth of pathogenic bacteria and promote their destruction. It has a fairly wide spectrum of action and blocks the production of peptidoglycan. Use regardless of meals, no more than 1 g three times a day.

Vancomycin helps block a component that is part of the bacterial cell membrane, changes the degree of permeability of its wall, which leads to the death of staphylococcus. It is given intravenously, either every 6 or every 12 hours. The dosage is determined by the doctor.

Cloxacillin. Helps block membranes that are at the stage of bacterial division. It is necessary to take the drug every 6 hours at a dosage of 500 mg.

Cefazolin. It has a wide spectrum of action and prevents the production of bacterial cell wall components. Can be used both intravenously and intramuscularly, up to 4 times a day.

Oxacillin. It has a detrimental effect in the later stages of bacterial development and contributes to their destruction. Used intravenously, intramuscularly and orally.

Cephalexin. The drug prevents the synthesis of components that make up the bacterial cell wall. Must be taken before meals, every 6 hours.

Cephalothin, which disrupts the ability of bacteria to divide normally and also has a destructive effect on the membrane of staphylococci. Used both intravenously and intramuscularly.

Cefotaxime. The drug is aimed at suppressing the growth of bacteria and preventing them from multiplying. Used both intravenously and intramuscularly. The dosage is selected individually.

Claritomycin, which prevents bacteria from producing their own proteins. It is most often used in tablet form, although it may be given intravenously for severe infections.

Erythromycin also interferes with protein production and must be used every 6 hours.

Clindamycin is also aimed at eliminating the ability of bacteria to produce a certain protein, which leads to its death.

Before you start using this or that drug, it is necessary to conduct an antibiogram. This will help identify the sensitivity of staphylococcus to the drug. Conducting such a study is important for the patient’s health, which will guarantee that the bacteria will not develop resistance.

Treatment of staphylococcal infection requires strict adherence to the frequency of administration and time of use medicine and its dosage. It is important to take the prescribed remedy not until the first symptoms disappear, but for at least 5 days. If it is necessary to extend the course, the doctor will inform you about this. In addition, treatment cannot be stopped; therapy must be continuous.

Prevention in the fight against infection is a necessary measure that doctors around the world insist on. Firstly, this is due to the fact that every year the bacterium becomes more and more resistant to antibacterial agents designed to eliminate it. This makes fighting infection especially difficult. Secondly, staphylococcus can cause serious harm the human body, so it is easier to prevent the development of inflammation than to fight it later. And thirdly, treatment with antibacterial agents always involves certain health risks in the form of various side effects.

Therefore, compliance with the following preventive measures will help maintain health:

Timely elimination of possible foci of infection. Dental caries can serve as sources, constantly sore tonsils, overgrown adenoids, conjunctivitis, unremoved tooth roots, boils, barley, inflammatory diseases of the genital area and urinary tract. Any outbreak is a source of increased danger that should be eliminated immediately. Moreover, harm can be caused not only to one’s own health, but also to the health of others.

Prevention of ARVI and seasonal influenza epidemics. Regarding the latter, it is advisable to undergo vaccination.

Cleanliness of the workplace, home and clothing, ventilation of the room, especially when there are a large number of people. It is no secret that not only clothes, but also dust are often contaminated with staphylococcus. In addition, it is unacceptable to use other people’s items for personal hygiene.

Playing sports, balanced diet, refusal bad habits, conducting active image life. All this will strengthen the body’s immune forces and help it resist possible infection.

Compliance with personal hygiene rules. In terms of preventing staph infections, it is most advisable to talk about regular hand washing.

Eating clean, preferably heat-treated foods that have not expired. Often the source of infection is confectionery products, canned foods, poorly processed fruits and vegetables, as well as meat and milk from cows with mastitis.

Timely treatment of wounds with antiseptic and, if necessary, antibacterial agents.

Visit a doctor if you notice the first symptoms of the disease or if you suspect a possible carrier of the infection.

Careful processing of tools from the outside medical personnel. Avoidance of negligence regarding sanitary standards.

Refusal to go to dubious tattoo parlors, manicure salons, solariums and other establishments of this kind.

The human body contains many bacteria and viruses. They constitute an opportunistic flora and do no harm. But in case of decreased immunity or under the influence of various factors, they begin to multiply rapidly, causing a number of unpleasant symptoms. Such bacteria include, which can lead to serious consequences.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common and dangerous type of bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus

The bacterium has a spherical shape and belongs to the genus Staphylococcus. They can persist on the mucous membranes and skin for quite a long time. But not in all cases pathogenic microorganisms cause the development certain diseases. In some cases, the person is a carrier. According to the latest data from scientists, there are about 40% of such people.

Carriage, depending on many factors, can be transient or permanent. The bacterium can be found in the intestines, nasal cavity, throat and on the surface of the genital mucosa. It is this prevalence of the bacterium that affects the number of diseases that staphylococcus provokes.

It tolerates even high temperatures and drying well.

The death of bacteria is possible only at +70 degrees. In this case, the duration of exposure to high temperature should be at least 15 minutes. Instant death Staphylococcus aureus observed at +150 degrees.

The most common disease caused by a microorganism is food poisoning, which is manifested by severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and a number of other symptoms.Staphylococcus is capable of multiplying on food products. It can be found in large quantities in butter creams, meat salads and canned food.

Routes of transmission and causes of development

Infection occurs when the infection is transmitted in the following ways:

1. Airborne. Possible only in those cases. When bacteria enter the environment along with exhaled air, when they affect the upper respiratory tract or provoke the development of bronchitis or pneumonia.
2. Contact and household. Infection occurs when using household items on the surface of which a microorganism lives.
3. Food. Infection is possible through consumption of contaminated products.
4. Fecal-oral. The penetration of bacteria into the human body occurs when a person does not wash his hands after visiting the toilet. Bacteria contained in feces or vomit thus end up on food and household items.
5. Infection is possible when a doctor uses medical instruments when the rules of sterilization were violated.

After entering the body, where the environment is quite favorable for bacteria, microorganisms begin to multiply rapidly, having a negative impact on human health.

More information about Staphylococcus aureus can be found in the video:

But staphylococcus cannot always cause the development of diseases. The following factors can provoke the spread of infection:

• Chronic pathologies.
• Reduced immunity due to prolonged illness and regular stress.
• Prolonged contact with a carrier of bacteria.
• Non-compliance sanitary rules, especially when traveling.
• The presence of wounds and abrasions on the body.
• Eating unwashed vegetables and fruits, low-quality meat and other products.

The main problem in treating staph infections is the viability of the bacterium. They are not affected by cold, dryness or Sun rays. Bacteria are able to retain their properties for a long time even in the absence of moisture.

Clinical picture

Staphylococcus aureus causes many different diseases. Among them, the most commonly diagnosed are:

• pneumonia
• furunculosis
• eczema
• osteomyelitis
• abscess
• meningitis
• dermatitis
• blepharitis

The clinical picture also depends on the localization of the pathological process. Pathogenic microorganisms can affect many organs and systems:

1. Gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms appear several hours after consuming low-quality products. Repeated vomiting occurs severe pain in the abdominal area, and dry mouth.
2. Skin covering. Against the background of bacterial activity, boils, abscesses, phlegmons or carbuncles may occur. The main signs are a skin rash various types, weakness, lethargy and fever.
3. Respiratory system. In adults, respiratory damage is diagnosed in rare cases. Most often, pneumonia occurs as a result of the activity of microorganisms.
4. Mucous. Often, Staphylococcus aureus in adults is found on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and nasopharynx. The inflammatory process causes the occurrence of otitis and sinusitis. Purulent masses do not always come out and begin to accumulate, which can cause complications.
5. Staphylococcus aureus can cause the development of Ritter's disease. Pathology is a manifestation infectious lesion, but in exceptional cases occurs in adults. The main symptoms are a rash that resembles scarlet fever in appearance.

The occurrence of severe headache, dizziness, fever, vomiting, rapid heartbeat and decreased blood pressure indicates the occurrence of toxic shock. It manifests itself against the background of a staphylococcal infection.

All clinical manifestations depend on the state of a person’s immunity and the aggressiveness of the pathogen. Treatment depends on the extent and location of the lesion.

Why is Staphylococcus aureus dangerous?

Pathogenic microorganisms do not always cause the development of diseases. But with reduced immunity or the presence of other factors, the spread of staphylococcal infection leads to the development of a number of complications.

Bacteria pose a danger to the human body due to several factors:

• High resistance to antiseptic solutions. The microorganism can withstand boiling for 10 minutes. Its properties are not affected by drying or freezing, and it is resistant to ethyl alcohol and hydrogen peroxide.
• A special enzyme produced by bacteria makes them resistant to almost all drugs penicillin series.
• The ability to penetrate deep into the body, melting the upper layer of the epidermis and sweat glands.
• Bacteria are capable of producing endotoxin. It is he who leads to severe poisoning, and in the absence medical care causes severe intoxication of the body.
• One of the serious complications of the disease is bacterial endocarditis. But most often it develops in patients with reduced immunity and people who use drugs.

After treatment of a disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus, there is a possibility of re-infection, since immunity to the bacteria is not developed.

Diagnosis of infection

First of all, the specialist conducts differential diagnosis with streptococcal infection. For this, a number of diagnostic measures are prescribed:

• Coagulase test in vitro. Continues for 4 hours, but when negative result extended by one day.
• Latex agglutination.
• And . It is carried out to establish the level of protein and staphylococci.
• to nutrient media. Necessary for identifying the pathogen and determining its sensitivity to various antibacterial drugs.
• Widal agglutination reaction. It is carried out to determine the dynamics of therapy. The study is scheduled every 7-10 days.

Sowing is carried out three hours after the act of defecation. When taking a smear from the mucous membranes, the procedure is carried out only on an empty stomach, before taking all necessary medications and brushing your teeth.

results laboratory research help the specialist determine the type of staphylococcal infection and prescribe the necessary medications.

When diagnosing conjunctivitis, the cause of which is a staphylococcal infection, a smear is prescribed, which is taken from the lower eyelid. To do this, use sterile cotton swabs, pre-moistened in purified water.

In cases where pathogenic microorganisms infect the skin, smears are taken after treating the skin with an antiseptic. The wounds are first cleaned of formed crusts.

Drug treatment

Therapy for staphylococcal infections can be carried out at home without hospitalization in medical institution. Hospital treatment indicated in cases where sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia or purulent-necrotic lesions are established.

First of all, patients are selected an antibacterial agent based on the results bacteriological culture. The drugs can be used in the form of tablets and injections.Since each strain of staphylococcal infection has its own characteristics and is sensitive to a specific drug, there is no one drug.

The following groups of drugs are often prescribed:

• Penicillin series.
• Cephalosporins.
• Macrolides.
• Lincosamides.

When diagnosing a staphylococcal infection, the patient should adhere to all the rules, time of administration, and dosage of the drug. The minimum course of therapy should be at least 5 days.

If you stop taking the drug immediately after symptoms disappear, pathogenic microorganisms will begin to spread again over time. In this case, it is necessary to carry out repeated tests and prescribe another remedy. This is due to the fact that bacteria will develop resistance to the product used.In some cases, the doctor may extend the course of antibiotic treatment. But it is important to know that therapy should not be interrupted.

When establishing the presence of purulent lesions, ointments with a fat base are not recommended, as they interfere with the outflow of exudate.

Bacteriophages can be used to destroy staphylococcal infections. These are special viruses that only infect staphylococcus. They are contained in preparations for topical use. The ointments also contain antibiotics; they have an antiseptic and regenerating effect.

Traditional recipes and treatment methods

Usage traditional methods and prescriptions can cause the development of consequences and various complications. That is why it is necessary to consult a doctor before using them.

Some of the most popular recipes for staphylococcal damage are:

• Apricot. Effective when skin diseases. It activates the regeneration process and accelerates the healing process. To do this, apply the fruit pulp to the affected areas. For internal infections, you should consume apricot puree twice a day before meals.
• Garlic. Also used for skin lesions. To prepare the infusion you will need 50 grams of garlic and 150 ml of water. Chop the garlic, add water and stir. Leave for half an hour and strain. You need to moisten a bandage in the resulting solution and apply it to the affected areas of the skin. The duration of the procedure is 10 minutes, carried out twice a day. The course of therapy is 10 days.
• St. John's wort. Helps restore immunity and relieve inflammation. To prepare the infusion, pour 2 teaspoons of dry St. John's wort into a glass of boiling water. Cover the container with a clean cloth and leave for half an hour. Take before meals twice a day.
• Chamomile. Is natural antiseptic and helps relieve inflammation. Based on it they make healing decoction. Two teaspoons of the dry plant should be poured into a glass of water and boiled for five minutes. Strain the resulting solution and cool. Used for wiping damaged areas skin and gargling.
• To strengthen the immune system, it is recommended to consume black currants. Berries contain large amounts of vitamin C.

Patients should remember that in case of staphylococcal infection, thermal procedures, which are used to speed up the process of opening ulcers, are strictly prohibited. An increase in temperature promotes the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, which leads to the development of complications. It is prohibited to visit baths, saunas, and swimming pools during therapy.

Staphylococcal infection is quite difficult to cure, due to the ability of bacteria to survive in drought, high temperature or high humidity. But it is impossible to completely get rid of microorganisms, since they belong to the opportunistic flora of the body.

To prevent the proliferation and spread of microorganisms, a number of rules should be followed:

1. Wash your hands after using the toilet, walking and before eating.
2. Treat wounds with antiseptic agents.
3. Prevent excessive sweating.
4. Do not eat products with damaged packaging.
5. Wash vegetables and fruits.

Staphylococcus is dangerous for humans, as it causes the development of serious complications. If symptoms of infection appear, you should contact a specialist and begin treatment immediately.

Bacteria are always found on the surface of the mucous membrane and skin. In minimal quantities they are not capable of causing harm to the human body. But under the influence of external or internal factors microorganisms become a health hazard. Preventive measures must always be observed to prevent the spread of staphylococcus and damage internal organs.

This microorganism is normally present on the skin of almost every person. Usually it does not pose a danger to people, but under certain circumstances it can cause severe infections that are extremely difficult to cure. It is important for patients to know how and with what to treat Staphylococcus aureus, this will help to start on time effective therapy and avoid negative consequences.

What is Staphylococcus aureus? This microorganism is present in the body of a large number of people. Staphylococcus aureus is an element of normal human microflora.

It is present in the nasopharynx in about half of the world's population, and on the skin in almost everyone.

Normally, this pathogen does not pose a danger, but when the body is significantly weakened, it reproduces uncontrollably, which is the cause of severe infectious diseases.

The danger of these diseases lies in the high resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antibacterial drugs and resistance to aggressive factors external environment.

In this case, the pathogen produces toxins that can cause state of shock in the patient. For this reason, patients with diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus are at high risk, including death.

What it looks like in the throat and nose

The bacterium is common cause inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx. It is found in the throat much more often than in the nasal passages. The bacterium is located on the tonsils in the form of a white coating or small round pustules that can merge into larger lesions.

In the nasal cavity, the pathogen is also usually found in the form of small clusters of a light shade, which is clearly visible in photographs of patients. But, as already indicated, This doesn’t happen very often; bacteria are usually diagnosed on the tonsils.

Why is Staphylococcus aureus dangerous?

As mentioned above, the pathogen is primarily dangerous due to its high resistance to penicillin antibacterial drugs. This process is achieved by bacteria producing special enzymes, which cause the destruction of the pharmacological substance.

Resistance poses a big problem for doctors, as it poses a difficult task for them in selecting effective therapy.

What else is Staphylococcus aureus dangerous for? It does not die during prolonged boiling, at very low and high temperatures. This bacterium can survive treatment with antiseptics such as hydrogen peroxide and alcohol. Staphylococcus dies only after exposure to a solution of brilliant green.

Pathogen toxins can penetrate very deeply into the human body, affecting a large number of organs, causing the development of infectious-toxic shock. This condition extremely dangerous, such patients often die, since it is almost impossible to find effective therapy.

The unpleasant factor is that patients do not develop immunity and the risk of re-infection is also very high.

Characteristic symptoms

Symptoms of pathology in adults and children are practically no different. The only difference can be that In younger patients, the disease is often more severe. This is due to the fact that their immune system is more vulnerable.

In children

In adults

Signs of staphylococcus in adults are no different from those in children. In general, this infection always clinically manifests itself as a typical respiratory infection, which is difficult to treat with penicillin antibiotics and can develop into severe generalized lesions.

How is it transmitted?

Almost half of the world's population is a carrier of this microorganism, so the risk of infection is quite high for every person. How is Staphylococcus aureus transmitted? The pathogen enters the human body through penetration through the skin and mucous membranes. The microorganism is able to invade in the following ways:

It's important to note that great importance It has general state patient. In the presence of severe concomitant pathologies, the risk of infection increases significantly. When the immune system is disrupted or endocrine diseases occur, patients become most vulnerable.

This is also observed with injuries, hypovitaminosis, during pregnancy and lactation, and in a state of prolonged stress. The age of the patient matters - the elderly and children have weaker defense mechanisms, so their risk of becoming infected with this bacterium is much higher.

Treatment options

Before starting treatment, it is necessary to scrape the pathological area and determine the sensitivity of the microorganism to antibacterial drugs. Only based on the results obtained, treatment tactics are determined.

It is important for patients to know which doctor treats staph infections. Therapy is carried out by medical specialists, usually a doctor general practice. At various complications Various specialists of a narrow profile are involved in treatment.

In adults

You can get rid of staphylococcus in the body using ampicillin in combination with clavulanic acid. Vancomycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin or Cephalexin tablets are also used.

You can lubricate foci of infection in the nose with antibacterial nasal ointment and treat them with antiseptics, rinse with preparations such as Polydexa or salt drops.

Antihistamines (Loratadine) are used vitamin complexes, immunomodulators. If this tactic is ineffective, there is talk of prescribing a special vaccine or toxoid.

In children

Antibiotic treatment is also used for children. In general, treatment tactics in young patients are no different from those in adults. Caution should be observed in the dosages of drugs; for this group of patients they are calculated depending on body weight, which requires care on the part of the doctor when determining how to treat Staphylococcus aureus in children. This process is always labor-intensive.

Medicines

Treatment of staph infection complex, using a large number of drugs. Except antibacterial drugs, patients are prescribed bacterial lysates, which stimulate the activation of the patient’s immune system.

Staphylococcal toxoid and immunoglobulin are also used, which are administered intramuscularly. These drugs promote the production specific immunity against this microorganism that kills Staphylococcus aureus.

There is also a special vaccine, the effect of which is similar to that of previous drugs. These drugs are prescribed to patients if other drugs are ineffective, or if there is a risk of serious complications.

Folk remedies

Widely used folk remedies and methods for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus. Patients need to be aware that this type of therapy is used in combination with medications and only after consultation with the attending physician. The use of these methods exclusively is unacceptable, since the patient may worsen his situation.

You can use the following traditional medicine recipes:

It is also important to note that apricot pulp is capable of destroying not only staphylococcus itself, but also other pathological microorganisms that may be located in the pathological area.

Conclusion

It is important for patients to know the symptoms and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus. This will help you identify the symptoms of a pathological lesion in time and consult a doctor. It is important for patients to visit a specialist to determine the sensitivity of the pathogen to drugs, because such a person is in danger and a small inflammatory process can lead to very severe complications.

Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical prokaryote, a bacterium of saturated yellow color, looks like bunch of grapes, which can be clearly seen in pictures taken under a microscope.

The microorganism belongs to the group of opportunistic microflora - it is present in small quantities in the body of every person, and begins to actively grow and multiply in the presence of provoking factors. Staphylococcus aureus is a fairly tenacious bacterium, it tolerates the lack of water and high temperatures well, it does not die immediately even when boiled, it is not affected by alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, salt, or vinegar. But the pathogenic microorganism can be destroyed using ordinary brilliant green.

There is no consensus among doctors regarding the carriage of staphylococcus; many doctors believe that it is useless to treat it if there are no manifestations of pathology. An exception is pregnant women; expectant mothers must undergo appropriate tests, if any pathogenic microorganism urgent treatment will be prescribed.

Children under one year of age should not normally have Staphylococcus aureus in their bodies.

What it is?

Staphylococcal infection– a common name for diseases caused by staphylococcus. Due to high resistance to antibiotics, staphylococcal infections occupy first place among purulent-inflammatory infectious diseases. Staphylococcus can cause inflammation in almost any organ. Staphylococcus may be the cause purulent diseases skin and subcutaneous tissue: boils, felons, abscesses, hidradenitis, pyoderma. By affecting internal organs, staphylococcus can cause pneumonia, sore throat, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and abscesses of internal organs. The enterotoxin secreted by staphylococcus can cause severe food intoxication with the development of enterocolitis (inflammation of the small and large intestines).

The genus of staphylococci includes three species: Staphylococcus aureus (the most harmful), Staphylococcus epidermidis (also pathogenic, but much less dangerous than Staphylococcus aureus) and saprophytic staphylococcus– practically harmless, however, also capable of causing diseases. In addition, each type of staphylococcus has several subspecies (strains), differing from each other in various properties (for example, a set of toxins produced) and, accordingly, causing the same diseases, differing in clinical signs (manifestations). Under a microscope, staphylococci appear in clusters somewhat similar to a bunch of grapes.

Staphylococci have a fairly high viability: they can be stored in a dried state for up to 6 months, do not die when frozen and thawed, and are resistant to direct sunlight.

The pathogenic effect of staphylococci is associated with their ability to produce toxins: exfoliatin, which damages skin cells, leukocidin, which destroys leukocytes, and enterotoxin, which causes clinical food poisoning. In addition, staphylococcus produces enzymes that protect it from the effects of immune mechanisms and contribute to its preservation and distribution in the tissues of the body.

The source of infection can be a sick person or an asymptomatic carrier; according to some data, up to 40% of healthy people are carriers of various strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The entrance gates of infection can be microdamages of the skin and the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. A significant factor in the development of staphylococcal infections is weakening of the immune system due to the use of medications (for example, immunosuppressants, antibiotics), chronic diseases(diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases), effects unfavorable factors environment. Due to the characteristics of the immune system, staphylococcal infections are most severe in young children and old people. Immunity after an infection is unstable and, in general, insignificant, since when encountering a new subspecies of staphylococcus that produces other toxins, all previous immune “acquisitions” do not play a significant protective role.

Causes of infection

Staphylococci constantly live on the skin and mucous membranes. Bacteria can enter the body in several ways: household contact, airborne droplets, alimentary:

• With the contact-household method, the bacteria enters the body through household items. This is the most common route of transmission of infection.
• If a carrier of bacteria coughs or sneezes, the bacteria are released along with the air. As a result, when inhaling air contaminated with staphylococci, microorganisms enter the body and, with a decrease in immunity, provoke the development of diseases.
• With the nutritional mechanism of infection, bacteria penetrate inside through food. Due to poor personal hygiene, microorganisms appear on food products. Typically, carriers are food industry workers.

Pathogenic staphylococcus can enter the body when using insufficiently sterilized medical instruments. The infection enters the body during surgery or through the use of instrumental diagnostic methods, insertion of a catheter, etc. If a pregnant woman has staphylococcus, it is transmitted to the baby.

What diseases does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

Staphylococcus aureus is capable of infecting most tissues of the human body. In total, there are more than a hundred diseases that are caused by staphylococcal infection. Staphylococcal infection is characterized by the presence of many different mechanisms, routes and transmission factors.

Staphylococcus aureus can extremely easily penetrate through minor damage to the skin and mucous membranes into the body. Staphylococcal infection can lead to various diseases- starting from acne (acne) and ending with peritonitis (inflammatory process of the peritoneum), endocarditis (inflammatory process of the inner lining of the heart) and sepsis, which is characterized by mortality in the region of 80%. In most cases, staphylococcal infection develops against the background of a decrease in local or general immunity, for example, after acute respiratory viral infection(ARVI).

Community-acquired pneumonia, which is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, is recorded infrequently, but in inpatient departments it is this type pathogenic staphylococci ranks second in importance among all pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa is in first place). Nosocomial or nosocomial infections can occur due to the penetration of Staphylococcus aureus through various catheters or from skin wounds into the body.

Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative agent of musculoskeletal infections. This pathogenic bacterium causes septic (infectious) arthritis in children and adolescents in 75% of cases.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause the following diseases:

• rhinitis;
• sinusitis;
• pharyngitis;
• laryngitis;
• bronchitis;
• pneumonia;
• osteomyelitis;
• food poisoning;
• pyoderma;
• "scalded baby" syndrome.

Symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus

Specific clinical manifestations of staphylococcal infection depend on the site of introduction of the microorganism and the degree of decreased immunity in the patient. For example, in some people infection ends with a simple boil, and in weakened patients - with an abscess and phlegmon, etc.

General symptoms characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus in adults:

• fast fatiguability;
• general weakness;
• lack of appetite;
• aches in bones and joints;
• nausea and vomiting;
• increase in body temperature.

This general signs infection with harmful bacteria. Depending on the strength of the immune system and the resistance of the body’s systems, this list may be supplemented by other symptoms that more specifically indicate the type of disease.

Skin damage

Skin infections are characterized by rashes on the skin, the appearance of blisters with purulent contents, crusts, redness, and induration.

Infections of ENT organs and eyes

Getting on the mucous epithelium of the throat or nose, staphylococcal infection provokes the occurrence of sore throat, otitis media, sinusitis and others. inflammatory pathologies ENT organs or upper respiratory tract.

When Staphylococcus aureus infects the lungs, staphylococcal pneumonia develops, characterized by the appearance of shortness of breath and chest pain, severe intoxication of the body and the formation of lung tissues many purulent formations, gradually transforming into abscesses. When abscesses break into the pleural cavity, suppuration of the pleura (empyema) develops.

When the mucous membrane of the eyes is damaged, conjunctivitis develops (photophobia, lacrimation, swelling of the eyelids, purulent discharge from the eyes).

Staphylococcus aureus affects the genitourinary system

Infection urinary tract caused by Staphylococcus aureus is characterized by:

• urination disorder (frequency, pain),
• slight fever (sometimes there may be no fever),
• the presence of pus, blood admixtures and the detection of Staphylococcus aureus during general and bacteriological examination of urine.

Without treatment, staphylococcus can infect surrounding tissues (prostate gland, perinephric tissue) and cause pyelonephritis or form kidney abscesses.

CNS damage

If Staphylococcus aureus enters the brain, there is a high probability of developing meningitis or a brain abscess. In children, these pathologies are extremely severe and cases of death are not uncommon. Characteristic symptoms:

• intoxication syndrome;
• hyperthermia;
• severe vomiting;
• meningeal symptoms are positive;
• elements of a rash appear on the skin.

Food poisoning

It develops when eating contaminated or spoiled food and occurs with symptoms of acute enterocolitis. Characterized by fever, nausea, vomiting up to 10 or more times a day, loose stool with a touch of greenery.

Staphylococcus aureus - dangerous look bacteria that cause many infections when the patient’s immune system is weakened. Upon detection of the first common symptoms(lethargy, nausea, lack of appetite) you should urgently consult a doctor.

Damage to the musculoskeletal system

This pathogen is the leading cause of purulent lesions of the musculoskeletal system (osteomyelitis and arthritis). Such pathological conditions develop more often in adolescents. In adults, staphylococcal arthritis often develops against the background of existing rheumatism or after joint replacement.

Why is Staphylococcus aureus dangerous?

Normally, Staphylococcus aureus lives on the skin and mucous membranes of almost all people. But healthy people With good immunity do not suffer from staphylococcal infection, since normal microflora inhibits the growth of staphylococcus and prevents its pathogenic essence from manifesting itself. But when the body’s defenses are weakened, the microbe “raises its head” and causes various diseases, including blood poisoning or sepsis.

The high pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus is associated with three factors.

• Firstly, the microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics and environmental factors (withstands boiling for 10 minutes, drying, freezing, ethyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, with the exception of brilliant green).
• Secondly, Staphylococcus aureus produces the enzymes penicillinase and lidase, which makes it protected from almost all penicillin antibiotics and helps melt the skin, including sweat glands, and penetrate deep into the body.
• And thirdly, the microbe produces endotoxin, which leads to both food poisoning, and the syndrome of general intoxication of the body, up to the development of infectious-toxic shock.

And, of course, it should be noted that there is no immunity to Staphylococcus aureus, and a person who has had a staphylococcal infection can become infected with it again.

Staphylococcus aureus is especially dangerous for infants in the maternity hospital. It is in hospitals that the concentration of this microbe in the environment is high, which is of no small importance due to violation of the rules of asepsis and sterilization of instruments and carriage of staphylococcus among medical workers. personnel.

When is specific treatment needed?

Taking into account the peculiarities of the coexistence of the human body and Staphylococcus aureus, we can draw the following conclusion regarding the treatment of staphylococcal infection: it is necessary to treat staphylococcus only when a person has real symptoms of the disease, that is, an infection with specific manifestations. In this case, the patient is indicated for antibacterial therapy.

In all other situations, for example, when carrying Staphylococcus aureus in the respiratory tract or intestines, it is necessary to take measures to increase local and general immunity so that the body gradually cleanses itself of the unwanted “neighbor”. In addition, medications are used for rehabilitation:

• staphylococcal bacteriophage(staphylococcal virus).
• Chlorophyllipt (eucalyptus leaf extract) in various forms. If Staphylococcus aureus is detected in the throat, use alcohol solution Chlorophyllipt diluted with water, as well as spray and tablets. To sanitize the nose, instill in each nasal passage oil solution means, and if carried in the intestines, use alcoholic Chlorophyllipt orally.
• Bactroban ointment for carriage of staphylococcus in the nose.

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus

In order to get rid of bacteria, a competent selection of antibacterial therapy is necessary.

The most commonly used treatments are the following:

• Amoxicillin, which is capable of suppressing the reproduction and growth of pathogenic bacteria and promoting their destruction. It has a fairly wide spectrum of action and blocks the production of peptidoglycan. Used regardless of meals, no more than 1 g three times a day;
• Cephalexin. The drug prevents the synthesis of components that make up the bacterial cell wall. Must be taken before meals, every 6 hours;
• Cephalothin, which disrupts the ability of bacteria to divide normally and also has a destructive effect on the membrane of staphylococci. Used both intravenously and intramuscularly;
• Cefotaxime. The drug is aimed at suppressing the growth of bacteria and preventing them from multiplying. Used both intravenously and intramuscularly. The dosage is selected individually;
• Vancomycin helps block a component that is part of the bacterial cell membrane, changes the degree of permeability of its wall, which leads to the death of staphylococcus. It is given intravenously, either every 6 or every 12 hours. The dosage is determined by the doctor;
• Cloxacillin. Helps block membranes that are at the stage of bacterial division. It is necessary to take the drug every 6 hours at a dosage of 500 mg;
• Cefazolin. It has a wide spectrum of action and prevents the production of bacterial cell wall components. Can be used both intravenously and intramuscularly, up to 4 times a day;
• Oxacillin. It has a detrimental effect in the later stages of bacterial development and promotes their destruction. Used intravenously, intramuscularly and orally;
• Clarithromycin, which prevents bacteria from producing their own proteins. Most often used in tablet form, although for severe infections it may be given intravenously;
• Erythromycin also interferes with protein production and must be used every 6 hours;
• Clindamycin is also aimed at eliminating the ability of bacteria to produce a certain protein, which leads to its death.

Before you start using this or that drug, it is necessary to conduct an antibiogram. This will help identify the sensitivity of staphylococcus to a specific medicinal product. Conducting such a study is important for the patient’s health; it will guarantee that the bacteria will not develop resistance.

Any antibacterial agents can be prescribed exclusively by the attending doctor and only after a thorough diagnosis.

Treatment of staphylococcal infection requires strict adherence frequency of administration, time of use of the drug and its dosage. It is important to take the prescribed antibiotic not until the first symptoms disappear, but for at least 5 days. If it is necessary to extend the course, the doctor will inform you about this. In addition, treatment cannot be stopped; therapy must be continuous.

Antibiotic resistance

Since the discovery of penicillin and its active use against staphylococcus, under the pressure of natural selection, a mutation has become established in the population, due to which most strains are currently resistant to this antibiotic, due to the presence of penicillinase in Staphylococcus aureus, an enzyme that breaks down the penicillin molecule.

Methicillin, a chemically modified penicillin that is not destroyed by penicillinase, is widely used to combat the bacterium. But now there are strains that are resistant to methicillin, and therefore strains of Staphylococcus aureus are divided into methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and even more resistant strains are also identified: vancomycin-resistant (VRSA) and glycopeptide-resistant (GISA).

The bacterium has about 2,600 genes and 2.8 million base pairs of DNA on its chromosome, which is 0.5-1.0 µm long.

To treat staphylococcus, staphylococcal bacteriophage is used - the drug is a liquid medium in which there are phage viruses that destroy staphylococci.

In 2008, the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) determined that copper and copper alloy surfaces were highly effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Surgery

Skin and soft tissue infections

Drainage of all purulent foci is of paramount importance. For small abscesses without fever in children, drainage alone may be sufficient, as treatment with antibiotics may be equivalent to adequate drainage. Subcutaneous drain placement has been shown to be more effective than incision and drainage.

Osteomyelitis

Surgical treatment is usually indicated to remove purulent contents from the subperiosteal space or in the presence of an infected foreign body.

Septic arthritis

In young children, septic arthritis of the hip or shoulder is an indication for emergency surgical intervention. Joints need to be drained as soon as possible to prevent bone destruction. If adequate drainage with a needle was preceded, but a large amount of fibrin and destroyed tissue is present, then surgical intervention is also necessary.

Endocarditis

If endocarditis is associated with a foreign body, then its removal is necessary.

Toxic shock syndrome

All potential sites of infection must be identified and drained.

Thrombophlebitis

Remove an infected intravenous device in immunocompromised or critically ill patients when the infection cannot be controlled with medication.

Diet and nutrition

With a staphylococcal infection, it is important not only to suppress the activity of the pathogen, but also to increase immunity. Diet is important in this process. The main role in resisting staphylococcus is played by lysozyme. If it is deficient, it will be difficult to get rid of the pathology.

The diet should be varied with foods rich in vitamins, protein and carbohydrates. Fiber is also essential as it helps remove toxins from the body. The menu consists of the following products:

• Proteins (meat, poultry, cheese, cottage cheese, fish).
• Carbohydrates (buckwheat, potatoes, durum pasta, wheat).
• Fiber (vegetables, raw and baked).
• Plant proteins (nuts, lentils, beans).
• Vegetable fats.

The consumption of salt, spices and animal fats is reduced as much as possible.

Prevention

To avoid staphylococcal infection, it is necessary to strengthen immune system– eat right, exercise regularly, take vitamin complexes, get rid of bad habits, do not forget about hardening and daily walks in the fresh air.

Basic precautions:

• get vaccinated against staphylococcus in a timely manner;
• observe hygiene rules, wash your hands and face frequently and thoroughly;
• wash all vegetables and fruits thoroughly;
• buy dairy, meat products only in verified places, study the terms and conditions of storage on the label;
• do not eat food on the street;
• Treat even minor scratches immediately with antiseptic solutions;
• Do not use other people's toiletries and bedding.

It is necessary to avoid any contact with people who have signs of staphylococcal infection. It is better for women to get tested for the presence pathogenic bacteria at the stage of pregnancy planning to prevent the risk of infection of the child.

Forecast

The prognosis depends on the localization of the pathological focus of staphylococcal infection, the severity of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.

With mild lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, the prognosis is almost always favorable. With the development of bacteremia with damage to internal organs, the prognosis sharply worsens, since in more than half of the cases such conditions result in death.