home Folk remedies Nervous system injuries. Consequences of injuries to the nervous system Traumatic disorders of the central nervous system in neurology

Nervous system injuries. Consequences of injuries to the nervous system Traumatic disorders of the central nervous system in neurology

No living organism can function without organs responsible for transmitting impulses through nerve cells. Defeat of the central nervous system has a direct effect on the functionality of brain cells (both spinal and brain) and leads to disorders of these organs. And this, in turn, plays a primary role in determining the quality of human life.

Types of lesions and their characteristics

The nervous system of the human body is a network of cells and nerve endings located in the structure of the brain. The functions of the central nervous system are to regulate the activity of any of the organs individually and the entire organism as a whole. When the central nervous system is damaged, these functions are disrupted, which leads to serious disruptions.

Today, all problems with the nervous system are divided into the following types:

organic;
perinatal.

Organic damage to the central nervous system is characterized by pathomorphological changes in the structure of brain cells. Depending on the severity of the lesion, 3 degrees of pathology are determined: mild, moderate and severe. Usually, mild degree damage can occur in any person (regardless of his age), without affecting health and quality of life. But moderate and severe degrees already signal serious disturbances in the activity of the nervous system.

It suggests damage to the structure of cells located in the brain in newborns and children of the first year of life, which arose during the perinatal period. This time includes the antenatal (from the 28th week of pregnancy until childbirth), intranatal (the moment of birth) and neonatal (the first 7 days of the baby’s life) periods.

What factors contribute to the occurrence of damage?

Organic lesions can be acquired or congenital. Congenital injuries occur while the fetus is in the womb. The following factors influence the occurrence of pathology:

use by a pregnant woman of certain types of medications, alcohol;
smoking;
illness during pregnancy with infectious diseases (sore throat, flu, etc.);
emotional overstrain, during which stress hormones attack the fetus;
exposure to toxic and chemical substances, radiation;
pathological course of pregnancy;
unfavorable heredity, etc.

Acquired injuries can develop as a result of mechanical injuries to the child. In some cases, this pathology is called residual. The diagnosis of residual organic damage to the central nervous system is established by a doctor when there are symptoms indicating the presence of residual effects brain disorders after birth trauma.

IN last years the number of children with residual effects of residual lesions is increasing. Medicine is inclined to explain this by the unfavorable environmental situation in some countries of the world, chemical and radiation pollution, and young people’s passion for dietary supplements and medications. In addition, one of the negative factors is the unjustified use of cesarean section, in which both mother and child receive a dose of anesthesia that does not always have a good effect on the state of the nervous system.

The cause of perinatal disorders is most often acute asphyxia (oxygen starvation) of the fetus during childbirth. It can occur as a result of the pathological course of labor, with incorrect position of the umbilical cord, manifest itself in the form of cerebral hemorrhages, ischemia, etc. The risk of perinatal damage increases many times in children born prematurely or during childbirth outside the maternity hospital.

Main manifestations of damage

The main symptoms of the lesion depend on its type. As a rule, patients experience:

increased excitability;
insomnia;
daytime enuresis;
repetition of phrases, etc.

Children have a decrease in immunity; they are more likely than their peers to be susceptible to various colds and infectious diseases. In some cases, there is a lack of coordination of movements, deterioration of vision and hearing.

Signs of perinatal damage depend entirely on the type of brain damage, its severity, the stage of the disease and the age of the child. Thus, the main symptoms of damage in children born prematurely are short-term convulsions, depression of motor activity and impaired respiratory functions.

Newborns born at term suffer from both decreased motor activity and increased excitability, manifested in irritated screaming and anxiety, convulsions of considerable duration. 30 days after the birth of the baby, lethargy and apathy are replaced by increased muscle tone, their excessive tension, incorrect formation of the position of the limbs occurs (clubfoot occurs, etc.). In this case, hydrocephalus (internal or external dropsy of the brain) may occur.

With spinal cord injuries, symptoms depend entirely on the location of the injury. So, in case of injury nerve plexuses or spinal cord in cervical spine spine, the occurrence of a condition called obstetric paralysis is typical. This pathology characterized by inactivity or sagging of the upper limb on the affected side.

With lesions classified as moderate, the following symptoms are observed:

constipation or increased bowel movements;
violations of thermoregulation, expressed in the body’s incorrect response to cold or heat;
bloating;
pallor of the skin.

A severe form of perinatal damage to the central nervous system (PPCNS) is characterized by a delay in the development and formation of the baby’s psyche, which is observed already within 1 month of life. There is a sluggish reaction during communication, a monotonous cry with a lack of emotionality. At 3-4 months, the child’s movements may become permanently impaired (like cerebral palsy).

In some cases, PPCNS are asymptomatic and appear only after 3 months of the baby’s life. Signs of concern for parents should be excess or insufficient movements, excessive anxiety, apathy of the baby, and insensitivity to sounds and visual stimuli.

Methods for diagnosing and treating injuries

Diagnosing congenital organic lesions of the central nervous system in children is quite easy. Experienced doctor can determine the presence of pathology just by looking at the baby’s face. The main diagnosis is established after a series of mandatory examinations, which include an electroencephalogram, rheoencephalogram and ultrasound of the brain.

To confirm perinatal disorders, ultrasound of the brain and Dopplerography of blood vessels, X-rays of the skull and spinal column, and various types of tomography are used.

Treatment of organic and residual organic lesions of the central nervous system is a very long process, mainly based on the use of drug therapy.

Nootropic drugs are used that improve the functionality of the brain, and vascular medications. Children with residual organic damage are prescribed classes with specialists in the field of psychology and speech therapy, during which exercises are performed to correct attention, etc.

In case of severe perinatal disorder, the baby is placed in the intensive care unit with maternity hospital. Here measures are taken to eliminate disturbances in the functioning of the main body systems and convulsive attacks. May be carried out intravenous injections, ventilation and parenteral nutrition.

Further treatment depends on the severity of damage to cells and brain structures. Commonly used medications with anticonvulsant action, dehydrating and brain nutritional improving agents. The same medications are also used to treat a baby in the first year of life.

The recovery period (after the first year of life) is characterized by the use of non-drug therapy. Rehabilitation methods such as swimming and exercises in water, therapeutic exercise and massage, physiotherapy, sound therapy (healing a child with the help of music) are used.

The consequences of organic and perinatal disorders depend on the severity of the pathology. With proper treatment, recovery or residual effects in the form of deviations in the development of the child: speech delay, motor functions, neurological problems etc. Full rehabilitation in the first year of life gives a good chance of recovery.

It happens that in the maternity hospital or a little later, at an appointment with a pediatrician, a newborn child is given complex diagnoses regarding the state of the central nervous system (CNS). What is hidden behind the words “hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome” or “vegetative-visceral dysfunction syndrome” and how can these conditions affect the health and development of a child? Is it possible to treat CNS lesions? Child rehabilitation specialist Natalya Pykhtina, head of the clinic of the same name, tells the story.

The doctor receives the first information about the state of the central nervous system in the first minutes and hours after the baby is born, still in the delivery room. Everyone has heard about the Apgar score, which evaluates the viability of a child according to five main visible signs- heartbeat, skin color, breathing, reflex excitability and muscle tone.

Why is it important to evaluate correctly? motor activity baby? Because it provides information about the state of the spinal cord and brain, their functionality, which helps to recognize in time both minor deviations and serious pathologies.

So, greatest attention the degree of symmetry of the movements of the limbs is paid to: their pace and volume should be the same on both sides, that is, on the left arm and left leg and the right arm and leg, respectively. Also the doctor conducting initial examination newborn, takes into account the clarity and severity of unconditioned reflexes. This is how the pediatrician receives information about the activity of the baby’s central nervous system and finds out whether it is functioning within normal limits.

Damage to the central nervous system in a child occurs in two ways - in utero or during childbirth. If developmental abnormalities occur in the fetus during the embryonic stage of intrauterine development, they often turn into defects that are incompatible with life, or are extremely severe and cannot be treated or corrected.

If there was a damaging effect on the fetus after, this will not affect the child in the form of gross deformity, but it may well cause minor deviations that will have to be treated after birth. Negative effects on the fetus later - after- will not manifest itself in the form of defects at all, but can become a catalyst for the occurrence of diseases in a normally formed child.

It is very difficult to predict which one negative factor and at what stage of pregnancy will irreparable damage be caused to the fetus. Therefore, the expectant mother needs to be extremely careful and monitor her health even before the moment of conception. Preparing for pregnancy is an important stage of family planning, because the child’s health can be affected by both the bad habits of the mother and her chronic diseases, hard work and unhealthy psychological state.

How exactly he is born is also important for the child’s future life. It is at the moment of birth that there is a danger of damage in the second way - intranatally. Any incorrect intervention or, conversely, lack of timely assistance is highly likely to have a negative impact on the baby. At risk - premature birth, as well as childbirth at the scheduled time, but rapid or, conversely, protracted.

The main causes of central nervous system damage in newborns are oxygen starvation, which leads to hypoxia, and birth trauma. Less obvious and diagnosable causes are less common: intrauterine infections, hemolytic disease newborns, malformations of the brain and spinal cord, hereditary metabolic disorders or chromosomal pathology.

Doctors identify several syndromes of central nervous system pathology in newborns.

Hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome- this is excessive accumulation cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles and under the membranes of the brain. To identify this syndrome in an infant, an ultrasound scan of the brain is performed and data on increased intracranial pressure are recorded (according to echoencephalography - EEG).

In pronounced severe cases of this syndrome, the size of the brain part of the skull increases disproportionately. As is known, children are born with mobile bones of the skull, which fuse during development, therefore, with a unilateral pathological process of this syndrome There will be a divergence of the cranial sutures, thinning of the skin in the temporal lobe and an increase in the venous pattern on the scalp.

If a child has increased intracranial pressure, he will be restless, irritable, easily excitable and whiny. Also, the baby will sleep poorly, roll his eyes and throw his head back. Graefe's symptom (a white stripe between the pupil and the upper eyelid) may occur. In more severe cases, there may also be a symptom of the so-called “setting sun”, in which the iris of the eye, like the sun at sunset, is half submerged under the lower eyelid. Also sometimes convergent appears.

With reduced intracranial pressure, on the contrary, the child will be inactive, lethargic and drowsy. In this case, muscle tone is unpredictable - it can be either increased or decreased. The baby may stand on tiptoes when supported, or cross his legs when trying to walk, while the baby’s support, crawling and walking reflexes will be reduced. Seizures can also often occur.

Muscle tone disorders

Movement disorder syndrome- pathology of motor activity - is diagnosed in almost all children with intrauterine abnormalities in the development of the central nervous system. Only the severity and level of damage varies.

When making a diagnosis, the pediatrician must understand what the zone and location of the lesion is, whether there is a problem in the functioning of the brain or spinal cord. This is a fundamentally important question, since treatment methods differ radically depending on the identified pathology. Also great importance To make a diagnosis, a correct assessment of the tone of various muscle groups is necessary.

Violation of tone in various groups muscles leads to a delay in the appearance of motor skills in the baby: for example, the child later begins to grasp objects with the whole hand, finger movements are formed slowly and require additional training, the child later stands on his feet, and the cross lower limbs interferes with the formation of correct walking.

Fortunately, this syndrome is treatable - in most children, thanks to proper treatment There is a decrease in muscle tone in the legs, and the child begins to walk well. Only a high arch of the foot may remain as a memory of the disease. normal life This does not interfere, and the only difficulty remains the choice of comfortable and well-fitting shoes.

Autonomic-visceral dysfunction syndrome characterized by a violation of thermoregulation in a child (body temperature rises or falls without visible reasons), exceptional whiteness of the skin associated with vascular dysfunction, and gastrointestinal disorders(regurgitation, vomiting, tendency to constipation, insufficient weight gain compared to indicators accepted as the norm).

All these symptoms are most often combined with hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome and are directly related to disturbances in the blood supply posterior sections the brain, where all the main centers of the autonomic nervous system are located, which controls the life-supporting systems of the body - digestive, thermoregulatory and cardiovascular.

Convulsive syndrome

The tendency to have seizures in the first months of a child’s life is due to immaturity of the brain. Convulsions occur only in cases where the spread or development of a disease process in the cerebral cortex occurs, and have many different causes.

In each specific case, the cause of the convulsive syndrome must be identified by a doctor. Effective assessment often requires a number of studies and manipulations: instrumental examination of brain function (EEG), cerebral circulation (Dopplerography) and anatomical structures(ultrasound of the brain, computed tomography, NMR, NSG), as well as biochemical research blood.

From the point of view of localization, convulsions are not the same - they can be generalized, that is, covering the entire body, and localized, which are associated with separate groups muscles.

Convulsions are also different in nature: tonic, when the child seems to stretch out and freeze for a short time in a certain fixed position, and clonic, in which twitching of the limbs and sometimes the entire body occurs.

Parents should carefully monitor their child in the first months of life, because... convulsions in children can be the beginning if you do not immediately contact a specialist and do not competent treatment. Careful observation and detailed description occurrence of seizures on the part of parents will significantly facilitate the doctor’s diagnosis and speed up the selection of treatment.

Treatment of a child with central nervous system damage

Accurate diagnosis and timely correct treatment of CNS pathology is extremely important. Children's body very susceptible to external influence on initial stage development, and timely procedures received can radically change the future life of the child and his parents, allowing for the most early stages with relative ease get rid of problems that can become quite significant in later life.

As a rule, children with early age pathologies are prescribed drug therapy in combination with physical rehabilitation. Physiotherapy(exercise therapy) is one of the most effective non-drug methods of rehabilitation of children with central nervous system lesions. A properly selected course of exercise therapy helps restore the child’s motor functions, using the adaptive and compensatory capabilities of the child’s body.

Comment on the article "CNS lesions in children: what are they?"

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The central nervous system is precisely the mechanism that helps a person grow and navigate in this world. But sometimes this mechanism malfunctions and “breaks.” It is especially scary if this happens in the first minutes and days of a child’s independent life or even before he is born. We will talk about why a child’s central nervous system is affected and how to help the baby in this article.

What it is

The central nervous system is a close “ligament” of two important links - the brain and spinal cord. Main function, which nature assigned to the central nervous system - providing reflexes, both simple (swallowing, sucking, breathing) and complex. The central nervous system, or rather, its middle and lower sections, regulate the activities of all organs and systems, ensure communication between them. The highest section is the cerebral cortex. It is responsible for self-awareness and self-awareness, for a person’s connection with the world, with the reality surrounding the child.

Disorders, and consequently, damage to the central nervous system, can begin during the development of the fetus in the mother’s womb, or can occur under the influence of certain factors immediately or some time after birth.

Which part of the central nervous system is affected will determine which body functions will be impaired, and the degree of damage will determine the extent of the consequences.

Causes

In children with central nervous system disorders, about half of all cases occur due to intrauterine lesions, doctors call this perinatal pathologies CNS. Moreover, more than 70% of them are premature babies, which appeared earlier than the due obstetric period. In this case, the main root cause lies in the immaturity of all organs and systems, including the nervous system; it is not ready for autonomous work.

Approximately 9-10% of toddlers born with lesions of the central nervous system were born on time with normal weight. Experts believe that the state of the nervous system in this case is influenced by negative intrauterine factors, such as prolonged hypoxia, which the baby experienced in the mother’s womb during gestation, birth injuries, as well as the state of acute oxygen starvation during a difficult delivery, metabolic disorders of the child that began even before birth, infectious diseases suffered by the expectant mother, complications of pregnancy. All lesions that resulted from the above factors during pregnancy or immediately after childbirth are also called residual organic:

Fetal hypoxia. Most often, babies whose mothers abuse alcohol, drugs, smoke or work in hazardous industries suffer from a lack of oxygen in the blood during pregnancy. The number of abortions that preceded this birth is also of great importance, since the changes that occur in the tissues of the uterus after termination of pregnancy contribute to the disruption of uterine blood flow during subsequent pregnancies.

Traumatic causes. Birth injuries can be associated with both incorrectly chosen delivery tactics and medical errors during birth process. Injuries also include actions that lead to disruption of the child’s central nervous system after childbirth, in the first hours after birth.
Fetal metabolic disorders. Such processes usually begin in the first - early second trimester. They are directly related to disruption of the functioning of the organs and systems of the baby’s body under the influence of poisons, toxins, and certain medications.
Infections in the mother. Particularly dangerous are diseases caused by viruses (measles, rubella, chickenpox, cytomegalovirus infection and a number of other ailments) if the disease occurred in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Pathologies of pregnancy. The state of the child’s central nervous system is influenced by a variety of features of the gestation period - polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios, pregnancy with twins or triplets, placental abruption and other reasons.
Severe genetic diseases. Typically, pathologies such as Down and Edwards syndromes, trisomy and a number of others are accompanied by significant organic changes in the central nervous system.

At the current level of development of medicine, CNS pathologies become obvious to neonatologists already in the first hours after the baby is born. Less often - in the first weeks.

Sometimes, especially with organic lesions of mixed origin, the true cause cannot be established, especially if it is related to the perinatal period.

Classification and symptoms

Scroll possible symptoms depends on the causes, degree and extent of damage to the brain or spinal cord, or combined damage. The outcome is also influenced by the time of negative impact - how long the child was exposed to factors that affected the activity and functionality of the central nervous system. It is important to quickly determine the period of the disease - acute, early recovery, late recovery or the period of residual effects.

All pathologies of the central nervous system have three degrees of severity:

Easy. This degree is manifested by a slight increase or decrease in the baby’s muscle tone, and convergent strabismus may be observed.

Average. With such lesions, muscle tone is always reduced, reflexes are completely or partially absent. This condition is replaced by hypertonicity and convulsions. Characteristic oculomotor disturbances appear.
Heavy. Not only motor function and muscle tone suffer, but also internal organs. If the central nervous system is severely depressed, convulsions of varying intensity may begin. Problems with cardiac and renal activity can be severe, as can the development of respiratory failure. The intestines may be paralyzed. The adrenal glands do not produce the necessary hormones in the required quantities.

According to the etiology of the cause that caused problems with the activity of the brain or spinal cord, pathologies are divided (however, very arbitrarily) into:

Hypoxic (ischemic, intracranial hemorrhages, combined).
Traumatic (birth injuries of the skull, birth spinal lesions, birth pathologies peripheral nerves).
Dysmetabolic (kernicterus, excess levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium in the child’s blood and tissues).
Infectious (consequences of infections suffered by the mother, hydrocephalus, intracranial hypertension).

The clinical manifestations of different types of lesions also differ significantly from each other:

Ischemic lesions. The most “harmless” disease is grade 1 cerebral ischemia. With it, the child demonstrates central nervous system disorders only in the first 7 days after birth. The reason most often lies in fetal hypoxia. At this time, the baby can observe relatively mild signs of excitement or depression of the central nervous system.
The second degree of this disease is diagnosed when if disturbances and even seizures last more than a week after birth. We can talk about the third degree if the child has constantly increased intracranial pressure, frequent and severe convulsions are observed, and there are other autonomic disorders.

Typically, this degree of cerebral ischemia tends to progress, the child’s condition worsens, and the baby may fall into a coma.

Hypoxic cerebral hemorrhages. If, as a result of oxygen starvation, a child has hemorrhage inside the ventricles of the brain, then in the first degree there may be no symptoms and signs at all. But the second and third degrees of such hemorrhage lead to severe brain damage - convulsive syndrome, the development of shock. The child may fall into a coma. If blood enters the subarachnoid cavity, the child will be diagnosed with overexcitation of the central nervous system. There is a high probability of developing acute dropsy of the brain.

Bleeding into the underlying substance of the brain is not always noticeable at all. Much depends on which part of the brain is affected.

Traumatic lesions, birth injuries. If during the birth process doctors had to use forceps on the baby’s head and something went wrong, if acute hypoxia occurred, then most often this is followed by a cerebral hemorrhage. During birth trauma, the child experiences convulsions to a more or less pronounced degree, the pupil on one side (the one where the hemorrhage occurred) increases in size. Main sign traumatic injury central nervous system - increased pressure inside the child’s skull. Acute hydrocephalus may develop. The neurologist testifies that in this case the central nervous system is more often excited than depressed. Not only the brain, but also the spinal cord can be injured. This most often manifests itself as sprains, tears, and hemorrhage. In children, breathing is impaired, hypotension of all muscles, and spinal shock are observed.
Dysmetabolic lesions. With such pathologies, in the vast majority of cases, the child has increased blood pressure, seizures, consciousness is quite clearly depressed. The cause can be determined by blood tests that show either a critical deficiency of calcium, or a lack of sodium, or another imbalance of other substances.

Periods

The prognosis and course of the disease depends on what period the baby is in. There are three main periods of development of pathology:

Spicy. The violations have just begun and have not yet had time to cause serious consequences. This is usually the first month of a child’s independent life, the newborn period. At this time, a baby with lesions of the central nervous system usually sleeps poorly and restlessly, cries often and for no apparent reason, he is excitable, and can flinch without a stimulus even in his sleep. Muscle tone is increased or decreased. If the degree of damage is higher than the first, then reflexes may weaken, in particular, the baby will begin to suck and swallow worse and weaker. During this period, the baby may begin to develop hydrocephalus, which will be manifested by noticeable head growth and strange eye movements.

Restorative. It can be early or late. If the baby is aged 2-4 months, then they talk about early recovery, if he is already from 5 to 12 months, then about late recovery. Sometimes parents notice disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system in their baby for the first time in early period. At 2 months, such toddlers hardly express any emotions and are not interested in bright hanging toys. In the late period, the child noticeably lags behind in his development, does not sit, does not walk, his cry is quiet and usually very monotonous, without emotional coloration.
Consequences. This period begins after the child turns one year old. At this age, the doctor is able to most accurately assess the consequences of a central nervous system disorder in this particular case. Symptoms may disappear, but the disease does not go away. Most often, doctors make such verdicts per year on such children as hyperactivity syndrome, developmental delay (speech, physical, mental).

The most severe diagnoses that can indicate the consequences of central nervous system pathologies are hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, epilepsy.

Treatment

We can talk about treatment when lesions of the central nervous system are diagnosed with maximum accuracy. Unfortunately, in modern medical practice, there is a problem of overdiagnosis, in other words, every baby whose chin trembles during a monthly examination, who eats poorly and sleeps restlessly, can easily be diagnosed with “cerebral ischemia.” If a neurologist claims that your baby has central nervous system lesions, you should definitely insist on complex diagnostics, which will include ultrasound of the brain (through the fontanelle), computed tomography, and special cases- and x-ray of the skull or spine.

Each diagnosis that is in some way associated with lesions of the central nervous system must be diagnostically confirmed. If signs of a central nervous system disorder are noticed in the maternity hospital, then timely assistance provided by neonatologists helps to minimize the severity possible consequences. It just sounds scary - damage to the central nervous system. In fact, most of these pathologies are reversible and subject to correction if detected in time.

For treatment, medications that improve blood flow and blood supply to the brain are usually used - a large group of nootropic drugs, vitamin therapy, anticonvulsants.

Only a doctor can give an exact list of medications, since this list depends on the causes, degree, period and depth of the lesion. Drug treatment Newborns and infants are usually treated in a hospital setting. After relief of symptoms, the main stage of therapy begins, aimed at recovery. proper operation CNS. This stage usually takes place at home, and parents bear a great deal of responsibility for following numerous medical recommendations.

Children with functional and organic disorders The central nervous system needs:

therapeutic massage, including hydromassage (procedures take place in water);
electrophoresis, exposure to magnetic fields;
Vojta therapy (a set of exercises that allows you to destroy reflex incorrect connections and create new - correct ones, thereby correcting movement disorders);
Physiotherapy for the development and stimulation of the development of sensory organs (music therapy, light therapy, color therapy).

Such influences are allowed for children from 1 month and must be supervised by specialists.

A little later, parents will be able to master the techniques therapeutic massage and independently, but for several sessions it is better to go to a professional, although this is quite expensive.

Consequences and forecasts

Future prognosis for a child with lesions of the central nervous system can be quite favorable, provided that he receives prompt and timely medical care in the acute or early recovery period. This statement is true only for mild and moderate lesions of the central nervous system. In this case, the main prognosis includes full recovery and restoration of all functions, minor developmental delay, subsequent development of hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder.

In severe forms, the prognosis is not so optimistic. The child may remain disabled, and deaths cannot be ruled out. early age. Most often, lesions of the central nervous system of this type lead to the development of hydrocephalus, childhood cerebral palsy, to epileptic seizures. As a rule, some internal organs also suffer; the child simultaneously experiences chronic diseases of the kidneys, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, and marbled skin.

Prevention

Prevention of pathologies from the central nervous system in a child is the task of the expectant mother. At risk are women who do not leave bad habits while carrying a baby, they smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs.

All pregnant women must be registered with an obstetrician-gynecologist in the antenatal clinic. During pregnancy, they will be asked to undergo so-called screening three times, which identifies the risks of having a child with genetic disorders from that particular pregnancy. Many gross pathologies of the fetal central nervous system become noticeable during pregnancy; some problems can be corrected medicines, for example, disturbances of uteroplacental blood flow, fetal hypoxia, threat of miscarriage due to a small detachment.

A pregnant woman needs to monitor her diet, take vitamin complexes for expectant mothers, not self-medicate, and be careful about various medications that have to be taken during the period of bearing a child.

This will avoid metabolic disorders at the baby's. You should be especially careful when choosing a maternity home (the birth certificate that all pregnant women receive allows you to make any choice). After all, the actions of staff during the birth of a child play a big role in possible risks the appearance of traumatic lesions of the central nervous system in a baby.

After the birth of a healthy baby, it is very important to regularly visit the pediatrician, protect the baby from injuries to the skull and spine, and get age-appropriate vaccinations that will protect the little one from dangerous infectious diseases, which at an early age can also lead to the development of pathologies of the central nervous system.

In the next video you will learn about signs of a nervous system disorder in a newborn, which you can determine yourself.

Organic damage to the central nervous system is a pathology that consists of the death of neurons in the brain or spinal cord, necrosis of tissues of the central nervous system or their progressive degradation, due to which the human central nervous system becomes defective and cannot adequately perform its functions in ensuring the functioning of the body , motor activity of the body, as well as mental activity.

Organic damage to the central nervous system has another name - encephalopathy. This may be a congenital or acquired disease due to a negative effect on the nervous system.

Acquired can develop in people of any age due to various injuries, poisoning, alcohol or drug addiction, past infectious diseases, radiation and similar factors.

Congenital or residual - damage to the organs of the central nervous system of the child, inherited due to genetic defects, disturbances in fetal development during the perinatal period (the period of time between the one hundred and fifty-fourth day of pregnancy and the seventh day of extrauterine existence), as well as due to birth injuries.

The classification of lesions depends on the cause of the development of the pathology:

Discirculatory – caused by a violation of the blood supply.
Ischemic – discirculatory organic lesion, supplemented by destructive processes in specific foci.
Toxic – cell death due to toxins (poisons).
Radiation – radiation damage.
Perinatal-hypoxic – due to fetal hypoxia.
Mixed type.
Residual – resulting from a violation of intrauterine development or birth injuries.

Causes of acquired organic brain damage

It is not at all difficult to acquire damage to cells of the spinal cord or brain, since they are very sensitive to any negative impact, but most often it develops for the following reasons:

Spinal injuries or traumatic brain injuries.
Toxic damage, including alcohol, medications, drugs and psychotropic drugs.
Vascular diseases that cause circulatory disorders, and with it hypoxia or lack of nutrients or tissue injury, for example, stroke.
Infectious diseases.

You can understand the reason for the development of one or another type of organic lesion based on the name of its variety; as mentioned above, the classification of this disease is based on the reasons.

How and why residual damage to the central nervous system occurs in children

Residual organic damage to the central nervous system in a child occurs due to a negative impact on the development of his nervous system, or due to hereditary genetic abnormalities or birth injuries.

The mechanisms of development of hereditary residual organic lesions are exactly the same as in any hereditary diseases when distortion of hereditary information due to DNA damage leads to improper development of the child’s nervous system or the structures that ensure its vital functions.

An intermediate process to a non-hereditary pathology looks like a failure in the formation of cells or even entire organs of the spinal cord and brain due to negative influences environment:

Serious illnesses suffered by the mother during pregnancy, as well as viral infections. Even the flu or a simple cold can provoke the development of residual organic damage to the fetal central nervous system.
Lack of nutrients, minerals and vitamins.
Toxic effects, including medicinal ones.
Bad habits of the mother, especially smoking, alcoholism and drugs.
Bad ecology.
Irradiation.
Fetal hypoxia.
Physical immaturity of the mother, or, conversely, the advanced age of the parents.
Consumption of special sports nutrition or certain dietary supplements.
Severe stress.

The mechanism of the influence of stress on premature birth or miscarriage through convulsive contraction of its walls is clear; not many understand how maternal stress leads to the death of the fetus or disruption of its development.

With severe or systematic stress, the mother’s nervous system suffers, which is responsible for all processes in her body, including the life support of the fetus. With the disruption of its activity, a variety of malfunctions and the development of vegetative syndromes can occur - dysfunctions internal organs, which destroys the balance in the body that ensures the development and survival of the fetus.

Traumatic injuries of various types during childbirth, which can cause organic damage to the child’s central nervous system, are also very different:

Asphyxia.
Injury to the spine or base of the skull due to improper removal and twisting of the child from the uterus.
Child falling.
Premature birth.
Uterine atony (the uterus is unable to contract normally and push out the baby).
Compression of the head.
Entry of amniotic fluid into the respiratory tract.

Even during the perinatal period, a child can become infected with various infections, both from the mother during childbirth and from hospital strains.

Symptoms

Any damage to the central nervous system has symptoms in the form of disturbances in mental activity, reflexes, motor activity and disruption of the functioning of internal organs and sensory organs.

It is quite difficult even for a professional to immediately see the symptoms of residual organic damage to the central nervous system in an infant, since the movements of infants are specific, mental activity is not immediately determined, and disturbances in the functioning of internal organs can only be noticed with the naked eye when severe pathologies. But sometimes clinical manifestations can be noticed from the first days of life:

Violation of muscle tone.
Tremor of the limbs and head (most often tremor in newborns is benign, but can also be a symptom of neurological diseases).
Paralysis.
Impaired reflexes.
Chaotic rapid eye movements back and forth or frozen gaze.
Impaired functions of the sense organs.
Epileptic seizures.

At an older age, from about three months, you can notice the following symptoms:

Impaired mental activity: the child does not follow the toys, shows hyperactivity or, on the contrary, apathy, suffers from attention deficit, does not recognize acquaintances, etc.
Delayed physical development, both direct growth and acquisition of skills: does not hold his head up, does not crawl, does not coordinate movements, does not try to stand up.
Rapid physical and mental fatigue.
Emotional instability, moodiness.
Psychopathy (tendency to affect, aggression, disinhibition, inappropriate reactions).
Organic-psychic infantilism, expressed in the suppression of personality, the formation of dependencies and increased reporting.
Loss of coordination.
Memory impairment.

If a child is suspected of having a central nervous system lesion

If any symptoms of a disorder of the central nervous system appear in a child, it is necessary to immediately contact a neurologist and undergo a comprehensive examination, which may include the following procedures:

General tests, various types of tomography (each type of tomography examines from its own side and therefore gives different results).
Ultrasound of the fontanel.
EEG is an electroencephalogram that allows you to identify foci of pathological brain activity.
X-ray.
CSF analysis.
Neurosonography is an analysis of neuron conductivity that helps identify minor hemorrhages or disturbances in the functioning of peripheral nerves.

If you suspect any abnormalities in your child’s health, you should consult a doctor as early as possible, since timely treatment will help avoid a huge number of problems, and will also significantly shorten the recovery time. You should not be afraid of false suspicions and unnecessary examinations, since, unlike probable pathologies, they will not harm the baby.

Sometimes this pathology is diagnosed during fetal development during a routine ultrasound examination.

Methods of treatment and rehabilitation

Treatment of the disease is quite labor-intensive and lengthy, however, with minor damage and proper therapy, congenital residual organic damage to the central nervous system in newborns can be completely eliminated, since the nerve cells of infants are able to divide for some time, and the entire nervous system of young children is very flexible.

First of all, this pathology requires constant monitoring by a neurologist and the attentive attitude of the parents themselves.
If necessary, drug therapy is carried out both to eliminate the root cause of the disease, and in the form of symptomatic treatment: removal convulsive symptom, nervous excitability, etc.
At the same time, as a method of treatment or recovery, physiotherapeutic treatment is carried out, which includes massage, acupuncture, zootherapy, swimming, gymnastics, reflexology or other methods designed to stimulate the nervous system, encourage it to begin recovery by forming new neural connections and teach the child himself to use his body in case of impaired motor activity in order to minimize its inability to live independently.
At a later age, psychotherapeutic influences are used both on the child himself and on his immediate environment in order to improve the moral environment around the child and prevent development mental disorders him.
Speech correction.
Specialized training tailored to individual characteristics child.

Conservative treatment is carried out in a hospital and consists of taking medications in the form of injections. These medications reduce brain swelling, reduce seizure activity, and improve blood circulation. Almost everyone is prescribed piracetam or drugs with a similar effect: pantogam, caviton or phenotropil.

In addition to the main drugs, symptomatic relief of the condition is carried out with the help of sedatives, painkillers, improve digestion, stabilize heart function and reduce any other negative manifestations diseases.

After eliminating the cause of the disease, therapy for its consequences is carried out, designed to restore brain function, and with them the work of internal organs and motor activity. If it is impossible to completely eliminate residual manifestations, the goal of restorative therapy is to teach the patient to live with his body, use his limbs and self-care as independently as possible.

Many parents underestimate the benefits of physiotherapeutic methods in the treatment of neurological ailments, but they are fundamental methods, allowing you to restore lost or impaired functions.

The recovery period is extremely long, and ideally lasts a lifetime, since when the nervous system is damaged, the patient has to overcome himself every day. With due diligence and patience, by a certain age a child with encephalopathy can become completely independent and even lead active image life, the maximum possible at the level of his defeat.

It is impossible to cure the pathology on your own, and if mistakes are made due to a lack of medical education, you can not only aggravate the situation many times over, but even cause death. Collaboration with a neurologist for people with encephalopathy becomes lifelong, but the use traditional methods Nobody forbids therapy.

Traditional methods of treating organic damage to the central nervous system are the most effective methods restorations that do not replace conservative treatment with physiotherapy, but they complement it very well. Only when choosing one method or another is it necessary to consult a doctor, since it is extremely difficult to distinguish useful and effective methods from useless and harmful ones without deep specialized medical knowledge, as well as minimal chemical literacy.

If it is impossible to visit specialized institutions to take a course of exercise therapy, massage and aquatherapy, they can be easily carried out at home, having mastered simple techniques with the help of a neurologist consultation.

No less important aspect treatment is social rehabilitation with the psychological adaptation of the patient. You should not overprotect a sick child, helping him in everything, because otherwise he will not be able to fully develop, and as a result, he will not be able to fight pathology. Help is needed only in vital important things or special occasions. In everyday life self-execution everyday duties will work as additional physiotherapy or exercise therapy, and will also teach the child to overcome difficulties and that patience and perseverance always lead to excellent results.

Consequences

Organic damage to parts of the central nervous system perinatal period or at an older age leads to the development of a large number of various neurological syndromes:

Hypertension-hydrocephalic – hydrocephalus, accompanied by increased intracranial pressure. It is determined in infants by the enlargement of the fontanel, its swelling or pulsation.
Hyperexcitability syndrome - increased muscle tone, sleep disturbance, increased activity, frequent crying, high convulsive readiness or epilepsy.
Epilepsy is a convulsive syndrome.
Comatose syndrome with opposite symptoms of hyperexcitability, when the child is lethargic, apathetic, moves little, lacks sucking, swallowing or other reflexes.
Autonomic-visceral dysfunction of internal organs, which can be expressed as frequent regurgitation, digestive disorders, skin manifestations and many other abnormalities.
Motor disorders.
Cerebral palsy is a movement disorder complicated by other defects, including mental retardation and weakness of the sensory organs.
Hyperactivity is an inability to concentrate and lack of attention.
Retardation in mental or physical development, or complex.
Mental illness due to brain disorders.
Psychological illnesses due to the patient’s discomfort among society or physical disability.

Endocrine disorders, and as a result, decreased immunity.

Forecast

The prognosis of acquired organic damage to the central nervous system is rather unclear, since everything depends on the level of damage. In case of congenital appearance diseases, in some cases the prognosis is more favorable, since the child’s nervous system recovers many times faster, and his body adapts to it.

After proper treatment and rehabilitation, the function of the central nervous system can be either completely restored or have some residual syndrome.

The consequences of early organic damage to the central nervous system often lead to mental and physical retardation in development, and also lead to disability.

From positive points What can be highlighted is that many parents whose children received this terrible diagnosis, with the help of intensive rehabilitation therapy, they achieve magical results, refuting the most pessimistic forecasts of doctors, providing their child with a normal future.

Diseases of the nervous system form an extensive list, which includes various pathologies and syndromes. The human nervous system is a very complex, branched structure, sections of which perform various functions. Damage to one area affects the entire human body.

Disruption of the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively) can be caused by for various reasons– from congenital pathologies development to infection.

Diseases of the central nervous system can be accompanied by various symptoms. A neurologist treats such diseases.

All disorders of the central nervous system and PNS can be divided into several broad groups:

vascular diseases of the nervous system;
infectious diseases of the nervous system;
congenital pathologies;
genetic disorders;
oncological diseases;
pathologies due to injury.

It is very difficult to describe all kinds of diseases of the nervous system with a list, since there are a great many of them.

Vascular diseases of the central nervous system

The center of the central nervous system is the brain, so vascular diseases of the nervous system are characterized by disruption of its functioning. These diseases develop due to the following reasons:

impaired blood supply to the brain;
damage to cerebral vessels;
pathologies of the cardiovascular system.

As you can see, all these reasons are closely interrelated and often one stems from the other.

Vascular diseases of the nervous system are lesions blood vessels brain, for example, stroke and atherosclerosis, aneurysms. The peculiarity of this group of diseases is high probability death or disability.

Thus, a stroke provokes the death of nerve cells. After a stroke complete rehabilitation the patient is most often impossible, which leads to disability or death.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by hardening of the walls of blood vessels and further loss of elasticity. The disease develops due to cholesterol deposits on the vascular walls and is dangerous due to the formation of blood clots that provoke a heart attack.

An aneurysm is characterized by thinning vascular wall and the formation of thickening. The danger of the pathology is that the seal can burst at any moment, which will lead to release large quantity blood. Aneurysm rupture is fatal.

Infectious diseases of the central nervous system

Infectious diseases of the nervous system develop as a result of the impact of an infection, virus or fungus on the body. The central nervous system is affected first, followed by the PNS. The most common pathologies of an infectious nature:

encephalitis;
syphilis of the nervous system;
meningitis;
polio.

Encephalitis is called inflammation of the brain, which can be triggered by viruses (tick-borne encephalitis, brain damage by the herpes virus). Also, the inflammatory process can be bacterial or fungal in nature. The disease is very dangerous and, if left untreated, can lead to dementia and death.

Neurosyphilis occurs in 10% of cases of infection with this venereal disease. The peculiarity of neurosyphilis is that the disease affects all parts of the central nervous system and PNS without exception. Syphilis of the nervous system causes the development of changes in the structure of the cerebrospinal fluid. The disease is characterized by a wide variety of symptoms, including those of meningitis. Syphilis of the nervous system requires timely antibacterial therapy. Without treatment, paralysis, disability, and even death may develop.

Meningitis is a whole group of diseases. They are distinguished by the localization of inflammation, which can affect both the lining of the brain and the patient’s spinal cord. Pathology can be due to various reasons - from inflammatory processes in the middle ear to tuberculosis and trauma. This disease causes severe headaches, symptoms of intoxication and weakening of the neck muscles. The disease can be triggered by a virus and then there is a high probability of infecting others through contact. Such infections of the nervous system develop very rapidly. Without timely treatment the probability of death is very high.

Poliomyelitis is a virus that can infect the entire human nervous system. This is the so called childhood disease, which is characterized by the ease of transmission of the virus by airborne droplets. The virus quickly affects the entire body, causing various symptoms - from fever at the beginning of infection to paralysis. Very often, the consequences of polio do not go away without leaving a trace and a person remains disabled for life.

Congenital pathologies

Pathologies of the nervous system in a child can be caused by a genetic mutation, heredity, or birth trauma.

The causes of the pathology may be:

hypoxia;
taking certain medications in early pregnancy;
trauma during passage through the birth canal;
infectious diseases suffered by a woman during pregnancy.

As a rule, childhood diseases of the nervous system appear from birth. Genetically determined pathologies are accompanied by physiological disorders.

Among the genetically determined pathologies:

epilepsy;
spinal muscular atrophy;
Canavan syndrome;
Tourette's syndrome.

Epilepsy is known to be chronic disease which is inherited. This disease is characterized by convulsive seizures, which cannot be completely eliminated.

Spinal muscular atrophy is a severe, and often fatal, disease associated with damage to the spinal cord neurons responsible for muscle activity. The patients' muscles are not developed and do not work, movement is impossible.

Canavan syndrome is a disorder of brain cells. The disease is characterized by an increase in the size of the skull and a delay mental development. People with this pathology cannot eat due to impaired swallowing function. The prognosis is usually unfavorable. The disease cannot be cured.

Huntington's chorea is characterized by impaired motor skills, development of tics, and progressive dementia. Despite the genetic prerequisites for development, the disease manifests itself at an older age - the first symptoms appear at 30-60 years of age.

Tourette's syndrome is a disorder of the central nervous system that causes involuntary movements and shouting (tics). The first symptoms of pathology appear in preschool age. In childhood, this disease causes a lot of discomfort, but with age the symptoms become less pronounced.

You can suspect a dysfunction of the central nervous system in an infant if you carefully monitor the child's development. The reason for contacting a neurologist is delayed mental and physical development, vision problems or weakened reflexes.

Peripheral disorders

Peripheral diseases of the nervous system can occur as a complication of other pathologies, as well as due to tumors, surgical interventions or injuries. This group of disorders is very extensive and includes such common diseases as:

neuritis;
polyneuritis;
radiculitis;
neuralgia.

All these diseases develop as a result of damage to peripheral nerves or nerve roots, as a result of exposure to some negative factor.

As a rule, such disorders develop as a secondary disease against the background of infectious or viral lesions body, chronic diseases or intoxication. These pathologies often accompany diabetes, are observed in drug and alcohol addicts due to intoxication of the body. Vertebrogenic syndromes are distinguished separately, which develop against the background of spinal diseases, for example, osteochondrosis.

Treatment of pathologies of peripheral nerves is carried out using drug therapy, less often – surgery.

Tumor pathologies

Tumors can be located in any organ, including the brain and spinal cord.

Oncological disease of the human nervous system develops between the ages of 20 and 55 years. Tumors can affect any part of the brain.

Tumors can be either benign or malignant. Lymphoma of the central nervous system is common.

The presence of a brain tumor is accompanied by various symptoms. To diagnose the disease, it is necessary to conduct an MRI examination of the brain. Treatment and prognosis largely depend on the location and nature of the tumor.

Psycho-emotional disorders

There are a number of diseases of the nervous system that are accompanied by psychoemotional disorders. Such diseases include dystonia, syndrome chronic fatigue, panic disorders and other violations. These diseases develop due to the negative effects of stress, lack of nutrients and nervous overstrain, and is characterized by depletion of the human nervous system.

As a rule, the inert nervous system, which is inherent in oversensitivity. This type is characterized by low mobility of nervous processes. Inhibition in the central nervous system is slowly replaced by excitation. People with such a nervous system are often susceptible to melancholy and hypochondria. This type of nervous activity is characteristic of people who are slow, sensitive, easily irritated and also easily depressed. Inhibition in the central nervous system in this case is weakly expressed, and excitation (reaction to the stimulus) is inhibitory in nature.

Treatment of psycho-emotional disorders accompanying somatic symptoms, implies relieving tension in the nervous system, stimulating blood circulation and normalizing lifestyle.

Symptoms of diseases of the nervous system

In diseases of the nervous system, symptoms are divided into several groups - signs of motor disorders, autonomic symptoms and signs general. With damage to the PNS characteristic symptom is a violation of skin sensitivity.

Nervous diseases are characterized by the following general symptoms:

pain syndrome localized in different parts bodies;
speech problems;
psychoemotional disorders;
motor impairment;
paresis;
tremor of fingers;
frequent fainting;
dizziness;
fast fatiguability.

Movement disorders include paresis and paralysis, convulsions, involuntary movements, and a feeling of numbness in the limbs.

Symptoms of autonomic disorder include changes in blood pressure, increased heart rate, headache and dizziness.

Common symptoms are psycho-emotional disorders (apathy, irritability), as well as sleep problems and fainting.

Diagnosis and treatment of disorders

If you find any alarming symptoms, you should visit a neurologist. The doctor will conduct an examination and check the patient’s reflex activity. Then you may need additional examination– MRI, CT, Dopplerography of cerebral vessels.

Based on the results of the examination, treatment is prescribed, depending on what disorder is diagnosed.

Pathologies of the central nervous system and PNS are treated with medications. These may be anticonvulsants, drugs to improve cerebral circulation and improving vascular permeability, sedatives and antipsychotics. Treatment is selected depending on the diagnosis.

Congenital pathologies are often difficult to treat. In this case, treatment involves measures aimed at reducing the symptoms of the disease.

It should be remembered that the chances of getting rid of an acquired disease at the beginning of its development are much higher than when treating the disease in its final stages. Therefore, if you notice symptoms, you should visit a specialist as soon as possible and not self-medicate. Self-medication does not bring the desired effect and can significantly aggravate the course of the disease.