Causes of inflammation of the small intestine. Inflammation of the small intestine

Inflammatory diseases intestinal diseases (IBD) occupy the second place among gastrointestinal diseases. People suffer from them of different ages and gender. With IBD, inflammatory processes occur on the mucous membrane of different parts of the intestine. How intestinal inflammation develops, symptoms and treatment of this disease effective means? Read on to learn about the main causes of this disease and methods of diagnosing it.

Causes of intestinal inflammation

The intestine consists of 3 sections: the duodenum, large and small intestine. This organ is involved in digestion and the functioning of the immune system. When exposed to various negative factors, the death of mucosal cells in the weakened area of ​​the intestine begins, which leads to increased blood circulation in this area and the occurrence of pain. Due to inflammation, the cells of this organ cannot secrete enzymes or absorb nutrients. Because of this, intestinal dysfunction occurs. IBD occurs due to the following reasons:

• Infection (bacteria, viruses, protozoa). Often the causes of IBD are: Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, rotavirus, amoebic dysentery.
• Helminthiasis (infection with worms).
• Overeating and unhealthy diet, rich in fatty, fried, smoked, spicy foods.
• Heredity. Lack of enzymes in the intestines is sometimes transmitted at the genetic level, as is the predisposition to IBD.
• Dysbacteriosis, disruption of normal intestinal microflora. This leads to the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and the occurrence of diseases of the mucous membrane of this organ.
• Poor blood circulation in the intestinal walls, atherosclerotic changes.
• Autoimmune processes in which the immune system produces antibodies against intestinal cells, which causes inflammation in this organ.

Symptoms

Basic knowledge on the topic of intestinal inflammation, symptoms and treatment of this disease will help you notice its development in time and seek help. This disease is divided into types according to the location of the outbreak: duodenitis (inflammation of the duodenum), enteritis (disease of the small intestine), colitis (disease of the large intestine), mesadenitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes), proctitis (inflammatory process on the mucous membrane).

Depending on the duration of the course, IBD can be acute or chronic. If the cause of this disease is bacteria, viruses or protozoa, then it has infectious nature and is called acute intestinal infection. When inflammation occurs due to other causes, the disease is classified as non-infectious. The main symptoms of IBD are similar in women and men. Symptoms:

• Pressing pain in the abdominal area, the location of which is difficult to determine. The cause of pain is spasm of the intestinal muscles.
• Nausea after eating.
• Vomiting after eating.
• Flatulence, indicating a lack of enzymes in the body.
• Problems with stool in the form of diarrhea occur with an acute intestinal infection, and with problems in the large intestine there may be constipation.
• Weight loss is often associated with inflammation of the small intestine and is the result of decreased absorption of nutrients.
• Anemia. It develops when there is a low level of hemoglobin in the blood, which occurs due to poor absorption of iron.
• Fever.

Which doctor should I contact?

If you have problems with the intestines, you need to consult a gastroenterologist. If a patient constantly feels discomfort and pain in the abdomen, then he should not look for a solution to this problem on his own, but would be better off visiting a doctor. At the appointment, the doctor will examine the patient and tell him the main points about the symptoms and treatment of this disease. Then he will refer the patient for additional examination, which will help establish the most accurate diagnosis. After this, the doctor will prescribe medication treatment, herbal preparations and give dietary recommendations.

Diagnosis of the disease in adults and children

To correctly diagnose the disease, a gastroenterologist often refers patients for additional examination. Using blood, stool and endoscopic methods it is easy to identify and determine the source of inflammation. Additional examination will help the specialist establish a diagnosis and select the correct treatment regimen. In children, IBD manifests itself in the form of UC (nonspecific ulcerative colitis) and Crohn's disease. UC in infants is accompanied by diarrhea and traces of blood in the stool.

An older child who has been diagnosed with a nonspecific ulcerative colitis, often complains of cramps, abdominal pain and loose stool. Diagnosis of UC is carried out using rectal examination and palpation. Inflammation of the intestines in a child in the form of Crohn's disease, in which ulcers appear on the mucous membrane of the diseased organ, is manifested by frequent bowel movements and pain. Diagnosis in this case is carried out using colonoscopy, endoscopy, irrigoscopy, and palpation. Let's take a closer look at the laboratory and other methods used to identify IBD.

Clinical blood test

A blood test is a mandatory laboratory examination, which is prescribed by a doctor to a patient if there is suspicion. inflammatory process in the intestines. According to those identified during this study ESR values ​​and the content of leukocytes in the bloodstream, the gastroenterologist will determine the degree of the disease. Their increased performance will indicate to the doctor the inflammatory process occurring in the body.

Coprogram

To establish correct diagnosis In case of IBD, the patient is referred for a stool test. This examination will show whether the digestion process in the body is proceeding correctly. The coprogram will help identify a lack of enzymes from poorly digested food debris. Stool analysis can still reveal the presence of helminths, which may cause intestinal problems.

Bacteriological examination of stool

If an intestinal infection is suspected, a microflora culture is performed. Bacteriological examination of stool will help identify pathogenic bacteria in the intestines, identify these microorganisms, and determine their sensitivity to antibiotics. If there is an infection, the doctor, based on a stool analysis, will be able to prescribe effective drugs to treat inflammation.

Fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy (FEGDS)

Examination of the stomach using an endoscope is prescribed in some cases to confirm the diagnosis of IBD. In this case, the probe is inserted into the patient’s body through the mouth. An endoscope is a fiber optic tube equipped with a camera and lighting. Using fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy, the mucous membrane of the stomach and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract are examined. If necessary, during such an examination, a part of the mucous membrane is taken histological examination.

Colonoscopy

For IBD, a colonoscopy may be prescribed. This research method is carried out using a device that consists of a flexible tube with a diameter of 1 cm, a length of 1.5 m and optical device. During a colonoscopy, the examination is performed by inserting an endoscope through the rectum. In this case, the anus is pre-treated with dicaine ointment. This examination method is used to assess the condition of the colon mucosa. Before colonoscopy, the examined organ is thoroughly cleansed of feces using an enema.

Video capsule endoscopy

The newest method for examining the intestines is video capsule endoscopy. When conducting this type of study, the patient swallows a special, disposable, sterile capsule, which, as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, takes many pictures. The doctor uses a computer to see the location of the video capsule in real time. Such a study intestinal tract provides accurate information about the condition of its mucosa. The video capsule is removed from the body during bowel movements a day later.

Treatment methods

After establishing accurate diagnosis, the doctor will prescribe effective therapy to eliminate IBD. Depending on the degree of development of the disease, various medications, enzymes, and herbal teas may be prescribed. For treatment to be effective, a patient with IBD must follow special diet. In parallel with medicines for VKZ can be used folk remedies, but only after consulting a doctor.

Etiotropic therapy

For IBD, therapy is prescribed that is aimed at eliminating main reason diseases. If it involves damage to the body pathogenic bacteria, then the patient is prescribed antibiotics. For helminth infestation, antihelminthic tablets (albendazole, piperazine) are prescribed. If the cause of IBD is autoimmune, then immunosuppressants are prescribed for treatment.

Symptomatic therapy

To reduce the symptoms of pain, cramping and/or bloating that are common in patients with IBD, use symptomatic therapy. For this purpose, antispasmodics, antifoaming agents and other drugs are used in the form of tablets, suppositories, tinctures, which can temporarily alleviate the patient’s condition during the process of treating inflammation. So, to eliminate increased gas formation Espumisan is used, and no-shpu is used to relieve spasms. And after taking antibiotics, rehabilitation is carried out aimed at restoring the intestinal microflora with special preparations.

Pathogenetic therapy

To successfully treat this disease, it is necessary to relieve inflammation in the intestines. For this purpose, anti-inflammatory drugs and sorbents that bind toxins are used. Pathogenetic therapy for IBD also includes medications containing enzymes. Such drugs include Mezim, Pancreatin, the use of which helps reduce the load on the diseased organ digestive system.

Diet

Properly organized nutrition in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases is of great importance. To quickly cure the disease, it is necessary to eat dishes that reduce the load on the mucous membrane of the diseased organ. Meals for IBD are fractional – 5-6 times a day. The patient's menu should be rich in proteins, and fats and carbohydrates should be reduced.

If you have IBD, it is recommended to include vegetables, fruits, lean meat, black bread, and low-fat dairy products in your diet. You cannot eat fried, smoked or spicy foods. It is better to boil or steam food for a patient with IBD. It is especially useful for this disease to eat foods rich in potassium and calcium. In case of IBD it is necessary to reduce daily use salt up to 6-8 g. A person with intestinal inflammation should drink 2 liters of water daily. Below is a list of recommended dishes and products for VZR:

• low-fat soups;
• vegetable decoctions;
• compotes;
• juices containing tanning components;
• dishes from veal, lean beef;
• chicken cutlets, meatballs, soufflé;
• fish dishes;
• cheese, cottage cheese with low fat content.

Folk remedies

Some plants have medicinal properties, which perfectly help fight intestinal inflammation of various natures. ethnoscience has many recipes for drugs to treat this disease. Many patients have experienced the healing effect of taking such natural remedies. The following herbal remedies will help cure IBD:

• Pour 200 ml of boiling water over the mixture made from 1 tsp each. herbs chamomile, sage, centaury. Insist. Take every 2 hours all day long, which is 8 times a day. Use the product for 3 months.
• Make onion juice by chopping the plant and straining the resulting pulp through cheesecloth. Drink the resulting product 1 tsp. before meals 3-4 times a day. This drug is good for constipation and colitis.
• Prepare herbal mixture from 60 g of buckthorn root, 10 g of fennel and anise, 20 g of licorice root. 1 tbsp. l of mixed dry plants, pour 200 ml of boiling water. Leave for 1/2 hour. Take 200 ml in the morning and evening.

Where to treat intestinal inflammation

To recognize IBD by initial stage and quickly get rid of this disease, it is necessary to consult a gastroenterologist for advice if there is constant discomfort in the abdomen. Where is this disease treated in Moscow and St. Petersburg? In the capital and other cities, qualified medical care is provided by gastroenterologists in public clinics, medical centers, private clinics.

Cost

Consultation with a specialist in medical centers will cost 1300-6000 rubles. Diagnosis of IBD using laboratory research medical tests cost between 250-1000 rubles. An endoscopic examination will cost 3000-4000 rubles. In some medical centers it is possible to call a doctor to your home and carry out tests without leaving your apartment. The price of such services ranges from 3000-6000 rubles.

Video

IBD brings many problems and severe discomfort to a person. Why does this disease occur, what are its symptoms? Interesting, educational video material will not provide answers to this and other questions about this gastrointestinal disease. Expert advice will help you find out what effective methods are used to get rid of IBD.

Diseases are among the most common pathologies digestive tract. The appearance of disturbances in the functioning of an organ can be due to many reasons. Often the disease is caused by inflammatory processes; autoimmune and allergic factors. Despite the diversity clinical symptoms, diseases of the small intestine have similar symptoms that are caused by specific reaction organ for damage.

All clinical manifestations characteristic of small intestinal disorders can be divided into two main groups - local and general.

Local symptoms

Local symptoms are directly related to organ damage. This group includes:

General symptoms

Many have a severe course, in which pathological changes spread not only to the digestive system, but also to other organs. Therefore, diseases of the small intestine are characterized by a number of common symptoms which can often be found in patients. These include:

• General weakness. The patient's rapid fatigue and decreased physical activity are one of the manifestations of intoxication syndrome. It occurs with severe inflammation, which accompanies most diseases of the small intestine.
• Increased irritability. Emotional reactions (nervousness, tearfulness, irritability of the patient) may be the first symptoms of dysfunction nervous system, which are also caused by severe intoxication of the body.
• Manifestations from the outside of cardio-vascular system. General decompensation of the patient's condition can lead to disruption of the heart and associated vascular reactions. These include arrhythmias (disturbances in the rhythmic contractions of the heart muscle), high or low blood pressure.

The severity of general symptoms directly depends on the course of the underlying disease - intestinal pathology. In mild forms, they are manifested by mild weakness of the patient and decreased mood. More severe forms pathologies are accompanied by clear somatic manifestations, including those of the cardiovascular system.

Possible causes of pathologies

Experts identify many factors that can cause the appearance of pathologies of the small intestine. These include:

A common cause of diseases of the small intestine can be perverted immune reactions. This group includes allergic and autoimmune responses of the body, which lead to damage to the body's own intestinal cells.

Diagnostics

A gastroenterologist diagnoses diseases of the small intestine. At the first appointment, the specialist clarifies the patient’s complaints in detail and carries out general examination. This allows one to suspect the presence of pathologies of the small intestine and prescribe a number of specialized studies.

IN diagnostic complex includes both laboratory and instrumental methods for examining the patient. TO instrumental studies relate:

The most common pathologies of the small intestine

Inflammatory diseases

Enteritis is a pathology that is characterized by the development of an inflammatory process in the wall of the small intestine. The disease can be combined - accompanied by damage to the stomach (gastroenteritis) or large intestine (enterocolitis).

Enteritis is characterized by the appearance of symptoms of intestinal damage. The most common symptoms of this disease are diarrhea, changes in stool characteristics (color, consistency), cramping abdominal pain and flatulence. Often local symptoms are accompanied by communication - fever, general weakness, lethargy.

Crohn's disease

is a disease of autoimmune origin that occurs due to damage to the small intestinal mucosa by the body’s own immune complexes.

The disease has a severe course, characterized by the following symptoms:

• constant nausea, vomiting;
• severe pain in the lower abdomen on the right;
• flatulence and bloating;
• diarrhea.

When analyzing stool, the appearance of blood in the stool is noted.

Irritable bowel syndrome

is a functional disorder that occurs due to increased motility of the small intestine. Main clinical manifestation disease is diarrhea, which occurs in daytime. Other symptoms of the pathology are strong pain during an attack and flatulence.

Lactose intolerance

- This hereditary disorder, appearing due to a lack of enzymes in the patient’s body. As a result, the patient cannot break down normally milk sugar, which leads to the appearance of characteristic symptoms: diarrhea, flatulence, nagging pain in a stomach.

Allergic reactions

Allergic enteropathies are hypersensitivity reactions to an allergen that enters the patient’s body through the digestive system. For of this disease diarrhea is typical, cramping pain, nausea. On the background food allergies intoxication may develop, which manifests itself general weakness and fever.

Other diseases

Prevention and therapy of diseases of the small intestine

Treatment of diseases of the small intestine depends on the cause that caused the development of the pathology. However, it is possible to highlight a number common factors, characteristic of most intestinal pathologies.

Of great importance in the treatment of the disease is therapeutic diet. For all patients, it is forbidden to eat salty, fatty and fried foods, drink alcoholic drinks. Other features depend on the specific disease (for example, if you are lactose intolerant, you should not consume dairy products).

To compensate for insufficient digestion, the patient may be prescribed replacement therapy. It involves the introduction of digestive enzymes during meals. These substances ensure normal absorption of nutrients in the intestines.

In case of severe damage to the digestive system, the patient is prescribed substances that have a beneficial effect on the mucous membrane. These may be the following medications:

1. Omperazole or Omez;
2. Ranitidine;
3. Maalox;
4. Gaviscon.

Precise selection of therapy is carried out based on the characteristics of the disease in a particular patient.

Prevention of intestinal diseases includes a number of recommendations. Nutrition should be correct and varied, contain sufficient amounts of nutrients and vitamins. It is important to take care of your intestinal microflora. To do this, fermented milk products are included in the diet or a course of prophylactic intake of probiotics is carried out.

To avoid the development of drug-induced intestinal damage, it is necessary to control the intake of drugs from the risk group (antibiotics, cytostatics, salicylates). Medicines should be used only as prescribed by a doctor. Uncontrolled use of these products can lead to serious complications, so you must strictly follow the instructions for use.

is a disease that is accompanied by a violation of its functions, as well as dystrophic changes in the area of ​​the mucous membrane. An alternative name for the pathological condition is enteritis. It should be noted that the disease provokes numerous negative symptoms and other manifestations, for example, leading to weight loss. That is why it is necessary to start treatment as early as possible in order to maintain 100% vital activity.

Reasons for the development of inflammation

Factors in the development of inflammation of the small intestine may be acute intestinal infection of bacterial or viral origin. TO similar diseases refers to cholera or typhus. Another provoking factor can be called poisoning with any toxic component, for example, arsenic, as well as certain toxic products. The latter includes death cap, inedible berries or fish parts.

Inflammation of the small intestine occurs when certain foods are consumed in excessive quantities. It's about about hot, spicy or fatty foods, as well as the consumption of strong alcohol. It is important to consider the possible allergic reaction to any products or medicinal components. Symptoms of the disease may increase significantly if there is bad habits, namely with a tendency to consume rough or spicy food, alcohol.

It is also necessary to pay attention to factors that significantly contribute to the formation of the presented disease. It could be nicotine addiction, renal failure or atherosclerosis. In addition, it should be noted active influence propensity to allergic reactions, autoimmune processes and other pathological conditions.

In some situations, inflammation of the small intestine and its symptoms are associated with other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Symptoms

The acute form of the disease is accompanied by diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, as well as the formation of pain in the abdominal area. In some cases, an increase in temperature and headaches are identified. It should be noted that the symptoms are accompanied by a significant increase in the amount of feces excreted, namely up to 10 or even 15 times during the day. The stool is copious and watery. The general condition of the patient can be characterized as the addition of weakness and pallor, the formation of dryness skin and white plaque in the tongue area.

Patients also experience complaints of bloating in the abdomen and rumbling in the intestines. If diarrhea continues for a long period of time, dehydration occurs. In the most severe situations, inflammation of the small intestine provokes seizures and even intravascular coagulation, the treatment of which is strongly recommended as early as possible. It is necessary to pay attention to the following features of the disease:

1. symptoms are likely hemorrhagic diathesis– an increased degree of bleeding and a tendency to form blood clots;
2. the chronic form of the disease is accompanied by enteral and extraintestinal manifestations;
3. stool in the context of chronic inflammation is liquid and contains residues undigested food. In the vast majority of cases, defecation is associated with significant weakness and even absolute exhaustion.

I would like to dwell in more detail on what are the enteral symptoms that indicate that treatment will be required in the very near future. We are talking about the occurrence of diarrhea and flatulence, as well as painful cramping sensations in the lower abdomen. It should be borne in mind that the symptoms are most pronounced at the stage of highest activity of the gastrointestinal tract, namely in the second part of the day.

In some cases, painful painful sensations, which are accompanied by seething and cramping in the abdominal area.

The urge to defecate is likely to join, which is accompanied by greenish discharge and watery, scanty stool. When the small intestine is inflamed, the tongue is coated with a specific white coating, with tooth marks visible along the edges. The abdomen is characterized as distended, and examination of the cecum area will respond with noise and splashing (the so-called Obraztsov symptom).

Extraintestinal symptoms may also be identified chronic disease that are related to the formation. We are talking about destabilizing the absorption of nutritional components in the small intestine. A long-term lack of certain components in the body provokes numerous hypovitaminosis over time. The development of deficiency of mineral components is likely, the treatment of which is complicated.

Diagnosis of the site of inflammation in the small intestine

Diagnosis should begin with a thorough interview of the patient, namely by clarifying all the nuances of the condition and collecting a family history. This will be more than enough for a specialist to determine the primary diagnosis; then it is necessary to conduct a general examination, palpation and percussion of the abdominal walls. The most important step in making a diagnosis is laboratory methods, namely a coprogram. Micro- and macroscopic examinations are also carried out to determine consistency, shade and other characteristics.

Next, the specialist may insist on conducting functional tests, jejunoperfusion (detection of disorders in the intestines not only at the cellular, but also at the molecular level), bacteriological examination of feces. In addition, it is mandatory to carry out biochemical analysis blood.

Talking about instrumental examinations, it is necessary to pay attention to endoscopy and x-ray examination. The first presents significant difficulties because only the terminal sections are accessible. However, when performing endoscopy, a biopsy sample and mucous membrane are taken for histological examination.

X-ray diagnostics are carried out with the introduction of a contrast component, which makes it possible to determine changes in the structure of the intestine.

In addition, it is the X-ray examination that makes it possible to identify segmental lesions and tumors, ulcers. It should be noted that there is a possibility of determining general condition bowel function. It is after such an examination that we can talk about what treatment should be. In some cases there is a need to carry out re-diagnosis, a differentiated examination deserves special attention.

Treatment methods

The recovery course directly depends on the characteristics of the condition, in particular, inflammation of the small intestine can be acute and chronic. Treatment of the acute form is carried out in a hospital setting. Patients are required to remain in bed and remember to dietary nutrition. We are talking about mechanically and chemically gentle food, limiting the ratio of components such as carbohydrates and fats. In addition, experts insist on drinking plenty of fluids(if there is such a need, hydration therapy is carried out), a symptomatic and restorative rehabilitation course.

Treatment severe dysbacteriosis consists in carrying out medicinal adjustment of the intestinal flora. In addition, the resulting diarrhea is relieved with the help of astringent components. As part of the destabilization of protein metabolism, special polypeptide solutions are introduced. Treatment of acute inflammation, in the vast majority of cases, takes no more than a week. Discharge from the hospital is possible only after relief of the most acute symptoms.

It also makes sense to treat exacerbations of a chronic disease in a hospital setting. It is important to pay attention to the following features:

• patients are prescribed bed rest and a dietary diet (diet No. 4);
• on acute stage food should be as much as possible rich in proteins, while it would be best to exclude or limit fats and carbohydrates;
• it is strongly recommended to stop using rough food, spicy, sour. In general, you should not consume all those foods that can harm the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

You should avoid foods that contain a significant amount of fiber, such as milk.

The ratio of fats and carbohydrates must be gradually increased. During remission it is highly recommended balanced diet, which contains all the required components, vitamins and minerals in the optimal ratio. Correction of enzyme deficiency in the digestive system is carried out using enzyme components. This can be Pancreatin, Pancitrate or Festal, which helps not only eliminate negative symptoms, but also improves the general condition of the body.

Prevention and prognosis

Preventive measures against inflammation in the small intestine involve rational nutrition, compliance with all hygiene recommendations. In addition, we should not forget about careful processing of food products, avoiding the use of possible toxic components as food (for example, inedible mushrooms or berries). You should remember careful use medicines, and only in accordance with the indications.

Measures to prevent enteritis are early identification and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, metabolic disorders and endocrine disorders. Speaking about the forecast, it is important to consider that mild course And moderate severity With correct treatment, it ends in cure within a few days. An aggravated course that is difficult to treat can provoke the formation of complications that require treatment. emergency measures. These may include bleeding and more complex symptoms and conditions.

If proper therapeutic measures are absent, then the prolonged course of chronic enteritis may be associated with fatal from severe disturbances of homeostasis, as well as from exhaustion.

In addition, the untreated chronic form of enteritis is associated with the formation of complications critical to human life and the presence of infectious lesions.

Important!

HOW TO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE RISK OF CANCER?

Time limit: 0

Navigation (job numbers only)

0 out of 9 tasks completed

Information

TAKE THE FREE TEST! Thanks to detailed answers to all questions at the end of the test, you can REDUCE the likelihood of disease by several times!

You have already taken the test before. You can't start it again.

Test loading...

You must log in or register in order to begin the test.

You must finish following tests to start this one:

results

Time is over

1.Can cancer be prevented?
The occurrence of a disease such as cancer depends on many factors. No person can ensure complete safety for himself. But everyone can significantly reduce the chances of developing a malignant tumor.

2.How does smoking affect the development of cancer?
Absolutely, categorically forbid yourself from smoking. Everyone is already tired of this truth. But quitting smoking reduces the risk of developing all types of cancer. Smoking is associated with 30% of deaths from oncological diseases. In Russia, lung tumors kill more people than tumors of all other organs.
Eliminating tobacco from your life - best prevention. Even if you smoke not a pack a day, but only half a day, the risk of lung cancer is already reduced by 27%, as the American Medical Association found.

3.Does it affect excess weight on the development of cancer?
Look at the scales more often! Overweight will affect not only the waist. The American Institute for Cancer Research has found that obesity promotes the development of tumors of the esophagus, kidneys and gallbladder. The fact is that adipose tissue serves not only to preserve energy reserves, it also has a secretory function: fat produces proteins that affect the development of a chronic inflammatory process in the body. And oncological diseases appear against the background of inflammation. In Russia, WHO associates 26% of all cancer cases with obesity.

4.Do exercise help reduce the risk of cancer?
Spend at least half an hour a week training. Sport is on the same level as proper nutrition when it comes to cancer prevention. In the United States, a third of all deaths are attributed to the fact that patients did not follow any diet or pay attention to physical exercise. The American Cancer Society recommends exercising 150 minutes a week at a moderate pace or half as much but at a vigorous pace. However, a study published in the journal Nutrition and Cancer in 2010 shows that even 30 minutes can reduce the risk of breast cancer (which affects one in eight women worldwide) by 35%.

5.How does alcohol affect cancer cells?
Less alcohol! Alcohol has been blamed for causing tumors of the mouth, larynx, liver, rectum and mammary glands. Ethanol decomposes in the body to acetaldehyde, which then, under the action of enzymes, turns into acetic acid. Acetaldehyde is a strong carcinogen. Alcohol is especially harmful for women, as it stimulates the production of estrogens - hormones that affect the growth of breast tissue. Excess estrogen leads to the formation of breast tumors, which means that every extra sip of alcohol increases the risk of getting sick.

6.Which cabbage helps fight cancer?
Love broccoli. Vegetables not only contribute to a healthy diet, but they also help fight cancer. This is also why recommendations for healthy eating contain the rule: half of the daily diet should be vegetables and fruits. Particularly useful are cruciferous vegetables, which contain glucosinolates - substances that, when processed, acquire anti-cancer properties. These vegetables include cabbage: regular cabbage, Brussels sprouts and broccoli.

7. Red meat affects which organ cancer?
The more vegetables you eat, the less red meat you put on your plate. Research has confirmed that people who eat more than 500g of red meat per week have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.

8.Which of the proposed remedies protect against skin cancer?
Stock up on sunscreen! Women aged 18–36 are especially susceptible to melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer. In Russia, in just 10 years, the incidence of melanoma has increased by 26%, world statistics show an even greater increase. Both tanning equipment and Sun rays. The danger can be minimized with a simple tube of sunscreen. A 2010 study in the Journal of Clinical Oncology confirmed that people who regularly apply a special cream have half the incidence of melanoma than those who neglect such cosmetics.
You need to choose a cream with a protection factor of SPF 15, apply it even in winter and even in cloudy weather (the procedure should turn into the same habit as brushing your teeth), and also not expose it to the sun's rays from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.

9. Do you think stress affects the development of cancer?
Stress itself does not cause cancer, but it weakens the entire body and creates conditions for the development of this disease. Research has shown that constant worry changes the activity of immune cells responsible for turning on the “fight and flight” mechanism. As a result, a large amount of cortisol, monocytes and neutrophils, which are responsible for inflammatory processes, constantly circulate in the blood. And as already mentioned, chronic inflammatory processes can lead to the formation of cancer cells.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! IF THE INFORMATION WAS NECESSARY, YOU CAN LEAVE A FEEDBACK IN THE COMMENTS AT THE END OF THE ARTICLE! WE WILL BE GRATEFUL TO YOU!

1. With answer
2. With a viewing mark

1. Task 1 of 9

   Can cancer be prevented?

2. Task 2 of 9

   How does smoking affect the development of cancer?

3. Task 3 of 9

   Does excess weight affect the development of cancer?

4. Task 4 of 9

   Does exercise help reduce the risk of cancer?

5. Task 5 of 9

   How does alcohol affect cancer cells?

Enteritis is an inflammatory process in the small intestine. It is divided into three sections: duodenum, ileum and jejunum. Accordingly, the name of limited inflammation is associated with their Latin name: duodenitis, jeunitis and ileitis.

Since most often the entire intestine becomes inflamed, the disease term “enteritis” is used in practice. The pathology occurs as acute and chronic enteritis with periods of exacerbations and remissions.

The disease affects people at any age. Children often develop an acute form, while adults develop a chronic form in combination with other digestive pathologies.

Causes

The acute form of enteritis is caused by:

• infectious pathogens (Vibrio cholerae, salmonella, staphylococcus, dysentery bacillus, entero- and rotaviruses);
• food allergens or side effects of medications;
• rich fatty foods;
• drinks containing alcohol;
• food poisoning (mushrooms, berries);
• household and industrial poisonings chemicals with lead salts and mercury.

Chronic enterocolitis occurs when:

• long-term poor nutrition of people with a passion for fatty and spicy foods, alcohol;
• helminthic infestation and giardiasis;
• exposure to nicotine from smoking;
• long-term use some medications;
• industrial poisoning, irradiation;
• autoimmune diseases;
• hereditary diseases associated with the absence or deficiency of enzymes;
• surgical interventions and intestinal injuries.

The occurrence of enteritis is facilitated by intestinal atony (stagnation of feces), associated with low physical activity, adhesive process in the pelvis.

What do the symptoms of enteritis depend on?

Symptoms of enteritis and its treatment are determined by the form of the disease and severity.

As a rule, the acute form of enteritis is necessarily accompanied by inflammation of the stomach and colon. Gastritis and colitis with their own manifestations will be added to the disorders associated with the pathology of absorption and production of intestinal juice.

The chronic form accompanies long-term illnesses liver, biliary tract, pancreas. It is not possible to separate primary symptoms from secondary lesions; they are connected by one pathological process. This form of enteritis is characteristic of hereditary diseases digestive organs, autoimmune disorders.

Accordingly, this form must be treated taking into account all the symptoms and disorders.

Clinical manifestations

Typical manifestations of the disease are symptoms of inflammation, impaired absorption and intestinal motility.

Symptoms of acute enteritis

Acute enteritis is characterized by:

• diarrhea - stool up to 10 or more times a day;
• recurring pain around the navel of a cramping nature;
• nausea and vomiting, mixed with food and bile;
• coating of the tongue with a white coating;
• bloating and rumbling stomach;
• temperature rise to high levels.

In severe cases, symptoms of dehydration, loss of electrolytes and vitamins in the body (dry skin and mucous membranes, weight loss, convulsions) come first.

General intoxication increases and manifests itself in severe weakness and headache.

Due to blood thickening, thrombotic complications are possible.

The cardiovascular system reacts with severe tachycardia, a fall blood pressure. In severe cases, a state of shock occurs.

Symptoms of chronic enteritis

Chronic disease manifests itself during periods of exacerbation; patients most often associate them with poor diet and stressful situations.

• Diarrhea is often associated with food intake and occurs after eating. The stool is watery with particles of undigested food.
• The pain around the navel is not cramping in nature, but rather aching.
• The stomach is constantly bloated and growling.
• Revealed on the tongue white coating with teeth prints.
• Due to impaired iron absorption, iron deficiency anemia develops with characteristic dizziness and increasing weakness.
• Due to a lack of calcium in the blood, it is washed out of bone tissue, this leads to osteoporosis, increases fragility, and contributes to frequent fractures.

Signs of hypovitaminosis are expressed by early aging of the body, a sharp decrease in immunity, and frequent colds.

Weight loss is observed despite increased nutrition.

Treatment

Treatment of enteritis begins taking into account dietary restrictions. A diet for enteritis requires avoiding alcohol in all forms, excluding hot sauces, fatty meats, vegetables and fruits with coarse fiber. Table No. 4 is assigned. It is characterized by the use of dairy products, boiled meat and vegetable dishes, and the prohibition of black bread and confectionery.

The frequency of feedings increases to 5–6 per day. Portions are getting smaller. The loss of fluid through vomiting and stool must be taken into account, so it is allowed to drink up to three liters of water or rosehip decoction (if there are no contraindications related to heart or kidney diseases).

Treatment of acute enteritis

At acute form illness, the patient is hospitalized in a hospital, prescribed:

Antimicrobial drugs, antibiotics with wide range actions in high doses course of at least seven days. The effectiveness is judged by the reduction in temperature, reduction in diarrhea, and improvement in general condition. In severe cases, it is possible to replace the antibiotic or use two drugs at once.

To replenish water balance solutions of glucose and sodium chloride with the addition of potassium preparations and calcium chloride are administered intravenously. You can take Regidron internally.

To relieve intoxication, Hemodez and Reopoliglyukin are indicated.

To restore and compensate for deficiency, enzymatic agents are prescribed internally.

For a “fixing” effect, Smecta and Enterosgel are prescribed.

For severe pain, use antispasmodics, Almagel A.

Be sure to administer vitamins C, group B, intramuscularly if possible.

When treating acute enteritis, you should not get carried away with long courses of antibiotics. It is necessary to monitor the balance of intestinal flora.

Treatment of chronic enteritis

Chronic enteritis takes a long time to treat. A diet for enteritis should be followed throughout your life. It is recommended to quit smoking. Drinking alcohol will regularly cause exacerbations; treatment in such a situation does not make sense.

A patient with chronic form diseases, antimicrobial drugs are rarely indicated, only in cases of severe inflammation with a clear dependence on chronic infection.

Appointed:

• enzymatic preparations (Festal, Creon, Digestal);
• to improve intestinal motor function, reduce nausea and bloating, Imodium and Loperamide are used;
• probiotic preparations are recommended to preserve intestinal flora (Bifido- and Lactobacterin, Narine);
• long-term use of binders is indicated herbal remedies that eliminate diarrhea (bird cherry, oak bark, St. John's wort herb);
• complex vitamin-mineral preparations are used in sufficient doses over long courses.

To consolidate the effect of treatment in patients with chronic enteritis, it is useful Spa treatment in the area of ​​Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki. Here are natural mineral springs have the entire useful range of bioactive substances and minerals to restore intestinal functions.

The intestine is the longest human organ, measuring about four meters in an adult. It is divided into two main parts - the large and small intestine, and this structuring is not arbitrary, since both of these parts perform different functions.

The doctor can indicate the approximate location of inflammation based on complaints

Thus, in the small intestine, under the influence of pancreatic enzymes, food is broken down and absorbed; the fat one is engaged in “packaging” waste food masses, taking away excess water from there. Symptoms of intestinal inflammation, its most common disease, will differ depending on the location of the process, because it will be clear which function is affected.

Terminology

Inflammation of the small intestine is called enteritis, and if the process is located only in its final part - the ileum, then the disease will be called ileitis.

When the inflammatory process is localized in the colon, it is called colitis. If the pathology concerns only sigmoid colon, it is called sigmoiditis, if the rectum is called proctitis.

Why does the intestine become inflamed?

The causes of intestinal inflammation are conventionally divided into two large groups: infectious and non-infectious.

Infectious enterocolitis

Infectious diseases include various:

Such microorganisms enter through the consumption of unboiled water and milk (as well as when swallowing water when bathing), poor-quality or unheat-treated food. Viruses can enter through airborne droplets.

The peculiarity of infectious inflammatory processes is that they are contagious and can be transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person through shared utensils, food, toys and household items. They are called “diseases of dirty hands”, since it is quite simple to avoid infection: wash your hands after interacting with a sick person, before eating and after visiting a shared toilet.

Intestinal inflammation not associated with its colonization by microbes

Non-infectious intestinal inflammation develops due to a huge number of reasons. This:

• errors in: “love” for alcohol, spicy and smoked foods;
• decreased intestinal tone;
• inflammation of nearby organs;
• taking medications;
• “defects” of the immune system, in which it begins to “attack” its own organs (such an autoimmune process is characteristic of Crohn’s disease);
• impaired circulation of the intestine due to atherosclerotic or inflammatory processes in the arteries feeding it;
• poisoning with lead, heavy metals, arsenic, poisons from plants;
• food allergies;
• irradiation of the intestine with gamma rays;
• as a reaction to abdominal surgery.

How does intestinal inflammation manifest?

General symptoms of inflammation of the intestinal mucosa can be divided into the following syndromes:

1. Painful. The localization of inflammation can be assumed by the location of the pain zone:
   • if, this most likely indicates a disease of the small or initial parts of the large intestine;
   • pain in the lower parts – disease of the colon;
   • at anus- rectal problems. This is not necessarily inflammation; it can also be a symptom of hemorrhoids and anal fissure.
2. According to the nature of the pain:
   • if the pain is constant, aching, the process is chronic;
   • if it has a circadian rhythm: it intensifies in the first half of the night - ulcerative pathologies, in the morning - inflammation of the large intestine;
   • when the pain intensifies with shaking, defecation, or walking, this indicates that the peritoneum or the intestinal lymphatic system is involved in the inflammation.
3. Intoxication syndrome: weakness, drowsiness, increased heart rate, nausea, decreased appetite, muscle pain, headaches. This indicates in favor of an infectious process.
4. Diarrheal syndrome (diarrhea) may indicate both small and large intestinal localization. The type of stool matters.
5. Dry hair and skin, catches in the corners of the mouth, bleeding gums indicate problems with the small intestine.
6. Changes in the color and consistency of stool.

To determine the localization of inflammation, it is important to indicate not only the area of ​​pain, but also other symptoms

Let us consider separately the symptoms of diseases of the large and small intestines.

Enteritis

Inflammation of the small intestine can be acute or chronic.

Warning! Acute inflammation is often of an infectious nature, and also develops as a result of poisoning or an allergic reaction. Reason chronic enteritis most often there are errors in diet.

Symptoms of acute enteritis

The disease usually begins acutely, with the appearance of the following symptoms:

• weakness;
• rumbling and pain in the abdomen, in the navel area;
• diarrhea: up to 10 times a day;
• stool: loose, foamy, foul-smelling;
• decreased appetite;
• dry skin;
• Most likely, there will be an increase in temperature;
• Signs of dehydration may develop: severe weakness, confusion, convulsions, frequent weak pulse.

Chronic enteritis

With this disease, frequent loose stools are observed, which is accompanied by abdominal pain and intestinal rumbling - during an exacerbation. During the period of remission, there is a decrease in the severity of these complaints until their complete disappearance. The fact that the disease has not been stopped is indicated by signs of impaired supply of nutrients to the body: dryness, fragility and thinness of the skin, hair and nails, jams, pallor, bleeding.

Colitis

Inflammation of the large intestine can also be acute or chronic. Chronic colitis, depending on the nature of the inflammation occurring in the intestines, have their own classification. All these pathological processes have different symptoms.

Acute colitis

It is characterized by the following features:

• abdominal pain;
• nausea;
• painful urge to defecate;
• decreased appetite;
• weight loss;
• feces - formed, mucus and blood are visible in it;
• at infectious lesion intestines - increased temperature.

Chronic ulcerative colitis

This is the name for the process in which ulcerative and erosive defects appear in the intestinal wall. It develops more often in women and is characterized by the following manifestations:

• abdominal pain, especially on the left side;
• constipation;
• during the subsidence of the disease, the feces are not liquid, foul-smelling, blood is visible in it;
• during an exacerbation, abdominal pain, diarrhea are noted, the person quickly loses body weight;
• Joint pain often develops.

Warning! Diseases can be disguised as symptoms of intestinal inflammation in women reproductive organs: pain in the right or left half of the abdomen can also be observed with inflammation of the appendages; diarrhea can accompany not only colitis or enteritis, but also inflammation of the uterus and appendages. Only a doctor can understand the causes of symptoms.

Chronic spastic colitis

He has different manifestations: One person may develop constipation while another may experience diarrhea. Most people also experience abdominal pain, flatulence, and bloating. For spastic colitis Characteristic disappearance of symptoms upon relief nervous overstrain, stress state, lack of sleep.

Pseudomembranous inflammation of the large intestine

This is the name given to the inflammatory process in the colon that has developed as a result of dysbacteriosis. Its symptoms are observed while taking antibiotics and after their withdrawal. They are as follows:

• frequent watery stools, mixed with mucus and blood;
• abdominal pain that worsens with bowel movements;
• slight increase in temperature;
• weakness;
• nausea;
• weight loss.

Proctitis and sigmoiditis

For inflammation lower section of the large intestine, which is isolated and most often develops with long-term use of antibiotics, injuries from foreign bodies, chemical or thermal burns, the following signs will be observed:

• pain in the rectal area, aggravated by defecation;
• discharge of blood and mucus from the anus;
• constipation;
• feeling foreign body in the anus;
• urge to defecate;
• body aches;
• during defecation.

Inflammation of the intestinal lymph nodes

If intestinal inflammation has infectious cause, but in some cases, and as an independent disease, especially in children, inflammation of the intestinal lymph nodes can develop. These structures serve as a barrier to infection, and when there is too much of it, or the microorganisms are too aggressive, the lymph nodes become inflamed. This manifests itself as follows:

1. Acute paroxysmal pain in the abdomen develops, especially in the lower right (as with appendicitis);
2. temperature rises;
3. nausea and vomiting appear;
4. diarrhea or constipation occurs.

Abdominal pain lasts from several hours to three days and does not become more intense. With these symptoms, there is no deterioration in the person’s general condition, which would be the case with appendicitis or other surgical pathology.

How is the diagnosis made?

The main method to determine the location and type of the inflammatory process is endoscopic examination.

In order to establish the type, cause, localization and nature of intestinal inflammation, such studies are carried out.