every woman needs at least twice a year. In a woman’s life, situations often arise when it is necessary good advice obstetrician-gynecologist, answer to question, consultation. But even if a woman has no complaints, it must be taken into account that recently it is very common asymptomatic gynecological diseases, including sexually transmitted infections and gynecological tumors. Even pathological vaginal discharge does not always occur with such diseases. Without analysis, distinguish them from normal discharge difficult. With the hidden course of female diseases, there is no abdominal pain, bleeding, menstrual irregularities and other symptoms. Therefore, every woman needs preventive gynecological examinations and basic tests ( general analysis blood, urine, flora and cytology smears), the results of which make it possible to identify the presence of hidden asymptomatic gynecological diseases and infections in the early stages. The number of preventive gynecological examinations depends on previous diseases and other factors.

When you need good advice from a doctor, you can come for a consultation with a gynecologist at our gynecological clinic, ask the doctor questions about your health, undergo an initial gynecological examination and, if necessary, further examination and treatment.

Consultation with a gynecologist for early diagnosis of pregnancy

A consultation with a gynecologist and a gynecological examination are also necessary for early diagnosis pregnancy. The first signs of pregnancy are inaccurate and often mislead women. During pregnancy, menstrual-like vaginal discharge is possible, and pregnancy tests may be falsely negative. For accurate early diagnosis of pregnancy, a consultation with a gynecologist, pelvic ultrasound and determination of hCG level in a blood test.

Good doctor A gynecologist is, first of all, a good diagnostician. Diagnosis of gynecological diseases is based on experience and knowledge. During the initial gynecological examination, the gynecologist will determine whether there is a need for more detailed diagnostics and consultations with other doctors. According to your indications, you will receive all the necessary treatment recommendations and referrals for tests. This will allow you to dispel many fears and doubts and notice unfavorable changes in time. women's health, take measures to correct them, start treatment on time.

A woman is sometimes scared or ashamed to come to a consultation with a gynecologist and a gynecological examination. She is frightened by the examination procedure, and even by the sight of the gynecological chair. However, it is advisable for even a healthy woman to visit a gynecological clinic twice a year. The main task of an obstetrician-gynecologist at a gynecological clinic is to preserve the health of a woman, which is only possible through the prevention of gynecological diseases and their timely detection at initial stages. At an appointment with a gynecologist in our gynecological clinic, you will forget about the fear of a gynecological examination. The polite staff of the clinic does everything possible to quickly and efficiently provide you with the necessary medical services.

Features of gynecologist consultation. Gynecological examination

Every healthy woman should undergo a gynecological examination twice a year to maintain her health, prevent and identify gynecological diseases in the early stages. To avoid development venereal diseases, infectious diseases and gynecological tumors, it is better not to postpone a visit to the doctor, but to come for a preventive examination and consultation with a gynecologist.

The gynecologist must know the individual characteristics of your body, all the gynecological diseases that you have suffered. Communication with a gynecologist at an appointment should be easy and confidential. Every woman should have her own obstetrician-gynecologist.

It is advisable to come to a gynecologist’s consultation for the first time at the age of 15-16 years, especially if the girl has not yet developed menstrual cycle. It is also necessary to come to an appointment with a gynecologist if a woman has already started or plans to start sex life. Gynecologists advise not only to undergo a preventive gynecological examination twice a year, but also to undergo basic tests, especially when a new sexual partner appears, to do colposcopy and gynecological ultrasound, because the asymptomatic (hidden) course of gynecological diseases is very common and difficult to diagnose. Many gynecological diseases, if not treated promptly, can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage.

Stages of consultation with a gynecologist and gynecological examination

Questions for a gynecologist

You can come for a consultation with a gynecologist and a preventive gynecological examination if you have no complaints or already have certain complaints. A consultation with a gynecologist begins with a conversation. First, the gynecologist asks questions and fills out a medical record. By asking questions, the gynecologist will find out what problem the woman came to the doctor’s office with. It is important for a gynecologist to know what diseases a woman has had throughout her life, which will tell him about her predisposition to certain diseases. Some questions may seem too intimate or unnecessary, but they must be answered absolutely honestly. Answer all the gynecologist's questions and do not hesitate to ask him questions, because the state of your health depends on it.

External gynecological examination

A consultation with a gynecologist may include procedures such as measuring blood pressure, determining weight, and examining mammary glands. After which the gynecologist proceeds to a gynecological examination of the female genital organs. To do this, the woman needs to lie down in a special gynecological chair. The gynecologist conducts an external examination to identify possible releases, irritations, rashes, condylomas, gynecological tumors and others pathological changes external female genitalia. Having completed the external gynecological examination, the gynecologist proceeds to the internal gynecological examination.

Internal gynecological examination

During internal gynecological examination An obstetrician-gynecologist inserts disposable plastic speculum into the vagina to examine the cervix. The gynecologist also evaluates the presence of discharge and other pathological processes. After removing the speculum from the vagina, the gynecologist performs a vaginal examination. The gynecologist inserts the fingers of one hand, dressed in sterile disposable gloves, into the vagina. The gynecologist places the other hand on the front abdominal wall. Thus, the doctor notes the size, shape, position, mobility, pain of the uterus and appendages, and draws attention to the presence of pathological space-occupying formations in the pelvis. If you experience pain when palpating, you should immediately inform your gynecologist, as this may be a sign of an inflammatory or other gynecological disease. Sometimes a gynecologist can perform a rectal examination (for example, when examining virgins) when the data from other examinations is insufficient.

Taking a smear for flora during an internal gynecological examination

A mandatory stage of a preventive gynecological examination should be taking a smear. A bacteriological study is a study of a smear of gynecological discharge. The number of leukocytes is counted in the smear and pathogens are looked for. More than 10 leukocytes in the field of view may indicate the presence of a sexually transmitted infection or inflammation of the female genital organs. Based on the results of the smear, fungi (candidiasis), “key cells” (bacterial vaginosis), changes in the normal flora in the discharge due to vaginal dysbiosis can be detected. The gynecologist prescribes culture of discharge and PCR diagnostics of discharge to clarify the causative agent of the infectious process if a smear shows the presence of infection, but does not identify its causative agent.

Taking a smear for cytology during an internal gynecological examination

Cytological examination (cytology) is a mandatory stage in the early diagnosis of cervical diseases and a mandatory analysis carried out before its treatment. Even if nothing bothers the woman and the cervix seems unchanged to the naked eye, the woman should regularly (every year) undergo a cytological examination of cervical scrapings. The gynecologist takes a scraping during an internal gynecological examination. The scraping is taken with slight pressure, while the deeper layers of cells are scraped off. This is a painless procedure. This is done because the malignant process begins from the lower layers of the cervical epithelium and progresses to the surface of the mucous membrane. Therefore, if only the superficial layer is included in the analysis, the diagnosis can only be made when the disease is already late stage development.

Colposcopy

Colposcopy is an examination of the cervix under a special microscope - a colcoscope. The gynecologist uses colposcopy during an internal gynecological examination in order not to miss initial signs malignant tumor, if nothing bothers the patient and the cervix seems unchanged to the naked eye.

Colposcopy has a huge diagnostic value if you suspect cervical cancer, for diagnostics erosions cervix, dysplasia, leukoplakia. Only extended colposcopy can help diagnose accurate diagnosis cervical disease in the early stages and determine its malignancy.

Extended colposcopy is an examination of the cervix after treatment with a 3% acetic acid solution. The action of acetic acid lasts about 4 minutes. After studying the collopscopic picture of the cervix treated acetic acid, the gynecologist performs the Schiller test - lubricating the cervix with a cotton swab moistened with 3% Lugol's solution. Iodine contained in the solution stains glycogen in the cells of healthy, unchanged squamous epithelium of the cervix in dark brown color. Thin cells (atrophic age-related changes), as well as pathologically altered cells in various dysplasias of the cervical epithelium ( precancerous conditions) are poor in glycogen and are not stained with iodine solution. Thus, a gynecologist during colposcopy identifies areas of pathologically altered epithelium and, if necessary, marks areas for cervical biopsy.

Ultrasound of the pelvis and fetus

In gynecology, pelvic ultrasound complements the gynecological examination and is used very widely, because with its help, with a high degree of reliability, you can examine the pelvic organs and monitor the development of pregnancy (fetus). Pelvic ultrasound is an examination method that allows a gynecologist to get an idea of ​​all the pelvic organs, including the uterus and ovaries, which is of great importance in the diagnosis of gynecological tumors and inflammation of the female genital organs, and abnormalities of the uterus.

A pelvic ultrasound makes it possible to determine the causes of pathological discharge, uterine bleeding, pain in the lower abdomen and menstrual irregularities that are not visible during a routine gynecological examination.

Ultrasound allows you to determine the presence of pregnancy and fetal abnormalities. Ultrasound also plays a decisive role in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and is necessarily performed before the abortion procedure to confirm the presence ovum in the uterine cavity.

Consultation with a gynecologist based on the results of a gynecological examination and tests

To make a diagnosis, a gynecologist compares the results of a gynecological examination with data from anamnesis (the history of the woman’s life and illness), gynecological tests, complaints and the results of other examinations. Therefore, in order to make a diagnosis or ensure the absence of gynecological diseases, a woman needs at least two consultations with a gynecologist.

At the first consultation, the gynecologist performs the gynecological examination described above, colposcopy, pelvic ultrasound and collects material for gynecological tests. If a woman has complaints and symptoms of gynecological diseases, the gynecologist during the first consultation recommends to the woman what tests (except smears) she needs to take and prescribes symptomatic treatment to reduce symptoms of the disease (pain in the lower abdomen, bleeding, itching, etc.).

A woman can take many tests during her first gynecological examination, but to take some tests she needs to come to the gynecologist again for fence material for analysis on a certain day of the menstrual cycle, after necessary preparation or on an empty stomach.

At a follow-up appointment, the gynecologist advises the woman on the results of smears and other tests, if they were taken during the first gynecological examination. Test results may indicate the presence of a gynecological disease in the absence of symptoms, confirm a preliminary diagnosis made during the first examination, or indicate the need for further examination to make a diagnosis.

A complete treatment regimen for a gynecological disease is signed by a gynecologist after diagnosis. After treatment, and sometimes during treatment, a woman needs to come for a consultation with a gynecologist and take gynecological tests again to monitor the results of treatment.

Preparing for a gynecological examination

A woman needs to visit a gynecologist’s office several times a year if she cares about her health. The most optimal period for a preventive examination by a gynecologist is after menstruation. One day before consulting a gynecologist, it is not recommended to be sexually active. It is necessary to take a shower before examining a gynecologist, but douching has a negative effect, because... the doctor needs to see the real condition of the vaginal discharge and take a swab. There is no need to shave your hair before examining a gynecologist. If a woman has taken antibiotics and other medications, then it is necessary to warn the doctor about this. Sometimes testing for infections must take place no earlier than two weeks after the end of treatment in order to obtain correct results. If you have to get tested for chronic infections, it is better to do this before or immediately after your period.

A consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist and examination usually takes about 30 minutes. Try not to be nervous during the examination. Answer all the doctor's questions and do not hesitate to ask him questions, because... The state of your health depends on this.

It is necessary to come to see a gynecologist in the following situations:

Recently, the asymptomatic course of gynecological diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases, has become very common. Vaginal discharge occurs in such diseases, but more often they are the only symptom and appear periodically. Without analyzes It is difficult to distinguish them from normal discharge. Therefore, every woman needs a preventive examination by a gynecologist at least twice a year.

Pathological vaginal discharge is the main symptom of almost all gynecological diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases. If they appear, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist with an examination and tests for determining infections, including sexually transmitted ones.

Uterine bleeding in the middle of the cycle, increased and prolonged bleeding during menstruation. Consultation with a gynecologist with examination and Ultrasound in this case, they are necessary to determine the source of bleeding. Bleeding that occurs during pregnancy requires immediate hospitalization.

Abdominal pain. For women gynecological diseases it is most often noted in the lower abdomen. A consultation with a gynecologist with an examination, tests and other examinations are necessary to identify the cause of the pain.

Problems with conception. Conceiving a child requires preparation. Gynecological diseases can negatively affect pregnancy and the unborn baby. Therefore, it is very important to come for a consultation and examination with a gynecologist to identify and treat them before conception.

At planning pregnancy a woman needs to come for an examination and consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist, be examined and take a test in advance tests to identify infections, including - ureaplasmosis. Planning your pregnancy and performing a gynecological examination during pregnancy allows you to avoid complications and unpleasant surprises during pregnancy.

Diagnosis of pregnancy. The first signs of pregnancy before a missed period are inaccurate and often mislead women. During pregnancy, menstrual-like discharge is possible. In order to diagnose pregnancy in a timely manner, at the slightest suspicion, you need to consult a gynecologist, do an ultrasound and a blood test for hCG.

Termination of pregnancy (medical abortion). When unwanted pregnancy You will receive qualified advice on its termination from an obstetrician-gynecologist. Medical abortion is the least traumatic for a woman.

Contraception. Every woman should, with the help of a gynecologist, choose the most suitable means of protection against unwanted pregnancy for her. This requires a consultation with a gynecologist with an examination, ultrasound, and, if necessary, hormonal studies and other tests.

Hormonal disbalance. Often the main cause of diseases of the female reproductive system is hormonal changes(hormonal imbalance). During your consultation, your gynecologist will prescribe necessary examinations for diagnostics hormonal disorders.

Menstrual irregularities. Ovarian dysfunction is most often a symptom of serious gynecological diseases. A consultation with a gynecologist and an examination is necessary to identify these diseases.

From symptoms of premenstrual syndrome ninety percent of all women are affected. Before your period a woman may experience many unpleasant and painful sensations that should not normally exist. A woman should not put up with these sensations and suffer in silence; she must come for a consultation with a gynecologist.

Tides and painful sexual intercourse are the most frequent symptoms menopause. During the consultation, the gynecologist will tell the woman how to alleviate the pathological menopause. A very dangerous symptom is the appearance of bloody discharge from the genitals after menopause. When they appear, a woman should consult a gynecologist for an examination immediately.

Cervical erosion. One of the most common diseases, which may not manifest itself in any way and can only be detected during a preventive gynecological examination.

Uterine fibroids. It may also not manifest itself in any way and be detected only during a preventive gynecological examination. Asymptomatic progression can lead to severe growth of the node, bleeding and surgical intervention.

Endometrial hyperplasia often asymptomatic, but more often manifests itself as dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Often the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia is made when a woman comes to see a gynecologist about infertility.

Polyps of the uterus (endometrium) and cervix(cervical canal). In recent years, polyps of the uterus and cervix have been found even in girls adolescence. They do not manifest themselves in any way for a long time and over time can become malignant. For their timely detection, every woman needs a consultation with a gynecologist and a preventive examination twice a year.

Ovarian cyst. During a routine ultrasound examination, a gynecologist may detect an ovarian cyst in a woman. Some cysts may disappear on their own, but in many cases a course is required hormonal treatment, and in some cases surgical intervention is required to get rid of the source of danger.

Spikes are formed when an acute inflammatory process in the female genital organs becomes chronic and the healing process extends over time. Adhesive disease practically untreatable. Therefore, to avoid the formation of adhesions, if symptoms occur inflammation Immediately come for an appointment with a gynecologist.

Cervicitis- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix. May appear pathological discharge, burning, itching. If the flow is hidden, it may not manifest itself in any way. Therefore, every woman needs a preventive consultation with a gynecologist with an examination at least twice a year. The causative agents of infection are often gonococci and Trichomonas.

Thrush (or vaginal candidiasis) Caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. It often becomes chronic due to improper self-medication. For selection proper treatment and identifying infections that often accompany exacerbation of thrush, which a woman may not even suspect (including sexually transmitted infections), it is necessary to consult a gynecologist for an examination.

Vaginal dysbiosis- this is a violation normal microflora vagina. Suffering from this disease most of women, it is often the result of improper self-medication. Dysbacteriosis can lead to the development of inflammatory gynecological diseases. Before prescribing medications to normalize the vaginal microflora, a consultation with a gynecologist, examination and tests is necessary.

For examination on syphilis a woman can also come for a consultation and examination with a gynecologist . Syphilis is a chronic venereal disease, which affects the skin, mucous membranes, many internal organs, bones and nervous system. Recently, it has often been completely asymptomatic. The RW (Wassermann reaction) used to diagnose syphilis is often false-positive and false-negative and is very outdated.

Advantages of the Demetra Gynecological Clinic

• The consultation is conducted by highly qualified gynecologists with extensive experience.
• Considering the frequent imitation of gynecological diseases in the pathology of other organs, close cooperation is carried out between gynecologists and the therapist for the benefit of patients
• Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of diseases, incl. laboratory tests, pelvic ultrasound and pregnancy ultrasound, colposcopy
• Treatment of diseases without hospitalization (outpatient)
• Convenient location of the clinic in Kyiv: Darnitsky district, near Poznyaki metro station
• Convenient working hours by appointment only
• If you have any questions, call us, our employees will provide all the necessary information

Uterine bleeding occurs in women of all ages. They may be a sign gynecological disease and extragenital pathology, to open during a threatened miscarriage or during termination of an ectopic pregnancy. Is dangerous condition which requires emergency care, therefore, you first need to think about how to stop uterine bleeding.

Causes of uterine bleeding

There are various factors that cause uterine bleeding. This also depends on age indicators, since in different periods life, the factors that provoke the development of bleeding are varied.

Common causes of uterine bleeding are:

• Malfunctions thyroid gland – in the presence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, the likelihood of symptoms of uterine bleeding increases.
• Hormonal imbalances. The most common cause of bleeding in women at a young age and after 40. When hormones are normal, progesterone and estrogen are in optimal balance, blood loss during menstruation is often negligible. If a violation occurs, uterine bleeding occurs.
• Diseases of the circulatory system. When the level of platelets decreases, as well as during a blood disorder, there is a risk of bleeding.
• Uterine fibroids. Particularly heavy bleeding begins with internal fibroids, then the only way out is surgery.
• Adenomyosis. A disease in which the inner and muscular layers of the uterus grow together; menstruation during the disease is painful, prolonged and severe, as the menstrual area increases significantly.
• Polyps. Are benign formations, often occurring in women of childbearing age. When there are a lot of them and large sizes they need to be removed, as they are the cause of uterine bleeding and pain during menstruation.
• Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, premature placental abruption. Similar consequences during pregnancy have become quite common. During any bleeding during pregnancy, a woman should immediately call a doctor, as bleeding threatens the health of the baby and mother.
• Malignant formations organs genitourinary system. Most serious reason likely bleeding, regardless of the location of the tumor, during any bleeding, cancer must first be ruled out.
• Breakthrough bleeding of the uterus. The reason is directly related to the use intrauterine contraceptives. In particular, the likelihood of bleeding increases if you take contraceptives and anticoagulants at the same time. There are minor ones at the beginning of using contraceptives.

In what cases is uterine bleeding considered normal?

1. Physiological uterine bleeding is considered only menstruation. They last from 3 to 5 days, the interval between the old and new cycles is 21-35 days. Total blood loss during the process reaches 50-80 ml. If it is higher than the specified norm, then there is a risk that Iron-deficiency anemia.

   Menstruation should occur without pain. They start at 11-15 years old. The function lasts throughout the entire reproductive period, stopping during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. Menstrual function ends at approximately the age of 45-55 years.

2. Bloody issues in the middle of menstruation are considered normal. They occur due to sharp fluctuations in the amount of hormones during ovulation, leading to an increase in the permeability of the walls of the uterine vessels. But in certain situations, the occurrence of such discharge in the middle of the cycle indicates the manifestation of hormonal disorders or that inflammation of the uterus has begun, therefore, when characteristic discharge initially appears, you should consult a specialist to rule out this disease.
3. One more almost normal looking vaginal discharge, which are not associated with menstruation, is implantation bleeding, which appears on the 7th day after conception. The reason is the implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall, during which the structure of the uterine mucosa is partially destroyed, which leads to the appearance of insignificant discharge.

Types of pathological uterine bleeding

Experts divide these bleedings into a large number of varieties.

But there are some that are more common:

• It is typical for acyclic that it occurs in the middle of menstrual cycles. It is caused by symptoms such as fibroids, cysts, endometriosis of the uterus and other pathologies. If it happens constantly, you should consult your doctor.
• Juvenile bleeding. Characteristic at the beginning of puberty. They are caused by a number of circumstances, for example, permanent illnesses, high physical activity, improper diet. Depending on blood loss lead to anemia varying degrees gravity.
• Profuse uterine bleeding It is quite dangerous when it is accompanied by pain. In such a situation, the amount of blood loss varies. The reasons may include abortion, vaginal infections, and the use of hormonal drugs.
• Anovulatory bleeding characteristic of women who have reached menopause and adolescents who are going through puberty. This is due to the fact that the maturation of follicles and the production of progesterone are impaired when ovulation is absent. If left untreated, it provokes the occurrence of malignant neoplasms.
• Dysfunctional uterine bleeding occurs when the functioning of the ovaries is impaired. It differs in that it appears when the menstrual cycle has been absent for a long period, and blood loss is quite severe.
• Hypotonic bleeding occurs due to weak myometrial tone after abortion. Often happens after childbirth.
• Sometimes women may experience bleeding clots from the uterus. Experts characterize their occurrence by the fact that the uterus undergoes certain anomalies during intrauterine development. Therefore, the blood stagnates inside, forming clots.

Symptoms of uterine bleeding

The main symptom of this pathology is vaginal discharge.

Uterine bleeding has the following characteristics:

1. The number of discharges increases. During uterine bleeding, the concentration of blood loss increases and amounts to more than 80 ml.
2. The duration of bleeding increases. Lasts over a week.
3. Failures in the regularity of discharge - menstruation lasts approximately 21-35 days. Deviation from this norm indicates bleeding.
4. Bleeding after sexual intercourse.
5. Bleeding in postmenopause.

The following are signs of uterine bleeding:

• Menorrhagia– excessive and prolonged menstruation (more than a week), their regularity does not change.
• Metrorrhagia- inconsistent discharge. They appear mostly in the middle of the cycle and are not very intense.
• Menometrorrhagia– prolonged and inconsistent bleeding.
• Polymenorrhea– menstruation that appears more often than after 21 days.

In addition to the above, due to large blood losses, a characteristic sign of such symptoms is iron deficiency anemia. She is accompanied by weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, and pale skin.

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Uterine bleeding is characterized by its ability to increase and not stop for a long period of time and is difficult to stop.

Therefore, depending on the type of bleeding, the following complications can be dangerous:

• Moderate but constant blood loss can cause anemia of varying severity. Occurs if the loss content reaches 80 ml. In this condition, there is no direct threat to health, but it is worth paying attention to.
• Severe blood loss called one-time heavy bleeding which is hard to stop. In the vast majority of cases, surgery is needed to replace the blood and remove the uterus.
• The danger of subsequent development of the disease. Here we talk about small blood losses, which are not emphasized. In this case, minor blood loss leads to profuse bleeding, or to the fact that the disease that provoked it will progress to a severe stage.
• Bleeding of the uterus during pregnancy or in women who are under postpartum period, is quite dangerous and consists in the fact that there is a high risk of transformation into state of shock. The intensity and severity of this condition is due to the fact that the uterus cannot contract properly and stop the bleeding itself.

First aid for bleeding

Emergency care for bleeding is to immediately call an ambulance. In particular, this is important when a woman is pregnant, her blood loss is severe, and her condition worsens significantly. In such a situation, every minute matters. When it is not possible to call doctors, you should take the patient to the hospital on your own.

Any bleeding of the uterus poses a significant threat to life, so appropriate actions must be taken.

During dysfunctional bleeding, it is prohibited to apply a hot or warm heating pad to the abdominal area, douche, take baths, or use drugs that help contract the uterus.

On her own, at home before the doctors arrive, a woman should carry out the following manipulations:

How to stop bleeding?

When will he arrive ambulance, its actions are as follows:

1. A bubble containing ice should be placed in the abdominal area.
2. When heavy bleeding begins, the woman should be carried to the car on a stretcher.
3. Hospitalize the patient and then transfer her to a doctor.
4. Administration of magnesium sulfate solution if there is a risk of miscarriage. If there is a spontaneous abortion, calcium chloride and ascorbic acid are introduced into the woman’s body, which are diluted in glucose.

Hormonal drugs are Zhannine, Regulon, etc. On the first day, an increased dose is given, then one less tablet, reaching 1 piece. There are cases when gestogens are used, but they are used only if there is no severe anemia.

Sometimes they use drugs that stop bleeding, for example, Dicynon, Vikasol, Ascorutin, Aminocaproic acid.

There are situations when surgery is necessary, for example, curettage of the uterus (enough effective method stopping bleeding), cryodisruption (a method without any warnings), laser removal endometrium (used in women who do not plan future pregnancy).

Medicines

It would be advisable to start drug treatment, in combination using conventional and harmless means:

• Vitamin C. Ascorbic acid in a great way affects blood vessels, ensuring that bleeding stops anywhere. However this remedy It is possible to use only with the proper dosage: you need to use quite impressive doses - at least 1 gram of the product per day.
• Vikasol. The medication, which should be used 1 tablet 3 times a day, helps stop uterine bleeding with the help of vitamin K, which has an excellent effect on blood clotting.
• Dicynone. Effectively stops bleeding, the drug has a good effect on the vascular and coagulation system when taking 3-4 tablets per day.

In many cases, complex use folk recipes and medications helps to reduce the amount of blood loss or completely stop bleeding of the uterus.

Folk remedies

How folk remedies For the treatment of uterine bleeding, decoctions and extracts of yarrow, water pepper, shepherd's purse, nettle, raspberry leaves and other plants are used.

The most famous recipes:

The use of traditional recipes is allowed only after receiving the recommendations of a specialist, since uterine bleeding is considered a symptom of various diseases, often quite dangerous. Therefore, it is quite important to identify the source similar condition, and begin therapy as soon as possible.

What should not be done if bleeding occurs?

Bleeding of the uterus - dangerous signal about disruptions in the female body. And you should respond to it appropriately. First you need to wait for an ambulance or find out the recommendations of a specialist.

Only a specialist can properly assess the condition, since there are a huge number of factors that can provoke uterine bleeding and only clinical practice makes it possible to fully consider the problem.

It is prohibited during bleeding:

• Apply a warm heating pad to the body;
• Perform douching;
• Take a bath in a warm bath;
• Use medications that contract the uterus without the advice of a specialist.

Prevention

• Activities that strengthen the body: proper work and rest schedule, proper nutrition, lack of stress and negative emotions.
• Use first time 1-2 months of anti-inflammatory drugs.
• For the first time 1-2 months of using drugs that stop bleeding.
• Hormonal therapy. The approximate duration of therapy is from 3 months to six months. Weak efficiency similar treatment indicates an incorrectly diagnosed cause of bleeding or incorrect selection of the drug or its dosage, susceptibility, early cessation of therapy.
• Vitamin complex: vitamin C 1 g. per day starting from the 16th day of the cycle, for 10 days; folic acid 1 tab. per day from the 5th day of the cycle for 10 days; tocopherol acetate for 2 months, multivitamin and mineral products that contain iron and zinc.
• Facilities, which calm and stabilize the nervous system.
• Beneficial enough physical education, fitness, swimming, jogging, yoga, dancing affect the body.

The causes of bleeding in women depend on age. These could be hormonal imbalances, pregnancy pathologies, or neoplasms. Consultation with a gynecologist is necessary.

Causes of bleeding in women of different age groups

Vaginal bleeding in women is alarming symptom, which can speak of many diseases and emergency situations. The causes of bleeding in women can be varied and depend on age.

In order to simplify the diagnosis, bleeding is conventionally divided into two groups depending on the affected system:

• pathology of the reproductive system;
• extragenital pathology.

An important point in the diagnosis of vaginal bleeding is the connection with pregnancy. After all, it could be an early miscarriage, a threatened miscarriage, or an ectopic pregnancy.

All systems and organs interact with each other. An illness of one system can affect another, manifesting various symptoms. Extragenital reasons :

• changes in thyroid function (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism);
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels (hypertension);
• hepatitis, cirrhosis;
• blood diseases;
• hypovitaminosis (lack of vitamins affecting the condition of blood vessels and blood clotting);
• various infectious diseases;
• long-term stress and emotional overload, physical exhaustion.

These causes are a specific manifestation of the underlying disease and require primary care treatment.

Bleeding in women involving the reproductive system

If pregnancy has not yet been established, then early miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. Other reasons may include endometriosis, uterine fibroids,. Due to the fact that oncopathology is recent years I’m younger, we shouldn’t forget about cervical cancer. Feature bleeding with cervical cancer is that the discharge has a specific smell and appears more often after sexual intercourse.

In the later trimesters of pregnancy, causes may include:

• placenta previa;
• premature placental abruption;
• eclampsia;
• gestosis;
• scar on the body of the uterus.

During pregnancy, if there is bleeding of any nature or intensity, a woman is advised to immediately seek medical help at an antenatal clinic or call an ambulance.

Causes of blood loss not related to pregnancy:

• neoplasms of the uterus and ovaries;
• ovarian apoplexy;
• various inflammatory diseases;
• injuries;
• cervical erosion;
• endometriosis.

Women with the above pathology should be systematically examined by doctors.

Uterine bleeding at different ages

All uterine bleeding is divided into pathological and physiological. Therefore, first of all, the chronological stage is determined individual development reproductive system.

Bleeding is conventionally divided into age periods:

• juvenile (from 10 to 18 years);
• reproductive (fertile period from 18 to 50 years);
• menopausal period (time of decline of ovarian function);
• postmenopausal (final completion of menstruation).

Most often, signs of uterine bleeding in women occur from 28 to 40 years old, but can appear at any age. The main cause of uterine bleeding most often at this age is a violation of the ovulation process.

The ongoing shift in the hormonal system provokes the growth of the mucous membrane in the uterus, resulting in stagnation and accumulation of blood, thereby disrupting blood circulation. Once vascular permeability changes, conditions arise for the development of bleeding. The uterus becomes a place where blood accumulates.

If your platelet count decreases, causing your blood to become thinner, this increases blood loss and worsens posthemorrhagic anemia. After all, a lot of blood can be lost. Although the female body is adapted to certain monthly expenses and subsequent replenishment.

For each age period, the reasons may be different, since each age has certain characteristics. But we can highlight the main points that have an equally bad effect, despite age.

Factors that negatively affect the hormonal system:

• infectious diseases of acute and chronic nature;
• lack of vitamins and microelements;
• psychological trauma and emotional stress;
• physical exhaustion;
• diseases of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism);
• inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system;
• complicated childbirth and abortion.

In a certain age category there are risks for one or another disease. For example, hypovitaminosis is more typical for young and those who are postmenopausal. Accordingly, abortions for women with complete menstrual function are casuistry.

Differences between bleeding and normal menstruation

With normal periods, 70-100 ml for the entire period, but again, they can be more intense. With menorrhagia, about 120 ml more may be lost per day. How can you understand that this is not just menstruation, but true blood loss?

Signs of uterine bleeding:

• impotence accompanied by dizziness;
• marbling of the skin;
• There may be vomiting and nausea, but not necessarily;
• fainting or pre-fainting;
• weak pulse, rapid heartbeat, tachycardia;
• hypotension, blood pressure decreases;
• presence of vaginal blood;
• During menstruation, clots and pads are released, and tampons fill up very quickly;
• at night you have to change hygiene products more often than twice;
• the duration of such bleeding is more than eight days, and;
• not accompanied by pain;
• may appear after sex;
• most often do not coincide with menstruation.

Bleeding that occurs after a delay in menstruation is usually functional in nature. If the discharge is abundant in volume and cyclical, then this may indicate uterine fibroids and systemic blood pathologies. , that is, a year after last menstrual period in women it is interpreted as obvious pathology. In this case, it is necessary to urgently exclude malignancy. But, as a rule, discharge at this age is quite scanty and occurs due to atrophy of the vulva and vagina.

Summarizing

The presence of bleeding is alarming and can indicate many diseases. The problem of bleeding remains relevant today. If timely medical care is not provided, everything can end tragically.

For the purpose of prevention, it is necessary to visit a gynecologist once a year, and, if necessary, a hematologist and endocrinologist. In addition, strengthen your body, adhere to rational nutrition and perform measured physical activity.

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Uterine bleeding is a condition manifested by the discharge of blood from the internal genital organs. Menstruation is also manifested by the release of blood, but this is a natural process, genetically programmed by nature.

Distinctive features of menstrual discharge from uterine bleeding in women are profuseness and duration increases, there is no consistency.

What causes uterine bleeding?

The reasons leading to the development of uterine bleeding are diverse, and a classification was created to understand them.

Uterine bleeding causes, main categories:

1. bleeding caused by pathologies not affecting reproductive system or extragenital conditions. Their causes: infectious diseases ( typhoid fever, sepsis, dysentery), blood diseases (genetic vasculitis, hemophilia), liver cirrhosis, pathology of the cardiovascular system, dysfunction of hormonal organs;
2. bleeding caused by genital pathologies. This could be: rupture of the ovary or cyst, tumor of the uterus or ovary, infectious diseases genitals, menopause or puberty.

Genital pathologies of uterine bleeding

This group of causes is divided into two large categories: uterine bleeding associated with the course of pregnancy and independent of it.

Uterine bleeding is associated with pregnancy and delivery:

• Ectopic pregnancy or interrupted classical pregnancy;
• Premature placental abruption, violation of the integrity of the surgical scar on the uterus, violation of the integrity of its walls;
• Traumatization of the external genitalia of women during actions in the delivery room, and other soft birth canals;
• Incomplete release of the placenta, its infringement;
• The muscle tissue of the uterus has lost strength, elasticity and endurance after childbirth;
  Chorionepithelioma, hydatidiform mole and other diseases of the ovum.

Uterine bleeding that occurs regardless of pregnancy:

• Discirculatory uterine discharge. Classified by age categories: juvenile (at puberty - 11-18 years), reproductive (period favorable for the birth of children - 19 - 46 years), menopause (during menopause);
• Neoplasms of the internal genital organs of women - uterus, ovaries;
• The superficial membrane of the tumors is damaged, as well as cysts on the genitals;
• Inflammatory processes of the uterus - endometritis, cervicitis, erosive processes affecting the cervical canal, etc.

Juvenile bleeding - causes, symptoms

During the transformation of a little girl into a beautiful girl, the appearance of intermenstrual bleeding or an increase in the volume of blood during menstruation is often noticed. Most often, the cause of this is ovarian dysfunction, which is directly affected by frequent psychological stress, excessive physical activity, poor nutrition, and constant colds.

When examining teenage girls with uterine bleeding, a lack of ovulation is discovered due to impaired hormone production. Often, the causes are insufficiency of blood clotting factors, tuberculosis of the internal organs of the reproductive system, tumor formations of the cervical canal and uterine walls.

Regardless of the cause, uterine bleeding during puberty is dangerous to health and life, and an urgent visit to the doctor is necessary.

In this option, the number of reasons causing bleeding is much greater.

Main reasons:

• dysfunction hormonal system against the background of an abortion, taking a number of medications, “playing” with hormonal oral contraceptives;
• on early stages pregnancy, bleeding is the result of spontaneous abortion;
• ectopic pregnancy - after rupture of the fallopian tube;
• hydatidiform mole, placental previa and placental abruption;
• decline muscle tone uterus;
  after childbirth, bleeding due to incomplete discharge of the placenta;
  fibroids, endometriosis, uterine tumors, endometritis.

Danger during menopause

The menopausal period is not the easiest time in a woman’s life - there is a reorganization of the hormonal sphere, which is why bleeding is not rare. Among other reasons, neoplasms with and without malignancy should be highlighted. Women need special attention in the postmenopausal period, when periodic periods have long stopped and blood suddenly appears.

If even a small amount of blood appears, immediately go to the doctor. Do not despair if the problem is a tumor; in the initial stages it is easily treatable. For diagnostic examination during menopause, histological material is taken from the cervical canal and uterine body, after which a microscopic examination of the scraping will reveal the cause of bleeding.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

This group of bleeding cannot be strictly separated at any age. They can occur both during puberty and during menopause.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a popular type and is characterized by dysfunction endocrine system, starting with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and ending with the ovaries and adrenal glands.

Gynecology identifies the main causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding:

• endocrine system disorders related to the thyroid gland,
• pancreas, as well as against the background of obesity;
• overwork – emotional and physical;
• climate change;
• artificial termination of pregnancy, often spontaneous.

According to the time of appearance of blood during periods of the menstrual cycle:

• ovulatory - depend on menstruation, the period of maturation of the egg and its release from the follicle;
• anovulatory – intermenstrual bleeding not associated with the menstrual cycle. As a rule, with anovulatory bleeding, the duration and volume of menstruation itself changes.

Breakthrough bleeding

They cannot be classified into any one category, since they appear against the background of the initial use of oral hormonal contraceptives. A small amount of bleeding is a manifestation of the women’s body adapting to the new drug. But to further prevent their occurrence, contact your gynecologist to adjust the dosage.

This phenomenon occurs infrequently, but you should take it seriously and consult a gynecologist

Symptoms and first signs

All clinical symptoms are divided into general and local.

General symptoms:

• weakness throughout the body, dizziness;
• pale skin;
• nausea, urge to vomit;
• loss of consciousness;
• weakened thready pulse;
• demotion blood pressure.

Local symptoms of uterine bleeding:

• The appearance of bloody discharge from the vagina;
• During menstruation, you notice an increase in the number of clots, the total volume of discharge has become larger, one hygiene product quickly becomes unusable;
• After sexual intercourse, women may experience a slight bruising;
• Taking into account the fact that bleeding can be heavy or not very heavy, pain does not appear;
• Signs of uterine bleeding appear regardless of menstruation.

Regular symptoms of heavy uterine bleeding indicate tumors (for example, fibroids), adenomyosis, or disorders of the body's blood system.

Treatment and first aid

It is impossible to figure out the causes of uterine bleeding on your own; the gynecology department will probably deal with it faster and better, and therefore if you notice strange symptoms and unplanned bleeding, call an ambulance immediately. Signs of uterine bleeding are a serious signal from the women’s body about global problems, and every minute can be decisive.

Treating uterine bleeding in women at home is absurd highest degree, but there is certain rules implementation and non-compliance of which will help save lives.

Forbidden:

• apply a warm compress or heating pad to the abdominal area;
• perform douching;
• forget about a warm bath;
• take medications that affect uterine contractions.

Uterine bleeding in women - first aid at home:

1. Strict bed rest with raised legs. Roller under lower limbs will not allow you to suffer from blood loss for life important bodies- brain, kidneys, liver, which means the likelihood of loss of consciousness is excluded;
2. Cold. Try to stop the bleeding yourself. Place a bubble, heating pad or bottle with cold water or ice on the lower abdomen, first wrap it with a towel to prevent frostbite. 10-15 minutes of cold compress, after a five-minute break, continue for two hours. This simple method of treatment will narrow the blood vessels and reduce the percentage of blood loss;
3. We replenish the volume of circulating blood. At home with emergency situations It’s hard to come up with an alternative to IVs, but drinking plenty of warm, sweet drinks can restore blood loss. Glucose will provide nutrition to brain cells;
4. Emergency assistance - medicines. Let us point out once again that medications should only be taken when extreme cases or after consulting a doctor. IN home medicine cabinet The presence of aminocaproic acid, calcium gluconate, and dicinone will not be superfluous.

During reproductive age, all women experience menstruation once a month, characterized by bleeding that lasts several days. For some, they may be scanty and painless, while for others, severe blood loss and pain syndrome. And here it is very important to understand when spotting is normal and when it indicates the opening of uterine bleeding in order to stop it in a timely manner. After all, if it is not stopped, the woman may lose too much blood, which will cost her sad consequences. Now you will find out how to stop bleeding during menstruation and why it can occur.

Main features

Before we talk about how to stop bleeding during heavy periods, you must first figure out whether they are bleeding. After all, for some women such menstruation is considered the absolute norm and it depends, first of all, on individual characteristics organism, as well as from heredity. If heavy periods are not accompanied by weakness and dizziness and are observed in a woman constantly, then there is no need to make any attempts to reduce blood flow, since this can only cause harm.

It is necessary to carry out any actions only if copious discharge blood is indeed bleeding. It can be determined by the following characteristics:

• Menstruation lasts more than 7 days (not spotting, but blood!).
• A sanitary pad fills up in less than 1.5-2 hours, making it necessary to change it frequently.
• The woman experiences severe weakness, dizziness, and paleness. skin, drop in blood pressure, nausea, fainting.

In all these cases, it is undoubtedly necessary to act as quickly as possible. Since excessive blood loss can cause sharp drop hemoglobin level, which will be followed by the onset of anemia, characterized by a lack of oxygen in the body. When it is deficient, cells begin to starve and die very quickly. Moreover, first of all, brain cells suffer from a lack of oxygen, which can lead to serious health problems.

In addition, if severe bleeding is not prevented in a timely manner, it can be fatal. Therefore, if a woman has all the signs described above, she should under no circumstances hesitate.

Various factors can trigger bleeding during menstruation. For example:

• Severe stress.
• Emotional fatigue associated with active work activity and lack of sleep.
• Taking hormonal medications.
• Recently inserted intrauterine device.
• Abrupt climate change.
• Gynecological diseases.

As for hormonal drugs, women take them for various purposes - to treat infertility, prevent the onset of unwanted pregnancy (among these drugs the most common are Postinor, Jess Plus), for serious hormonal imbalances in the body resulting from pathologies of the thyroid gland, ovaries, pituitary gland or adrenal gland. Such drugs can be taken for a long time and, naturally, they provoke another hormonal disbalance, against the background of which bleeding may also occur during the onset of menstruation.

If the blood loss is not severe, there is no need to worry, you can continue to take the drug. But when a woman experiences heavy periods accompanied by the symptoms described above, she should immediately consult a doctor. Perhaps the prescribed drug is not suitable for her body and needs to be replaced.

Bleeding associated with IUD insertion is also not uncommon. As a rule, it opens immediately after the procedure or during the first menstruation. This is due to the fact that when installing the spiral, the mucous membranes of the cervical canal are severely damaged, and they begin to bleed. If after next menstruation bleeding does not stop, you must also visit a doctor, since this phenomenon indicates the development inflammatory processes requiring immediate removal of the IUD from the cervix.

If we talk about gynecological diseases, the most common causes of bleeding during menstruation are the following:

• Polycystic.
• Endometriosis or adenometriosis.
• Erosion (with this pathology, spotting may occur in the middle of the cycle).
• Uterine fibroids.
• Fibrosis.
• Ectopic pregnancy.
• Miscarriage (in this case, along with bloody discharge, a mucous clot may come out of the vagina).

To understand the real reason bleeding is detected, you need to undergo a full examination. Only in this way will it be possible to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment, which will avoid the development of serious complications.

What to do if bleeding occurs?

When a woman experiences heavy bleeding during her period and experiences fainting, under no circumstances should attempts be made to stop it at home. You need to call an ambulance immediately. The woman needs to be hospitalized!

While the doctors are traveling, the patient needs to be given first aid. It is as follows:

• The woman must be laid on the bed so that her legs are higher than the level of her body, that is, raised up.
• Apply a cold heating pad to the abdominal area (if exposed low temperatures the vessels narrow and bleeding decreases), but not more than 15 minutes.
• Provide her with frequent drinks, since with heavy periods there is a strong loss of fluid in the body, which can lead to dehydration (you can give water and sweet, weak tea, but not hot).

As soon as the doctors arrive, they will take the woman to the hospital. Here she will get everything necessary treatment which will quickly stop the bleeding. If the blood loss is insignificant, the doctor may prescribe the woman medication treatment, which is carried out at home. As a rule, the following medications are recommended for heavy periods:

1. Dicynone. It has two forms of release - tablets and injections. After taking Dicynone tablets, a decrease in blood loss is observed only after 2 - 3 hours. If you inject this drug, relief occurs within 15 to 20 minutes. Therefore, it is natural that when heavy bleeding It is recommended to inject Dicinon. And in tablets it is prescribed only for preventive purposes.
2. Vikasol. Available in tablet form and has a hemostatic effect. It is recommended to take it 1 tablet. no more than 2 times a day.
3. Tranexam. A new generation hemostatic agent, which also has two forms - tablets and injections. Tranexam injections are considered more effective because they act much faster.
4. Hyfotocin. This drug is not a hemostatic agent, but it has a beneficial effect on the contractile functions of the uterus.

As complementary therapy and to prevent the development of complications, the doctor can also prescribe calcium gluconate, which is taken 3-4 times a day, ascorbic acid 1 g once a day and aminocaproic acid (the dosage is determined individually).

If a woman has hormonal disorders, then the main treatment may include taking hormonal medications. They are selected individually and only after taking a blood test for hormones, which allows us to identify which hormone the body lacks.

If a woman has been diagnosed with serious pathologies that caused bleeding during menstruation, then different kinds surgical interventions. Among them, the most common are:

• Scraping or abrasion.
• Cryodisruption.
• Endometrial ablation.

Most often, such operations are performed when:

• Frozen pregnancy in the early stages.
• Ectopic pregnancy (in this case, removal of the fallopian tube may be required).
• Hyperplasia of the endometrium of the uterus.
• Endometriosis.
• Myoma, fibrosis, polyposis, etc.

Alternative medicine

Stop uterine bleeding during menstruation traditional methods it is possible, but only if the blood loss is insignificant and the woman’s general condition is satisfactory. In order to stop heavy periods at home, you can use various medicinal plants having a hemostatic effect.

Nettle. This herb helps maintain uterine tone and vitamin C, which helps strengthen vascular walls and stop bleeding. A herbal decoction is made from the plant, which is then taken ½ cup 3 to 4 times a day. It is prepared like this: take 2 tbsp. l. nettle, add 0.5 liters of water and simmer over low heat for about 10 minutes. Next, the broth needs to be left for half an hour and strained, after which it can be drunk.

Chamomile also has a beneficial effect on the female body and helps fight heavy periods. An infusion is prepared from the herb, which is also taken 3-4 times a day, 70-100 ml. And they do it as follows: take 1 tbsp. l. herbs, pour 0.4 liters of boiling water over it and leave for an hour, then filter.

To stop heavy blood loss, you can use a plant such as shepherd's purse. Tea is made from it. To do this, take 20 g of water, pour in 0.4 liters of boiling water and leave for about 30-40 minutes. Then filter and take 100 ml orally 3 times a day before meals.

Recovery after bleeding

When bleeding, the female body loses a lot of blood. Naturally, it will take him some time to recover. But in order for recovery to occur faster and the menstrual cycle to normalize, he needs help. To do this, a woman should:

• Eat as much as possible fresh vegetables and fruits.
• Drink a lot ( herbal infusions and infusions, teas, dried fruit compotes).
• Avoid sexual intercourse for a while.
• Accept medications prescribed by a doctor.

If, 3 to 7 days after the bleeding has stopped, a woman continues to smear, she should definitely visit a doctor. Perhaps she has hidden diseases that require adjustment of the prescribed therapy. If this is not done, bleeding may occur again and not only during menstruation, but also in the intermenstrual period.