What to do when your maxillary sinus hurts? Maxillary sinus symptoms and treatment of inflammation

The maxillary sinuses, also called the maxillary or maxillary sinuses, are located in the nasal cavity. Their size depends on the age of the person: in a baby it is a narrow gap, but after a few months or years its size will increase several times.

Upper layer of sinus– mucous membrane, in case of health problems (for example, chronic rhinitis due to allergies or colds) can become inflamed, which leads to unpleasant consequences.

Anatomy of the maxillary sinuses

This paranasal sinus is located in upper jaw. The structure is similar to an irregular pyramid, which has four walls. The upper one rests on the zygomatic process, and the lower one on the lateral wall of the nose.

The medial side of the sinus consists of bone tissue, there is a hole in it that connects the sinus and nasal cavity. Borders the orbit and dental arch.

The lining of the maxillary sinus– mucous membrane, consists of blood vessels, nerve endings, and goblet cells. If we take this into account, it is easy to explain why the first signs of sinusitis are almost asymptomatic.

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Signs of inflammation of the maxillary sinuses

The patient may not immediately feel the symptoms of inflammation. If unpleasant sensations arise near the nose, and they intensify every day, this is the first and main sign.

Symptoms of sinusitis (inflammation of the maxillary sinus mucosa) include:

1. Headache. Occurs in the forehead area due to the accumulation of pus.
2. Nasal congestion. It becomes difficult for the patient to breathe due to swelling, most often both nostrils are blocked.
3. Runny nose.
4. Heat. At acute course disease, an elevated temperature from 37 to 40° is observed. In the chronic form, fever is not observed.
5. General malaise. Weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, drowsiness.
6. Memory impairment.
7. Painful sensations or a feeling of pressure near the bridge of the nose when clenching the teeth and tilting the head.
8. Insomnia.
9. Chills(in acute form).

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Causes of inflammation of the maxillary sinuses

Sinusitis can occur not only due to an advanced cold.

There are many reasons:

1. Frequent occurrence runny nose, chronic rhinitis.
2. Reduced immunity.
3. Permanent stress in life.
4. If the body has focus of inflammation, it is not treated with antiviral or antibacterial agents.
5. Curvature nasal septum.
6. Allergic reaction.
7. Infection, which enters the body through the blood or during respiration.
8. In children inflammation can be caused by enlarged adenoids.
9. Injury sinus mucosa.
10. Staying indoors for a long time with dry air or in a draft.
11. Launched dental diseases, non-compliance with oral care rules.
12. Strong hypothermia.
13. Abnormal pathologies maxillary sinuses.
14. Cyst, tumor.
15. Tuberculosis.
16. Radiation sickness.
17. Fungus, which affects the mucous membrane.

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Diagnosis of sinusitis

How to identify such a disease in time so that it does not lead to complications?

1. General inspection during a consultation with an otolaryngologist. The specialist can ask about symptoms, collect anamnesis, and prescribe a blood test.
2. X-ray. The most common and budget method. It can show the structure of the sinuses, the presence of purulent contents, foreign bodies, and neoplasms.
3. CT. Often this examination method is not available for most clinics, and where it is available, the research is expensive. However, such a diagnosis is very accurate.
   With its help, you can not only make a diagnosis, but also determine whether there is a possibility of complications. There is a contraindication - pregnancy.
4. MRI. Also an accurate and sensitive diagnostic method. Rarely prescribed by a specialist, only for certain indications.
5. Endoscopic examination sinuses
6. Ultrasound. It is carried out to clarify the shape and structure of the sinus and check for the presence of pus. Doctors rarely prescribe this diagnostic method.
7. Thermal imaging(obsolete method).
8. Puncture. Extraction of the contents of the sinus, which after the procedure will be sent for examination to clarify the diagnosis.

The main cause of bronchitis accompanied by sputum is a viral infection. The disease occurs due to damage by bacteria, and in some cases, when the body is exposed to allergens.

Now you can safely buy excellent natural preparations, which alleviate the symptoms of the disease, and in up to several weeks allow you to completely get rid of the disease.

Forms of sinusitis

Depending on distribution:

• Left-handed;
• Right-handed;
• Double-sided.

With the flow:

• Acute type(up to 3 weeks, symptoms are initially similar to those of colds and flu).
• Recurrent(sinusitis happens several times a year).
• Chronic(duration of inflammation from 2 months).

From the reason:

• Viral;
• Bacterial;
• Fungal;
• Traumatic;
• Allergic;
• Mixed;
• Due to medical interventions;
• Perforated;
• Endogenous (odontogenic, otogenic, vasomotor).

Treatment of sinusitis

You cannot prescribe treatment for yourself. The methods below are provided for informational purposes only. Sinusitis is a dangerous disease that can lead to serious consequences.

It is important not to start the inflammatory process and to visit an ENT doctor in time, who will give the necessary recommendations for treatment.

Medicines

Depending on the type of disease, treatment is selected.

Most often, a specialist prescribes:

1. Antibiotics.
   They are not always effective for such a disease, especially if they are selected at random, without testing for sensitivity.
   When sinusitis is caused by bacteria, antimicrobials are ideal for treatment.
   Otolaryngologists prescribe the following groups of antibiotics:

• penicillins,
• cephalosporins,
• macrolides,
• fluoroquinlones,
• antibacterial agents in the form of sprays.

1. Antiseptics.
   Recommended for viral form. The main task is to sanitize the nasal cavity.
   Prescribed drugs:

• Dioxidin 1%
• Miramistin
• Furacillin
• Protorgol

1. Special preparations for rinsing the nose in the form of solutions or drops.
   Represent salt solutions. Children are not recommended to do rinses at home due to the risk of middle ear inflammation.

• Dolphin
• Aquamaris
• Aqualor
• Salin

1. Homeopathic medicines.
   Such medications have a weak antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect. They improve the outflow of pus from the sinuses.
2. Nasal drops.
   Must be selected only by a doctor, all rules of use must be followed. For example, vasoconstrictor drops are used only for a week, no more, otherwise addiction may occur.

• Drops based on a mixture of essential oils
• Vasoconstrictors. They come with various additives (antibiotics)
• Sinuforte. Herbal preparation, contraindicated for pregnant women, breastfeeding women and allergy sufferers.

1. Antipyretics.
   Used for acute sinusitis, if the temperature is above 38°.
2. Anti-inflammatory drugs.
3. Antihistamines medicines.

It should be noted that antibiotics for sinusitis are not basic medicine. It is more important to relieve swelling in the nose, wash purulent discharge in the maxillary sinuses.

Washing

At home, rinsing the nasal cavity is not always correct.

There are special rinsing solutions that are sold in pharmacies; you can make them yourself (for example, a solution of table salt).

The nose is washed with a decoction medicinal herbs. The best way to rinse the nose, the patient should check with the attending physician, who will determine the right remedy on an individual basis.

What are the rules for carrying out the washing procedure?

1. Clear your nose of congestion.
2. Apply vasoconstrictors if there is swelling of the cavity.
3. Lean over the sink, tilting your head to the side. Inject the contents of the syringe without a needle or syringe into the nose.
4. Tilt your head to the other side, the cloudy purulent liquid should come out on its own.
5. Repeat the procedure with the other nostril.

This type of procedure is performed only by adults. Children rinse using a different method: they scoop the rinsing solution into their palms and then inhale the liquid.

Warming up

There are situations when warming up can be prescribed as a therapeutic measure, but it can only cause harm. After all, heating provokes inflammation, pus is produced even more than before.

When can you warm it up?

1. Initial stage of the disease (dry heat only)
2. After acute form, as a method of consolidating therapy.
3. A preventive measure during the cold season.

It is best to warm it with salt. Place it in a frying pan and fry for up to 5 minutes, stirring constantly. Hot salt is laid out on a dry piece of cloth, wrapped, and applied to the problem area. Keep the compress until it cools completely.

Inhalations

A very effective method of combating sinusitis. Inhalations relieve swelling, dilute purulent discharge, and facilitate breathing.

It is important to know that inhalations should be carried out only after a doctor’s prescription.

Inhalations can be aerosol and steam. The latter are considered the most accessible due to their convenience.

However, they have their side effects and contraindications:

• Inhaling hot steam causes discomfort in the patient.
• Burn of the nasal mucosa.
• Can't do steam inhalations at high temperature.

It is best to carry out inhalations for inflammation of the maxillary sinuses with a special device - nebulizer. The procedures are also simple and safe.

The medicine is sprayed and penetrates into all hard-to-reach places. Thus, the healing process goes much faster.

Burying

For sinusitis, you need to be able to put drops into your nose.

There are several methods of instillation:

1. Get on your knees, pulling your head towards them. Do the instillation in this position.
2. While in a standing position, pull your head towards your feet. Complete the procedure.
3. Lying on your back, slightly lift your head up. Place drops into the nose in this position.

Treatment with turundas

Lotions for the nasal cavity – turunda– have long been used as the most common and very effective method in therapy against inflammation of the maxillary sinuses.

They are a compress twisted from cotton wool, which is dipped in medicinal liquid and essential oil. Such lotions kill bacteria and relieve swelling in the nose.

Turundas are made with:

1. Vishnevsky ointment
2. Honey
3. Laundry soap
4. Propolis and oil
5. Baking soda
6. Levomekol
7. St. John's wort

The lotion can only be used once. Carry out the procedure with clean hands. The cotton wool itself from which the compress is made must be sterile. The depth of insertion should be carefully monitored.

Treatment with folk remedies

U traditional medicine There are recipes for the treatment of all diseases. Sinusitis is no exception.

1. Propolis drops. The propolis infusion is mixed with alcohol and vegetable oil is added. The solution for instillation is ready.
2. Kalanchoe. This is a houseplant whose juice has beneficial properties. It should be dripped into the nostril 1-2 drops several times a day. Juice causes prolonged sneezing when released a large number of purulent mucus.
3. Sea buckthorn oil. With this product you can do steam inhalations (10 drops of oil per 2-3 liters of boiling water). Use sea ​​buckthorn oil and just like drops in the nose.

Prevention

Follow a certain number of rules that will prevent the development of inflammation of the maxillary sinuses.

1. Get dressed in accordance with the season and weather conditions.
2. Strengthen your immunity. For this there are vitamin-mineral complexes and hardening.
3. Play sports. If there are no contraindications, go to Gym, pool, in sport sections. When this is not possible, just do exercises at home and walk more in the fresh air.
4. If you have a runny nose, always treat it with washes, medications.
5. Eat healthy and varied so that the body has enough necessary elements for the healthy functioning of internal organs.
6. Give up bad habits.
7. If there abnormalities in the structure of the nasal septum, You should contact a specialist to eliminate the defect.
8. Don't trigger allergies.

Sinusitis is very dangerous disease. It is an inflammation of the maxillary sinuses located next to the nasal cavity, between the eye socket and the dental arch.

This disease cannot be neglected; it can lead to consequences. Be sure to visit an otolaryngologist to prescribe diagnostic methods, made a diagnosis and recommended the necessary therapy.

Sinusitis is a widespread infectious disease, it is the most frequent illness ENT organs.

If the disease is detected in a timely manner and effective treatment You can say goodbye to sinusitis forever.

If the disease is started, it can threaten the transition of inflammation into chronic form and numerous complications (meningitis, swelling and abscess of the brain, inflammation optic nerve, thrombosis of the ophthalmic veins, otitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis and other serious diseases).

Sinusitis is an infectious inflammation in the maxillary (maxillary) sinus, affecting its mucous membrane. The disease can develop in one sinus (unilateral) or in both sinuses at once (bilateral). More often it is a complication after influenza or rhinitis.

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Who gets sinusitis?

Sinusitis affects more than 85% of people who regularly suffer from a runny nose.

This disease is common among women and men different ages. More often, it affects younger people who, due to their age, do not pay enough attention to their health. The disease develops more often in autumn, winter and early spring - during the season of respiratory diseases.

How does the disease spread?

The maxillary sinuses are cavernous air cavities on the sides of the nose, lined with a mucous epithelial membrane. When microbes enter and inflammation develops in them, this membrane begins to produce an increased amount of mucus. The resulting swelling prevents the natural removal of mucus, which leads to its stagnation - sinusitis develops.

Causes

The disease develops under the influence of microbes - viruses (parainfluenza, influenza, adenoviruses), bacteria (,).

Reasons for their active reproduction:

• Weakening of the immune system;
• , polyps, ;
• developing or untreated infections (flu, colds);
• rotting teeth, especially the upper ones;
• allergic diseases;
• defects and curvatures of the nasal septum.

Main symptoms in adults

First

• Unpleasant sensations in the nose and surrounding areas;
• the nose is stuffy, the sense of smell is impaired;
• the temperature is elevated;
• pain appears at the base of the nose, spreading to the forehead and teeth;
• the eyelids become red and swollen.

If these signs are detected, you should immediately consult a doctor and undergo treatment.

Symptoms in acute course

In the sinuses, the mucous membrane adjacent to it becomes inflamed blood vessels and loose tissue, signs appear:

• Stuffy nose, difficulty breathing through the nose;
• runny nose - lasting more than a week, in the form of clear mucus or yellow-green pus;
• headache;
• and higher;
• general weakness, loss of appetite;
• Sometimes photophobia and increased lacrimation may develop.

Chronic - inflammation penetrates under the mucosa, affecting the bone base of the maxillary sinuses. It occurs with alternating periods of exacerbations, with severe symptoms, and remission, with virtually no symptoms. Its symptoms:

• The cough is dry and appears at night when pus drains down the throat. This is the most pronounced symptom;
• headache;
• weakness;
• stuffy nose, constant purulent discharge from it.

Kinds

• Purulent - the most common;
• catarrhal - there is no pus, edema is highly developed. These are the two easiest types to treat;
• allergic – as a result of exposure to an allergen;
• hyperplastic – the mucous membrane grows;
• atrophic – atrophy of the mucous membrane occurs as a result of disruption of the glands;
• polypous - the mucous membrane grows, forming polyps. Treatment is only surgical.

Diagnostic methods

• Collecting anamnesis data - establishing the presence of symptoms;
• clinical examination of the patient - swelling and inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the presence of purulent discharge are detected;
• X-ray of the maxillary sinuses - inflammation is visible in the form of darkening, the most convenient, but not always accurate method;
• diaphanoscopy - a beam of light is scanned through the mouth.

The final result is determined after examination by an otolaryngologist.

Differential diagnosis

Differentiate:

• Odontogenic sinusitis - characterized by the absence of swelling in the nasal cavity and pharynx, it is always one-sided;
• fungal – characterized by a sluggish onset of the disease, irregular nasal discharge. They are finally differentiated on the basis of mycological examination;
• cysts - determined by the results of an x-ray; their microscopy shows no epithelial cells;
• malignant tumors – according to the results histological analysis formations and contents of the sinuses.

How to treat sinusitis?

General rules

• Maintaining fresh, humidified air in the room;
• diet - exclude all sweets, fried and starchy foods;
• warm, plentiful drink;
• taking a complex of vitamins and microelements;
• stopping smoking.

Acute course

It is usually carried out conservatively in order to ensure the removal of contents from the sinus. The following products are used as prescribed by a doctor:

• Vasoconstrictor drugs - to relieve edema (galazolin, Nazivin, oxymetazoline);
• antiseptic solutions - for nasal rinsing (chlorhexidine, decamethoxin, furatsilin);
• local antibiotics - in the form of sprays (Isofra, Bioparox, Polydex) and drops;
• systemic antibiotics - in the form of tablets and intramuscular injections with a prolonged illness;
• antihistamines - for allergies or severe intoxication and swelling (Erius, Zyrtec, Cetrin);
• mucolytics (thinning) - for too viscous secretions (Sinuforte, Erespal,);
• antipyretics – for elevated temperature(amidopyrine, aspirin).

Treatment of mild illness

• Drops for sinusitis - for a course of no more than three days;
• antibiotics local action– for bacterial infection;
• physiotherapy;
• nasal rinsing at home or in hospital:
• thinning, antihistamine, antipyretic - if necessary.

Treatment of moderate to severe illness

A course of systemic antibiotics is added - as prescribed by a doctor in accordance with the type of infectious agent.

How to treat chronic sinusitis?

During remission:

• Nasal rinsing - regular, using mineral water, saline solution;
• physiotherapy – in the absence of complications;
• systemic antibiotics - in small doses, only if necessary as prescribed by a doctor;
• avoiding contact with the allergen – in case of allergic sinusitis;
• timely treatment teeth – with odontogenic sinusitis;
• plastic surgery – for damage to the nasal septum.

During an exacerbation:

• Local antibiotics - weekly course;
• mucolytics - to thin mucus and accelerate its elimination;
• systemic antibiotics - for purulent sinusitis, injections or tablets as prescribed by a doctor;
• surgical treatment - puncturing the sinuses, washing them with antiseptics and administering antibiotics;
• Yamik catheter - allows you to get rid of the purulent contents of the sinuses without a puncture, and is one of the effective methods of treating sinusitis.

Antibiotics for sinusitis

The use of antibiotics is justified only for bacterial infections.

For severe bacterial infections, the use of an antibiotic is essential. The choice of antibiotic is made only by a doctor based on the results of identifying the pathogen. Penicillin drugs, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines are used.

The most effective for sinusitis are:

• Levofloxacin;
• amoxicillin/clavulanate;
• cefixime;
• cefuroxime;
• azithromycin;
• erythromycin.

Along with systemic antibiotics, local antibiotics are used. Their use makes it possible to provide a high concentration of the drug directly at the site of inflammation and avoid most side effects. It is very convenient to use them in the form of sprays. The most effective:

• Polydex;
• Bioparox;

Drops for sinusitis

Most popular drops– . But they do not cure the disease; they only temporarily make breathing easier. The danger of these drops is that constant narrowing of blood vessels can lead to just the opposite effect, leading from a simple runny nose to sinusitis. Therefore, such drops can be used only if necessary and for no more than 5 days in a row.

The main thing in treatment with drops is to ensure the removal of mucus and pus, avoiding stagnation. For this purpose, the following nasal drops have been developed and used:

• Sinuforte – natural remedy based on wild cyclamen. Stimulates increased secretion of mucus, along with which microbes are removed from the sinuses. This is one of the most effective means;
• – based on the antibiotic neomycin. It has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, decongestant and vasoconstrictor effects.

Physiotherapy

UHF– under the influence of an alternating field they expand small vessels, blood circulation accelerates, immunity is stimulated, pain and inflammation are reduced;

Ural Federal District– ultraviolet treatment has an antiseptic, analgesic and immunostimulating effect.

Treatment at home

Traditional medicine is effective in treating of this disease. Before using them, or if they are ineffective, you should consult your doctor.

Inhalations for sinusitis

• Honey - breathe over hot water with several tablespoons of honey dissolved in it;
• with propolis – a spoonful of propolis tincture per liter of boiling water;
• decoctions of medicinal herbs;
• boiled potatoes;
• garlic

Warming up the area of ​​the maxillary sinuses

• Salt - heated in a frying pan, in a bag, keep for 15 minutes;
• clay - keep warm clay cakes for 1 hour;
• chicken eggs - until they cool completely;

Tea mushroom. Gauze tampons are soaked in warm infusion of the mushroom and placed in the nostrils. The duration of the procedure is 7 hours, with tampons being changed every half hour. The course for acute sinusitis is 3 days, for chronic sinusitis – a week.

Onion. Crush the onion with the peel, wrap in cloth. Apply to forehead previously lubricated with cream for 5 minutes to remove mucus. The procedures are repeated every other day.

Nasal drops

• Rosehip or sea buckthorn oil;
• honey, eucalyptus tincture and brewed tea - mix a spoonful of each;
• purified birch tar - instillation three times during the day, every other day.

Prevention methods

Primary

• Strengthening immunity;
• hardening of the body;
• well vitamin complex during the period of respiratory diseases;
• refraining from hypothermia;
• complete and timely treatment of infectious diseases;
• refusal of vasoconstrictor drugs for;
• regular visits to the dentist.

Secondary

• Regular physical and breathing exercises;
• protection from contact with allergens;
• correction of structural defects of the nasal septum.

Forecast

For sinusitis, the prognosis is conditionally favorable. Correct and timely treatment can completely eliminate the disease.

IN advanced cases or with the wrong approach to therapy, serious and even fatal complications may develop.

Such simple illness, like rhinitis, can develop into serious sinusitis, threatening dangerous complications. If signs of sinusitis, a long incurable runny nose are detected, unpleasant sensations in the nose and surrounding areas, you should seek help from an otolaryngologist as soon as possible.

In the studio of Dr. Malakhova, methods of treating sinusitis are discussed.

Sinusitis is one of the types that is characterized by inflammation of the maxillary sinus (maxillary sinus). The name of the disease comes from the name of the sinus, the defeat of which causes the disease (the maxillary sinus in medicine is called the maxillary sinus; these sinuses are located on both sides of the nose, just below the eyes). The inflammatory process affects one or both maxillary sinuses.

Sinusitis can develop at any age, including in children. The incidence of sinusitis increases significantly in the cold season and can occur in various forms. When the disease develops, the inflammatory process covers both or one maxillary sinus. In this article you will learn about what the symptoms of sinusitis may be and how to treat it.

Causes

Experts believe that the main reason for the formation of pathology is the presence of bacterial or viral agents in the maxillary sinuses. During the autumn-winter period, the immune system is weakened and the body is susceptible to the penetration of bacteria that can provoke illness.

The maxillary sinuses are located in the thickness of the bones of the upper jaw closer to the nasal passage and have a volume of about 30 cm³. They secrete a secretion that moisturizes the nasal passages, protecting them from dust, allergens and pollution.

The causes of sinusitis can be different. For example:

• congenital disorders of the anatomy of the nasal cavity (deviated septum, enlarged nasal turbinates);
• allergic diseases;
• prolonged stay in a room where the air is too dry and heated to a high temperature;
• being in a draft;
• past influenza or;
• weakening of the immune system;
• mechanical damage to the nasal septum (any physical impact, injury, etc.);
• growth of polyps and;
• dangerous diseases such as tuberculosis, fungal infection mucous membrane, radiation sickness, tumors, etc.

The incidence of sinusitis is very high. Among diseases of the ENT organs they occupy first place. According to statistics, about 10 million people get sick in Russia every year.

Types of sinusitis

Sinusitis can be catarrhal or purulent. In catarrhal sinusitis, the discharge from the maxillary sinus is aseptic in nature, while in purulent sinusitis it contains microflora.

In the photo you can see: unilateral and bilateral sinusitis

Depending on what caused the onset of sinusitis, there are several types:

• varieties by degree of coverage distinguish between unilateral and bilateral sinusitis;
• depending on the presence of inflammation in one maxillary sinus or in both;
• according to the nature of the disease: acute, subacute and chronic sinusitis;
• Depending on the cause of sinusitis, it happens: viral, bacterial, fungal, traumatic.

Most often, both sinuses become inflamed, so bilateral sinusitis is most common. However, there are cases when the left or right sinus becomes inflamed, depending on this they distinguish between left-sided and right-sided.

Any type of sinusitis is dangerous to human health. Because it can or cause a more serious illness. If characteristic symptoms of sinusitis occur, it is necessary to begin treatment to avoid serious consequences.

Symptoms of sinusitis in adults

Often adults exhibit the following symptoms of sinusitis:

• Weakness;
• Constant nasal congestion;
• Cough;
• Chills;
• Chronic courses of tonsillitis;
• Fever;
• Pain syndromes that radiate to the forehead, teeth, nose. Pain sensations depend on which side is inflamed and filled with pus maxillary sinus. The head may hurt with right side or with the left.

One of the symptoms of sinusitis is inflammation of the mucous membrane. The photo above shows how the air circulation in the sinuses is blocked due to the swollen mucous membrane.

Signs of acute sinusitis

Acute sinusitis indicates that the infection develops quickly (over several days) and spreads throughout the body in a short time. Characteristic clinical symptoms of acute sinusitis mild course are:

• difficulty breathing through the nose;
• mucous discharge, in in rare cases mucopurulent;
• impaired sense of smell;
• slight pain in the forehead or projection of the maxillary sinuses.

Acute sinusitis of moderate and severe course is characterized by:

• general intoxication;
• fever of 38ᵒC and above;
• intense headache;
• severe pain in the projection of the sinuses;
• swelling of the eyelids and soft tissues of the face.

In moderate and severe cases of the disease, there is a risk of developing intracranial complications.

Symptoms of the chronic form

Chronic sinusitis in remission occurs with mild symptoms. Patients are usually concerned about:

• slight weakness, fatigue;
• intermittent headache without clear localization;
• nasal congestion, as a result of which the sense of smell is impaired;
• pain and sore throat when swallowing, caused by the irritating effect of mucus flowing from the inflamed sinus along the back wall of the throat;
• Often, especially in the morning, patients' eyelids swell and conjunctivitis appears.
• some swelling in the area of ​​​​the projection of the sinus onto the face.

When chronic sinusitis enters the acute stage, the patient’s well-being worsens:

• they note severe weakness,
• slight increase in temperature (usually no more than 37.5–37.7 C);
• The discharge changes its color most often a week after the exacerbation of the disease, it becomes yellow and sinusitis turns into a purulent form.
• The headache becomes more intense, especially when tilting the head forward, and a feeling of heaviness appears in the head.

Due to blockage of the mucous glands in chronic sinusitis, true cysts and small pseudocysts of the maxillary sinus often form.

Allergic sinusitis

It is characterized by a paroxysmal course with unexpected nasal congestion, itching, frequent sneezing And copious discharge. Quite often the disease occurs as a bilateral lesion. The following symptoms are characteristic of allergic sinusitis:

• headache;
• copious nasal discharge;
• chills, as well as a general deterioration in health;
• voltage and painful sensations in the sinus area;
• purulent mucous discharge from the nose is noted;
• Photophobia may occur;
• itching in the nose.

Viral

The disease is asymptomatic in most cases (or rather, mixed with the symptoms of the main viral infection), although in some cases the following are noted:

• Headache;
• Putrid odor from the mouth;
• Cough with mucous discharge;
• Fever;
• Toothache (upper jaw);
• Decreased sense of taste or smell.

Bacterial

Bacterial sinusitis usually begins after a cold or runny nose. Feeling worse, weakness occurs, and temperature rises. Pus or light yellow mucus with unpleasant smell. There is a feeling of nasal congestion and heaviness inside it. These symptoms are especially aggravated when tilting or turning the head.

Fungal

Usually occurs as a result of colonization of the mucous membrane by bacteria such as pneumococcus, streptococcus, against the background of weak body resistance. Depending on the type of inflammatory agent, the color of nasal discharge can vary from yellow to dark green. The main symptoms that accompany it:

• the appearance of white-yellow, white cheesy, jelly-like or even brown and black nasal discharge;
• sometimes - bloody streaks in the discharge;
• cyanosis of the nasal mucosa;
• swelling of the nose;
• severe difficulty in nasal breathing;
• nasal congestion becomes permanent;
• recurrent headaches;
• pain in the teeth, in the upper jaw;
• loss of smell.

The appearance of temperature during sinusitis

A prerequisite for the development of sinusitis is the addition of bacterial flora (most often it is Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococcus), so with sinusitis there is almost always a temperature.

A high temperature during sinusitis is an indicator of the characteristics of its form, and not just a sign of the disease itself.

Temperature usually indicates the presence of an inflammatory process. To eliminate the source of infection, it is necessary to destroy the environment favorable for the proliferation of pathogenic organisms. Thus, a mandatory stage of restorative therapy is the removal of purulent mucus, which is carried out mainly by rinsing.

Basically, the temperature will depend on the stage of the disease, its etiology and the body's resistance.

1. With acute purulent sinusitis in most people the temperature rises to 38-39 degrees. That is, the rise figures depend on the severity of the disease and the body’s immune response.
2. With an exacerbation of chronic sinusitis, the temperature, if it rises, is not very high. It can stay at 37-37.5 degrees.

You should try to normalize the temperature when it has reached 38-38.5 degrees, which can already harm the body. If the fever is lower, the body should be given the opportunity to devote its strength to fighting the infection, which begins to die during such a temperature.

In any case, remember that antipyretic drugs, like any other, for sinusitis should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor. Only well-chosen treatment will achieve eradication of the pathogen and complete recovery.

Exacerbation

The fact that this is sinusitis cannot be immediately understood, since the disease tends to be hidden behind various other diseases. Characteristic symptoms most often make themselves felt when the disease worsens. The main complaints of patients with exacerbation of inflammation are:

• Pain in the sinus area, which intensifies when chewing, tilting the head sharply, or sneezing.
• Discharge from the nose mixed with pus.
• Severe nasal congestion, which can cause headaches and fatigue.
• A slight swelling of the skin over the jaw, which is accompanied by pain when pressed.
• Increase in body temperature to 38 degrees.
• Change in voice timbre, nasality.

Diagnostics

Sinusitis is diagnosed and treated by ENT doctors; the diagnosis is made based on complaints and examination, as well as x-rays of the paranasal sinuses. Diagnosis of sinusitis begins with a general examination, including:

1. studying the patient's medical history(transferred colds, the results of the latest laboratory research etc.);
2. examination of the nasal cavity;
3. physical examination, in which the doctor palpates the area around the nose, above and below the eyes to determine the presence of pain and its intensity.
4. general blood analysis, which includes counting all types of blood cells (erythrocytes, platelets), determining their parameters (cell sizes, etc.), leukocyte formula, measurement of hemoglobin level, determination of cell mass to plasma ratio
5. X-ray of the paranasal sinuses. To clarify the diagnosis, as a rule, an X-ray examination is prescribed. With sinusitis, the image shows a darkening in the area of ​​the maxillary sinuses - the accumulation of mucus in the cavities does not allow x-rays to pass through.
6. CT scan of the sinuses. The situation is more complicated in the chronic form of the disease: you need CT scan paranasal sinuses to identify a foreign body, polypous process, cysts and other changes. The examination of the sinuses is carried out within 5 minutes and is absolutely painless. This method involves the use of X-rays on the area being examined.

How to find out whether you have sinusitis or not on your own? Try tilting your head down and holding it for 3-5 seconds, usually with sinusitis it occurs strong feeling heaviness, pressing on the bridge of the nose and eye area. Raising your head, the discomfort usually subsides, disappearing completely after a while. Of course, this is an approximate diagnosis; only an ENT doctor can establish the correct diagnosis.

Treatment methods for sinusitis

In the treatment of sinusitis the most effective is A complex approach. Its goal is to suppress the infectious focus in the sinus and improve its drainage. Non-puncture, painless treatment methods in combination with drug treatment lead to complete recovery, prevent the transition of inflammation to a purulent acute, chronic stage.

• Treatment of acute sinusitis

In case of exacerbation of the process, it should be carried out complex treatment, the goals of which are to restore normal nasal breathing and destroy the causative agent of the disease. Acute sinusitis mild degree has a tendency to self-permit. No special treatment regimens are used. Treatment is symptomatic. Apply:

1. Anti-inflammatory medicines– to combat general symptoms of inflammation.
2. Vasoconstrictor drugs - to improve the natural communication of the sinuses with the nasal cavity.

To reduce swelling of the mucous membrane and restore normal ventilation of the sinuses, local vasoconstrictor drugs (sanorin, galazolin, naphthyzin, otilin, nazivin) are used for a period of no more than 5 days. In case of significant hyperthermia, antipyretic drugs are prescribed; severe intoxication– antibiotics. You can avoid adverse side effects and achieve a high concentration of the drug at the site of inflammation by using topical antibiotics.

With advanced inflammation, the outlet of the maxillary sinus is blocked by thickened accumulations of mucus and pus. Depending on the severity of the inflammation, the patient may only need one puncture of the maxillary cavity, followed by cleansing of pus and washing the sinuses with medicinal solutions.

• Treatment for chronic sinusitis

The main goals of treatment are aimed at:

1. Reducing inflammation in the sinuses;
2. Restoring the patency of the nasal passages;
3. Elimination of the cause of chronic sinusitis;
4. Reducing the incidence of sinusitis.

The patient must be prescribed antibiotics, local rinsing of the sinuses with antiseptic solutions, antihistamines and vasoconstrictor nasal drops.

It is very important to get rid of the proliferation of microorganisms, for this they use antibacterial drugs– Cefix, Cefodox, Ceftriaxone, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin.

If a doctor prescribes antibiotics, it is important to complete the entire course. Typically, this means that you will have to take them for 10-14 or even more - even after the sinus symptoms have gone away. If you stop taking them for early stage, then symptoms may return.

Drug therapy

Bacteria that provoke the development of sinusitis are quickly suppressed by tetracycline and penicillin series. They cause the death of bacteria. Next, you will learn about tablets that help with sinusitis.

Mostly for sinusitis, doctors prescribe best antibiotics tetracycline and penicillin group, which are capable of destroying the walls of bacterial cells, causing their death. Their advantages include:

• Wide spectrum of action;
• Stability in the stomach environment;
• A small number of side effects;
• Minimum side effects.

TO effective antibiotics relate:

You need to remember that if a large amount of pus has accumulated in the maxillary sinuses (occurs purulent sinusitis) and it is not removed, the effect of the antibiotic will be weakened. In addition, the effectiveness is slightly reduced if there is swelling of the sinuses.
It is important to know that all of the above remedies relieve symptoms within 1-2 days after the start of treatment. But you should not stop taking antibiotics just because the patient feels much better. This way, sinusitis can become chronic, and antibiotics will lose their ability to destroy or inhibit infectious bacteria.

It should be remembered that the entire period of treatment ( especially if you get sinusitis during the cold season ) the patient should wrap his face high with a scarf to prevent hypothermia. Full course of therapy acute process can last up to 2 months.

Nasal drops

Only a doctor who constantly monitors the patient should decide which drops to treat sinusitis. There is no need to use drops for sinusitis and sinusitis for more than 6 days. According to doctors, they are addictive if used longer than the specified time.

There are several types of nasal drops for the treatment of sinusitis. These groups include:

1. Vasoconstrictors
2. Anti-inflammatory Drops with antibacterial action
3. Herbal nasal preparations
4. Antihistamine drops
5. Drops with sea ​​water
6. Complex drops.

Nasal drops	Instructions
Isofa	The dosage of the drug should be determined by an otolaryngologist. The duration of treatment with this remedy can be from 7 to 10 days, no more. Otherwise, the body will stop accepting this medicine, and the bacteria will become immune to it. If a person feels better already on the 3rd day of therapy with these drops, then they still need to continue treatment. You cannot take breaks or stop using this antibiotic.
Tizin	This drug is used for various acute and chronic diseases respiratory organs. Tizin treats sinusitis, rhinitis (both allergic and vasomotor), sinusitis, hay fever. Different shapes release is determined by special treatment regimens: for patients with sinusitis over 12 years of age, the dosage is increased to 2 drops into the nasal passage, also three times a day; spray 0.1% is used for children over 6 years of age, as well as for adults - in each nasal passage up to 3 times a day.
Naphthyzin	A drug for instillation in adults and children, active substance which is naphazoline, belongs to the category of vasoconstrictors and is available without a prescription. Instillation of Naphthyzin is carried out three times a day. Adults and adolescents over 15 years old, drop 1-3 drops into each nasal passage,
Pinosol	A product created on the basis of exclusively natural ingredients. It contains pine and peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil extract, alpha-tocopherol acetate and thymol. In the acute course of the disease, in the first two days, one drop is administered into each nostril with an interval of 2 hours. In the following days, the medication is indicated in a dose of 2 drops up to three times a day.
Protargol	As long-term ENT practice shows, protargol has a very effective therapeutic effect for sinusitis. For the treatment of ENT diseases: adults should instill 3-5 drops into the nose 2 times a day.
Nazivin	Nazivin reduces the permeability of blood vessels in the nasal mucosa. Excess fluid is no longer retained in the tissues. Thus, the anastomosis, the canal between the nasal passage and the sinus, is released. 0.05% concentrate for adults, 1-2 drops 3 times a day.

Puncture of the maxillary sinus

When the form is running, when traditional methods they don’t help, a puncture is done. Puncture of the maxillary sinus is considered an operation, although not a particularly complicated one. Piercing the nose for sinusitis helps not only to alleviate the patient’s well-being, but also to finally recover from such an unpleasant illness

Indications for puncture for sinusitis are as follows:

• Traditional treatment methods have not produced a therapeutic effect and the patient’s condition is only getting worse.
• Nasal congestion is accompanied by severe headaches, aggravated by tilting the head forward.
• An unpleasant odor emanates from the patient's nose.

Puncture of the nasal sinuses for sinusitis is carried out using a special Kulikovsky needle. Before this, the patient is given a fairly strong painkiller. A syringe is attached to the needle and the sinus is washed with it, thus removing its contents (pus, blood or mucus).

Washing is done with several types of solutions: antiseptic and decongestant. Then a special long-term medication is injected into the sinus to further combat the disease.

Selection postoperative treatment must be carried out by the attending physician, and strictly individually.

Surgical treatment of sinusitis

IN severe cases necessary surgical intervention. But surgery is only recommended in cases where other treatment options have failed. These methods include:

• Correction of the nasal septum (septoplaty) - surgery to eliminate a deviated nasal septum. The purpose of the operation is to improve nasal breathing;
• Radioturbation of the nasal concha;
• Partial or complete removal nasal mucosa (conchotomy) is an operation that involves removing the nasal turbinates. Another name for this operation is turbinectomy. Surgery is necessary when it is determined that enlarged turbinates are the cause of nasal breathing problems, chronic rhinitis and inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (chronic sinusitis);
• Removal of nasal polyps (polypotomy). The essence of the method is that the structure of the polyp sharply loses fluid under the influence of the laser. “Evaporation” of polypous tissue occurs, i.e. its reduction.

The surgical intervention aims to create a permanent connection between the nose and the maxillary sinus. TO radical surgery resort when severe forms sinusitis.

Nutrition for sinusitis

Products that should be in the diet for sinusitis:

• Fresh juices especially from carrots, beets, spinach and cucumber. Juices from these vegetables can be drunk either individually or in the form of a cocktail. For example, in proportions 3:1:2:1.
• Herbal teas based on chamomile, string, St. John's wort, tea rose and others. Warm drink and steam from a cup moisturize the mucous membranes, facilitate the outflow of mucus and breathing through the nose.
• Natural mineral water– maintains normal mineral-water balance in the body, improves blood composition, increases the body’s resistance.

As the severity decreases clinical symptoms(with successful treatment of acute sinusitis), a three-component basic diet is recommended. The diet should consist of three groups food products: seeds, nuts and grains, vegetables and fruits.

Washing

The procedure for cleansing the sinuses and nasal cavity significantly reduces swelling of the mucous membrane, tones the capillary system, and also improves the immune functions of the epithelium, which in turn begins to fight the problem on its own. The main function of nasal rinsing is not only to remove stagnant mucus, but also to restore full-fledged natural process its conclusion.

1. Before you start rinsing your nose with the solution, you need to relieve congestion with vasoconstrictor agents. After 10 minutes, you can begin rinsing;
2. A popular method of rinsing is using a syringe or syringe without a needle. But it is more convenient to rinse the nose with a special device called a jala neti teapot, or using a special nasal syringe purchased at a pharmacy;
3. Tilting your head to the side, you need to insert the device into the nostril and begin to pour liquid into it. Then you need to slowly tilt your head to the other side for the solution to come out. The same action is repeated with the second nostril.

The most common are rinses with drugs - saline solution and sea water; also often used:

• dioxidine
• dolphin
• furatsilin
• propolis tincture

Is it possible to warm your nose if you have sinusitis?

Sinusitis does not go away on its own or just from warming up, so under no circumstances should it be started. And even a common runny nose must be treated, since the likelihood of it developing into acute and then chronic sinusitis is quite high.

Sinusitis should not be treated with heating at the acute stage of its development.. Heat leads to increased swelling, congestion will not go away, it will only increase. It is heat, acting on purulent inflamed areas, that activates the process of pus coming out. But the sinuses are blocked, and the movement of pus will be in a completely different direction: the infection will spread to the teeth, ears, eyes, and brain.

As you can see, the possibility of using warming depends on the stage of the disease and the characteristics of its course in a particular patient.

In general, if you are not sure whether it is possible to warm your nose during sinusitis at your stage, you should contact a specialist to avoid various kinds of complications. After all, prompt and correctly selected treatment will give extremely positive results.

What happens if sinusitis is not treated: consequences and complications for humans

This disease should be considered very insidious disease. Symptoms begin suddenly. The patient complains of bad general health: weakness, drowsiness, heat bodies. The main complaint is headache and purulent nasal discharge, so you definitely need to understand that sinusitis is dangerous.

Complications after sinusitis can be divided into two large groups. The first group includes Negative consequences, which are associated with the ENT organs and the respiratory system.

Among them we can distinguish such pathological processes as:

• Transition from acute to chronic;
• Inflammatory phenomena in the pharynx and tonsils;
• Spread of sinusitis to other sinuses;
• Inflammation of the middle ear ().

Complications from other organs:

1. . A very serious complication of chronic sinusitis is inflammation of the soft membranes of the brain and spinal cord, i.e. meningitis. The disease can be acute (symptoms appear within a couple of hours from the onset of the disease) or be sluggish.
2. Sepsis. Sinusitis can lead to sepsis. When too much pus accumulates, it leaks out of the sinuses and spreads throughout the body. It often enters the bloodstream, which causes sepsis.
3. Osteoperiostitis. Limited inflammation of the bone and periosteum of the orbit, clinically usually diagnosed as periostitis. Can be located in any department and can be either non-purulent or purulent character, up to the formation of an abscess.

Always treat illnesses on time, consult a doctor and do not forget about an annual preventive examination.

Prevention

Immunologists say that it is imperative to prevent sinusitis during a runny nose, since people with this symptom are especially susceptible to developing this disease.

For this reason, experts strongly recommend that in the autumn-winter period people with weakened immune systems consume as many vitamins as possible, and sometimes the use of special drugs, mainly vitamin complexes.

Sinusitis in adults often occurs against the background of other diseases, so to prevent it, you should be treated in time and avoid factors that provoke colds:

1. Treat teeth immediately when signs of a problem appear.
2. Brush your teeth 2 times a day.
3. Treat allergies.
4. Wash your hands after going outside and before eating.
5. Don't get too cold.
6. Carry out wet cleaning regularly.
7. Get vaccinated.

On frosty days, make sure that the indoor air is not only warm, but also humidified. It is recommended to place a vessel with water next to the battery - this will be enough to prevent the climate from being dry. After all, this can lead to drying of your nasal mucous membranes, which can trigger the onset of the disease, because in winter we suddenly go from a warm room into the cold.

If it is still not possible to avoid sinusitis, it is necessary to begin treatment immediately so that the disease does not become chronic. It is extremely difficult to cure chronic sinusitis: the disease will return again and again after any cold or the slightest hypothermia. To prevent this from happening, acute sinusitis should be completely cured.

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled voids that are located in the bones of the facial skull. They have some ducts into the nasal cavity. In total, humans have 4 groups of cavities; the maxillary and frontal cavities are located symmetrically, that is, on both sides of the nose. Their inner surface lined with epithelium with certain cells that have the ability to produce mucous contents. Mucus of this kind moves towards the ducts with the help of cilia and is expelled.

The paranasal sinuses surround the human nose on all sides; they are presented in the form of cavities, which include the maxillary sinuses. Based on their location, they are called the maxillary sinuses, and they received their first name in honor of the English physician who first described the disease sinusitis. In internal parts such cavities contain vessels and nerve endings. Such components are displaced into the nasal cavity using the anastomosis.

Features of the structure of the maxillary sinus

The maxillary sinuses are formed much earlier than the air cavities located in the facial part of the skull. U infants they look like some small dimples. The process of their formation is completely completed by the age of 12-14 years.

It is interesting to know that in older people, bone tissue often breaks down, and that is why their maxillary sinus enlarges.

The anatomical structure of the maxillary sinuses is as follows. They are combined with the nasal cavity through a narrow-shaped connecting channel, which is called an anastomosis. Anatomical feature their structure is that in calm state they are filled with oxygen and pneumotized. Inside, these recesses consist of thin mucous membranes, on which a number of nerve plexuses and elastic formations are located. That is why, localized in the nasal cavities, it often occurs in a latent form, and only then do pronounced symptoms appear.

The maxillary sinuses consist of upper, outer, inner, anterior and posterior walls. Each of them has individual characteristics. It is worth noting that you can notice the manifestation of the disease on your own, but you should not take any action aimed at treatment. Self-medication is a rather dangerous activity, which often causes negative consequences. A person should contact a specialist who will select treatment.

Anastomosis and its structure

This part of the nose is responsible for the free circulation of air inside the cavity. The anastomosis of the maxillary sinuses is located in their rear walls. It is characterized by a round or oval shape. The size of the anastomosis is from 3-5 millimeters. It is covered with mucous membranes, which contain a minimum of nerve endings and blood vessels.

The anastomosis has the ability to expand and contract. It increases due to the outflow of mucus, which protects it. The following reasons can provoke a narrowing of the anastomosis:

• viral and infectious diseases;
• structural features of the body;
• various pathologies of the upper respiratory tract.

In the anastomosis there are many small particles called cilia, which are constantly in motion and push accumulated mucus to the exit. If the anastomosis has a significant diameter, the mucous contents, as a rule, do not have time to accumulate. In this case, evacuation of the contents is ensured even during viral diseases.

Changing the configuration of the anastomosis certainly affects the development of diseases. If the anastomosis decreases, the mucus produced accumulates in the cavity, and then it stagnates. This creates the most favorable environment for the development and reproduction of pathological bacteria. It happens, and sinusitis is diagnosed.

Vasodilation also often causes pathology, in some cases cysts occur. This happens due to the fact that with each breath a current penetrates into the cavity. cool air. In most cases, formations of this kind do not require therapy, but constant monitoring of them is simply necessary. The patient’s main task is simply to regularly visit the otolaryngologist.

Top and bottom walls

Thickness upper walls maxillary sinuses does not exceed 1.2 mm. They border on the orbit, and that is why the inflammatory process in such a cavity often has bad influence on the eyes and visual function in general. It is worth noting that the consequences in this case can be the most unpredictable. Against the background of sinusitis, conjunctivitis and other, more dangerous pathologies organs of vision.

The thickness of the lower wall is quite small; in certain areas of the bone it is completely absent, and the vessels and nerve endings passing through such places are separated only by the periosteum. It is this factor that increases the risk of sinusitis due to dental diseases. This occurs due to the fact that the roots of the teeth of the upper jaw are located quite close and are not protected.

Inner wall

The inner wall is also called the medial wall and is located next to the middle and lower nasal passages. The adjacent zone is often connected, but at the same time quite thin. It is through this that they are often carried out.

The wall joining the lower passage, in most cases, has a membranous structure. In this area there is an opening of the maxillary sinus, through which the maxillary sinuses and nasal cavities connect, and if blocked, an inflammatory process is formed. That is why it is worth remembering that a common runny nose should be a reason to see a doctor, because prolonged self-medication often causes negative consequences.

It should be noted that the maxillary sinus has an anastomosis, the length of which reaches 1 centimeter. Due to its location in upper section sinusitis becomes chronic. This is due to the fact that the outflow of fluid is very difficult.

Front and back walls

The facial wall of the maxillary sinuses is characterized as the densest. It is covered by the tissues of the cheek, and only it is accessible for palpation. On its front wall there is a canine fossa, which is used as a guide when opening the mandibular cavity.

A recess of this kind can have different depths. In some cases, it reaches a significant size and when puncturing the sinuses from the lower nasal passage, the needle has the ability to penetrate the orbit or soft tissue of the cheek. This often becomes the cause of purulent complications, therefore it is extremely important to involve only an experienced specialist to perform the manipulation.

The posterior wall of the maxillary sinuses is often adjacent to the maxillary tubercle. Downside it is turned towards the pterygopalatine fossa, in which a certain specific venous plexus is located. Do not forget that with inflammatory processes in the paranasal sinuses, blood poisoning is possible.

The maxillary sinus performs the most important internal and external functions. Among the internal ones, ventilation and drainage are distinguished, among external ones - barrier, secretory and suction.

The maxillary sinuses (maxillary sinuses) are paired air cavities that are located in the body of the maxillary bone on the right and left sides of the nasal septum. Their inner surface is lined with a mucous membrane, which contains a small number of unicellular glands (goblet cells) that produce mucus. That is why, when the maxillary cavity is inflamed, a runny nose occurs extremely rarely. Why do the maxillary sinuses hurt?

Inflammation of the maxillary cavity often occurs as a complication of influenza, rhinorrhea, measles and others infectious diseases. Pain and burning in the paranasal sinuses most often indicate the development of sinusitis. Inflammation is often caused by bacteria, viruses, allergens and injuries. From the article you will learn about the causes of pain in the paranasal sinuses and the most effective methods treatment of ENT diseases.

About the disease

Pain in the maxillary sinuses is a clear sign of the development of maxillary sinusitis (sinusitis). Due to the structural features of the paranasal sinuses, the viscous secretion formed as a result of the disease is not evacuated from the nasopharynx, but stagnates inside the air cavities. The cause of pathological processes in the mucous membrane of the ENT organs can be:

• microbial, viral or fungal infection;
• allergic runny nose or hay fever;
• deviated nasal septum;
• benign tumors in the nasopharynx (polyps);
• swelling of the anastomosis of the maxillary sinus.

Quite often, sinusitis without rhinitis (runny nose) develops against the background of other respiratory diseases: ARVI, scarlet fever, influenza, vasomotor rhinitis etc. If diseases are not treated in a timely manner, the paranasal sinuses, in particular the maxillary sinuses, become involved in inflammatory processes. People develop sinusitis mainly due to decreased local immunity. If the body cannot cope with the pressure pathogens, this inevitably leads to the spread of infection and, as a consequence, the development of sinusitis.

Important! Late diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis is fraught with breakthrough of the abscess and infection meninges, which leads to meningitis or rhinogenic sepsis.

Treatment methods

What to do if your maxillary sinus hurts? First of all, it is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and establish the cause of the inflammation of the respiratory tract. To do this, the patient should undergo radiography and submit biomaterials for microbiological analysis. Based on the obtained images and culture results, the otolaryngologist will be able to determine the location of the lesions and the causative agent of the infection. Depending on the severity of the disease, treatment of maxillary sinusitis is carried out in two ways:

Conservative therapy

Non-surgical treatment is carried out with chemical, biological and by physical means. Conservative therapy has two main goals: the destruction of infection in the maxillary sinuses and the elimination of inflammatory processes in the mucous membranes. As a rule, the treatment regimen for respiratory diseases includes:

• medications – stop the main manifestations of the disease and destroy pathogens;
• physiotherapeutic procedures – stimulate regeneration processes in tissues and increase local immunity(laser therapy, radiotherapy, UHF therapy).

Only a qualified specialist can correctly draw up a treatment regimen after identifying the causative agent of the infection. It should be understood that sinusitis can be provoked not only by bacteria or viruses, but also by allergic agents. In all cases, the principles of treatment will have significant differences.

Surgery

A surgical operation is performed to pump out purulent masses from the maxillary cavity. TO surgical intervention resort only if drug and physiotherapeutic treatment is ineffective. Until recently, puncture of the maxillary sinus was the only possible way to quickly remove pus from the air cavities. Today, there are more gentle, minimally invasive procedures that can be used to painlessly remove pathological secretions from the affected paranasal sinuses. They are used in the treatment of sinusitis in children and women during pregnancy. Sanitation of ENT organs takes no more than 30-40 minutes, so treatment is often carried out on an outpatient basis.

Systemic treatment

An infection in the maxillary sinus can be eliminated through a course of etiotropic drugs that directly destroy the causative agent of the infection. Depending on the causes of the development of maxillary sinusitis, the patient may be prescribed the following types of medications:

Antibiotics

Antimicrobials are used to treat bacterial infections. Systemic antibiotics destroy microbes not only in areas of inflammation, but throughout the body. This allows you to prevent the spread of infection and stop inflammation in the maxillary cavity. Often for treatment bacterial infections in the paranasal sinuses use:

• penicillins - “Unazin”, “Panklav”, “Amoxiclav”;
• macrolides – Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Dirithromycin;
• cephalosporins - Cemidexor, Ceftriaxone, Suprax;
• fluoroquinolones – “Moxifloxacin”, “Ciprofloxacin”, “Levofloxacin”.

Penicillins often cause allergic reactions, so they are usually replaced with cephalosporin or macrolide antibiotics.

Antifungal medications

Antimycotics ( antifungal agents) is used to destroy mycotic, i.e. fungal flora in the respiratory tract. Very often, the fungal form of sinusitis develops due to irrational use local antibiotics– “Isofra”, “Bioparoxa”, etc. Abuse antimicrobial agents leads to a decrease in local immunity, which creates optimal conditions for the propagation of opportunistic fungi of the genus Candida. Typically, the following drugs are used to treat fungal sinusitis:

• "Ketoconazole";
• "Amphotericin B";
• "Itraconazole"

If fungal flora develops, the maxillary sinus does not always hurt. For this reason, the disease most often develops practically asymptomatically. Delayed treatment of mycoses leads to tissue necrosis inside the air spaces, which is a direct indication for surgery.

An unpleasant smell from the nose, difficulty breathing through the nose and a feeling of fullness of the maxillary sinuses from the inside are the key manifestations of fungal sinusitis.

Antiviral drugs

Antiviral medications are prescribed if maxillary sinusitis occurs due to the development of a viral infection in the respiratory tract. As a rule, the disease develops against the background acute rhinitis, flu, herpes and other respiratory diseases. Foci of inflammation in the paranasal sinuses can be eliminated using the following drugs:

• "Oseltamivir";
• "Remantadine";
• "Amantadine."

Important! Antibiotics are not active against viruses, so they cannot be used to treat viral sinusitis.

In rare cases, sinusitis occurs due to the spread herpetic infection inside the airways. In this case, inflammation can be stopped by taking Valaciclovir or Acyclovir-Acri."

Local treatment

You can alleviate the course of the disease and eliminate inflammation directly in the nasal mucosa with topical medications. They contain components that have anti-edematous, antiseptic, wound-healing and analgesic properties. In this regard, the treatment regimen for sinusitis of almost any etiology includes the following drugs:

Medicines for intranasal administration help reduce inflammation in the anastomosis of the maxillary sinuses. Thus, the patency of the airways increases, as a result of which the outflow of mucus from the maxillary cavities improves. This prevents the abscess from breaking through and the development of inflammation in the membranes of the brain.

The most effective nasal medications include:

Abuse of hormonal drugs leads to allergic reactions and the development of medicinal rhinitis.

Corticosteroids quickly stop inflammation and relieve swelling of the mucous membranes. However, they can only be used as prescribed by a doctor in the dosage recommended by him.

Sanitation of the nasal cavity allows you to quickly cleanse the mucous membrane of viscous secretions and eliminate swelling. As preparations for washing the nasopharynx, it is advisable to use antiseptics and preparations based on sea ​​salt. The former destroy the infection in areas of inflammation, and the latter dilute and remove pathological secretions from the paranasal sinuses. To the most effective means for irrigation of the nasal cavity include:

• "Chlorophyllipt";
• "Chlorhexidine";
• "Dolphin"
• "Physiomer";
• "Furacilin".

Physiotherapeutic procedures should be performed at least 3-4 times a day during the period of exacerbation of the disease. Regular sanitization of the airways helps strengthen local immunity and reduce swelling in soft tissues. In addition, isotonic solutions prevent drying out of the mucous membrane and the development of atrophic rhinitis.

Conclusion

Pain in the paranasal sinuses is a sign of inflammation of the mucous membrane in the upper respiratory tract. If discomfort is felt in the maxillary cavities, as a rule, this indicates the development of maxillary sinusitis (sinusitis). Respiratory disease can be triggered by allergens, infections or injuries. Secondary sinusitis often occurs as a complication of influenza, rhinorrhea, allergic rhinitis, etc. Treatment of ENT diseases is accompanied by taking medications with anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous and regenerative effects. Fungal inflammation is treated with antimycotics, bacterial inflammation with antibiotics, and viral inflammation with antiviral agents. In case of severe sinusitis, a puncture is made in the maxillary sinus, after which pus is removed from the affected cavity. This allows you to prevent the breakthrough of the abscess and, as a consequence, the development of meningitis.