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The safest antibiotics. New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics - list, description, application

Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of living cells or lead to their death. May be of natural or semi-synthetic origin. Used to treat infectious diseases caused by the growth of bacteria and harmful microorganisms.

Universal

Broad-spectrum antibiotics - list:

These drugs are used in cases where it is impossible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection. Their advantage is large list microorganisms sensitive to the active substance. But there is also a drawback: in addition to pathogenic bacteria, antibiotics wide range actions contribute to suppression of the immune system and disruption of normal intestinal microflora.

List strong antibiotics new generation with a wide spectrum of action:

Antibiotics of the new generation are notable for their deeper degree of purification of the active substance. Thanks to this, the drugs have much less toxicity compared to earlier analogues and cause less harm to the body as a whole.

Narrowly targeted:

Bronchitis

The list of antibiotics for cough and bronchitis usually does not differ from the list of broad-spectrum drugs. This is explained by the fact that the analysis of sputum takes about seven days, and until the causative agent of the infection is precisely identified, a product with the maximum number of bacteria sensitive to it is needed.

Besides, latest research show that in many cases the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis is unjustified. The point is that the purpose similar drugs effective if the nature of the disease is bacterial. If the cause of bronchitis is a virus, antibiotics will not have any positive effect.

Commonly used antibiotic drugs for inflammatory processes in the bronchi:

Angina

List of antibiotics for sore throat:

The listed antibiotics are effective against sore throats caused by bacteria, most often bethemolytic streptococci. As for the disease caused by fungal microorganisms, the list is as follows:

Nystatin.
Levorin.
Ketoconazole.

Colds and flu (ARI, ARVI)

Antibiotics for common colds are not included in the list of necessary ones medicines, given the fairly high toxicity of antibiotics and possible side effects. Treatment with antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as restoratives, is recommended. In any case, it is necessary to consult a therapist.

Sinusitis

List of antibiotics for sinusitis - in tablets and for injections:

This is a group of natural or semi-synthetic organic substances that can destroy microbes or suppress their reproduction. On this moment there are many known various types antibiotics endowed various properties. Knowledge of these properties is the basis proper treatment antibiotics. The individual qualities and effects of an antibiotic mainly depend on its chemical structure. In this article we will talk about the most well-known groups of antibiotics, show the mechanism of their work, their spectrum of action, and the possibilities of use for the treatment of various infections.

Antibiotic groups
Antibiotics are substances of natural or semi-synthetic origin. Antibiotics are obtained by extracting them from colonies of fungi, bacteria, plant or animal tissues. In some cases, the original molecule is subjected to additional chemical modifications in order to improve certain properties of the antibiotic (semi-synthetic antibiotics).

At the moment, there are a huge number of different antibiotics. True, only a few of them are used in medicine; others, due to increased toxicity, cannot be used to treat infectious diseases in humans. The extreme diversity of antibiotics led to the creation of a classification and division of antibiotics into groups. At the same time, antibiotics with similar chemical structure(originating from the same raw material molecule) and action.

Below we will look at the main groups of currently known antibiotics:
Beta-lactam antibiotics
The group of beta-lactam antibiotics includes two large subgroups of well-known antibiotics: penicillins and cephalosporins, which have a similar chemical structure.

Penicillin group

Penicillins are obtained from colonies of the mold Penicillium, hence the name of this group of antibiotics. The main effect of penicillins is associated with their ability to inhibit the formation of the cell wall of bacteria and thereby suppress their growth and reproduction. During the period of active reproduction, many types of bacteria are very sensitive to penicillin and therefore the effect of penicillins is bactericidal.

Important and useful property penicillins is their ability to penetrate into the cells of our body. This property of penicillins makes it possible to treat infectious diseases, the pathogen of which “hides” inside the cells of our body (for example, gonorrhea). Antibiotics from the penicillin group have increased selectivity and therefore have virtually no effect on the body of the person receiving treatment.

The disadvantages of penicillins include their rapid elimination from the body and the development of bacterial resistance to this class of antibiotics.

Biosynthetic penicillins are obtained directly from mold colonies. The most well-known biosynthetic penicillins are benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin. These antibiotics are used to treat sore throat, scarlet fever, pneumonia, wound infections, gonorrhea, syphilis.

Semi-synthetic penicillins are obtained on the basis of biosynthetic penicillins by adding various chemical groups. At the moment, there are a large number of semi-synthetic penicillins: amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, azlocillin.

An important advantage of some antibiotics from the group of semisynthetic penicillins is their activity against penicillin-resistant bacteria (bacteria that destroy biosynthetic penicillins). Thanks to this, semisynthetic penicillins have a wider spectrum of action and therefore can be used in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.

Basic adverse reactions problems associated with the use of penicillins are allergic in nature and are sometimes the reason for refusing to use these drugs.

Group of cephalosporins

Cephalosporins also belong to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics and have a structure similar to that of penicillins. For this reason, some of the side effects of the two groups of antibiotics are the same (allergy).

Cephalosporins are highly active against a wide range of different microbes and are therefore used in the treatment of many infectious diseases. An important advantage of antibiotics from the cephalosporin group is their activity against microbes resistant to penicillin (penicillin-resistant bacteria).

There are several generations of cephalosporins:
First generation cephalosporins(Cefalothin, Cephalexin, Cefazolin) are active against large quantity bacteria and are used for treatment various infections respiratory tract, urinary system, for the prevention of postoperative complications. Antibiotics of this group are usually well tolerated and do not cause serious adverse reactions.

II generation cephalosporins(Cefomandol, Cefuroxime) have high activity against bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore can be used to treat various intestinal infections. These antibiotics are also used to treat respiratory and biliary tract infections. The main adverse reactions are associated with allergies and malfunctions gastrointestinal tract.

Cephalosporins III generation (Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone) new drugs with high activity against a wide range of bacteria. The advantage of these drugs is their activity against bacteria insensitive to the action of other cephalosporins or penicillins and the ability to remain in the body for a long time. These antibiotics are used to treat severe infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics. Side effects of this group of antibiotics are associated with a disturbance in the composition of the intestinal microflora or the occurrence of allergic reactions.

Antibiotics from the macrolide group

Macrolides are a group of antibiotics with a complex cyclic structure. The most well-known representatives of antibiotics from the macrolide group are Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Roxithromycin.

The effect of macrolide antibiotics on bacteria is bacteriostatic - antibiotics block bacterial structures that synthesize proteins, as a result of which microbes lose the ability to reproduce and grow.

Macrolides are active against many bacteria, but the most remarkable property macrolides, perhaps, is their ability to penetrate inside the cells of our body and destroy microbes that do not have a cell wall. These microbes include chlamydia and rickettsia - pathogens atypical pneumonia, urogenital chlamydia and other diseases that cannot be treated with other antibiotics.

Another important feature macrolides are their relative safety and the possibility of long-term treatment, although modern treatment programs using macrolides provide ultra-short courses lasting three days.

Antibiotics from the tetracycline group

Most known antibiotics from the group of tetracyclines are Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline, Metacycline. The action of antibiotics from the tetracycline group is bacteriostatic. Just like macrolides, tetracyclines are capable of blocking protein synthesis in bacterial cells, however, unlike macrolides, tetracyclines have less selectivity and therefore large doses or when long-term treatment can inhibit protein synthesis in human cells. At the same time, tetracyclines remain indispensable “helpers” in the treatment of many infections. The main areas of use of antibiotics from the tetracycline group are the treatment of respiratory and urinary tract, treatment of severe infections such as anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, etc.

Despite their relative safety, with long-term use tetracyclines can cause severe side effects: hepatitis, damage to the skeleton and teeth (tetracyclines are contraindicated in children under 14 years of age), malformations (contraindicated for use during pregnancy), allergies.

Ointments containing tetracycline are widely used. Used for local treatment of bacterial infections of the skin and mucous membranes.

Antibiotics from the aminoglycoside group

Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics, which includes drugs such as Gentamicin, Monomycin, Streptomycin, Neomycin. The spectrum of action of aminoglycosides is extremely wide and even includes tuberculosis pathogens (Streptomycin).

Aminoglycosides are used to treat severe infectious processes associated with massive spread of infection: sepsis (blood poisoning), peritonitis. Aminoglycosides are also used for local treatment of wounds and burns.

The main disadvantage of aminoglycosides is their high toxicity. Antibiotics from this group have nephrotoxicity (kidney damage), hepatotoxicity (liver damage), ototoxicity (can cause deafness). For this reason, aminoglycosides should be used only for life-saving indications, when they are the only treatment option and cannot be replaced by other drugs.

Levomycetin

Levomycetin (Chloramphenicol) inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins, and in large doses causes a bactericidal effect. Levomycetin has a wide spectrum of action, but its use is limited due to the risk of developing serious complications. Greatest danger associated with the use of the antibiotic Chloramphenicol is the damage bone marrow, producing blood cells.

Antifungal antibiotics

Antifungal antibiotics this group chemical substances, capable of destroying the cell membrane of microscopic fungi, causing their death.

The most famous representatives of this group are the antibiotics Nystatin, Natamycin, Levorin. The use of these drugs in our time is noticeably limited due to low efficiency and a high incidence of side effects. Antifungal antibiotics are gradually being replaced by highly effective synthetic antifungal drugs.

Bibliography:

I.M. Abdullin Antibiotics in clinical practice, Salamat, 1997

Katsunga B.G Basic and clinical pharmacology, Binom; St. Petersburg: Nev. Dialect, 2000.

Before use, you should consult a specialist.

Cheap antibiotics belong to the most popular and sought-after category of medicines that are used to treat a wide range of diseases. Quite often, after a doctor recommends taking medications with an antibacterial effect, a person has a question: what cheap antibiotics can be a worthy alternative to expensive drugs?

In most cases, all expensive antibiotics have cheaper, but no less effective analogues.

Similar medicinal analogues let us stop sharp increase body temperature, get rid of infectious processes and colds.

Antibacterial drugs from penicillin group. But the main danger is that resistance develops very quickly pathogens to antibacterial drugs, as a result of which they lose their effectiveness.

The main advantages and disadvantages of cheap antibiotics

An inexpensive antibiotic has many advantages over more expensive drugs. Cheap analogues of antibacterial agents pleasantly please with their more affordable price and high efficiency, and the composition in most cases is completely identical to expensive antibiotics.

As a rule, only drugs from the expensive category are counterfeited; there is no point in counterfeiting cheap antibiotics. And therefore, purchasing inexpensive antibiotics, you can be completely confident that you are buying a truly high-quality and highly effective product.

Prolonged increase in body temperature.
Chills, strong pain in the throat, ears.
Cough, asthma attacks.
Enlarged lymph nodes.

It is worth noting that cheap antibiotics should never be prescribed to yourself. Any antibacterial drug should be taken exclusively for medical purposes.

If we talk about the disadvantages of cheap antibiotics, they include outdated production technologies and the use of old pharmacological equipment. In addition, inexpensive drugs contain cheap auxiliary components that can cause various side effects.

Popular inexpensive antibiotics

The list, which includes the cheapest antibacterial drugs, is quite extensive. The table of cheap analogues of antibiotics is as follows.

Penicillins: Flemoxin Solutab (250-450 rub.) - analogue (Amoxil (50-70 rub.), Ospamox (70-120 rub.))
Inhibitor-protected aminopenicillins: Flemoklav Solutab (320-350 rub.) – (Amoxil (50-70 rub.))
: Emsef (190-210 rub.) – (Ceftriaxone (15-25 rub.), Oframax (70-80 rub.))
Macrolides: Sumamed (400-440 rub.), Fromilid (730-765 rub.) – (Ormax (140-160 rub.), Azithromycin (70 rub.), Clarithromycin (140 rub.))
Tetracyclines: Doxybene (100-120 rub.) – (Doxycycline (20 rub.))
Fluoroquinolones: Tsiprinol (220-255 rub.) – (Ciprofloxacin (30 rub.), Tsiprolet (90-115 rub.))
Nitroimidazoles: Trichopolum (180-200 rub.) – (Metronidazole (60-70 rub.))

Each of these categories has its own purpose and range of application. Penicillins are used to treat bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, cystitis, and ulcers. Antibiotics from the group of inhibitor-protected aminopenicillins are also used for the same purposes.

Antibacterial drugs from the macrolide category are most effective for infectious diseases of the respiratory tract and ENT organs. Tetracyclines and nitroimidazoles are used to treat various bacterial infections of the genitals in men and women.

Brief description of cheap antibiotics

Ampicillin – average cost is no more than 50 rubles. Available in the form of an intravenous solution, intramuscular injections, as well as tablets for oral administration.

This drug is taken for tonsillitis, infectious diseases of the genitourinary system, as well as various colds.
Ampicillin is strictly not recommended for use during pregnancy, breastfeeding, in the presence of renal or liver failure.

Penicillin - the cost of an antibacterial drug ranges from 5 to 20 rubles per bottle. This drug is administered into the body exclusively intravenously or intramuscularly, and for this reason it is quite difficult to use for treatment at home.

Today, penicillin is most often used for inpatient treatment bacterial diseases, V home treatment This medication is taken extremely rarely.

Bicillin is a bactericidal drug that is available in the form of a solution for the preparation of intravenous and intramuscular injections and is a derivative of penicillin. The main indications for use are colds, tonsillitis, pneumonia. Can be used to treat both adults and children.

Cefazolin has the same effect - it is cheap and effective. drug. The only disadvantage of Cefazolin is that it is produced only in the form of a powder for the preparation of injections, and therefore is used for treatment only in a hospital setting.

Due to the fact that today the number of pathogenic microorganisms with high resistance to penicillin has increased significantly, bicillin in modern medicine used extremely rarely. The cost of the drug is 10 rubles for 1 bottle of 10 mg.

Contraindications for use:

Increased sensitivity to active components medicinal product.
The period of pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Renal and hepatic dysfunction.
Children's age is less than 1 month.

Amoxicillin is one of the most popular and effective antibiotics, belonging to an affordable price category. Characterized by high degree bioavailability, belongs to the category of semisynthetic antibiotics. Available in pharmacological form tablets and powder for intravenous and intramuscular injections.

The main indications for the use of Amoxicillin are otitis media, tonsillitis, colds. bacterial origin. Medicine It is strictly not recommended if the patient is prone to allergic reactions, during all trimesters of pregnancy, as well as during breastfeeding.

Erythromycin is a bactericidal drug from the macrolide category, used for infectious diseases of the respiratory tract and pneumonia. Pharmacological agent It is produced in the form of powder for injection and tablets.

Erythromycin is approved for use in childhood. Contraindications to its use are considered various pathologies liver, pregnancy and lactation. The cost of the medicine is 55-65 rubles.

Ceftriaxone is a third generation cephalosporin. Most often used for lung abscesses, pneumonia, bronchitis. The antibacterial agent is strictly not recommended for use in case of colitis, renal or liver failure, or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The antibiotic is prescribed with extreme caution during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

The average price of Ceftriaxone is 20-50 rubles.

Cheap analogues of expensive drugs

Each expensive antibacterial drug has more cheap analogue with identical active substance in the composition.

For example, Sumamed is one of the most popular and effective medications, belonging to the group of new generation marolids. These are actions, the main active substance in its composition is azithromycin.

Very often, Azithromycin is used for treatment - an analogue of the antibiotic Sumamed, which differs only in excipients in its composition.

Main indications for the use of Sumamed and Azithromycin:

Otitis, sinusitis and other diseases of the ENT organs.
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, gynecological diseases.
Chronical bronchitis.
Pneumonia.
Stomach ulcer.

Azithromycin and Sumamed are taken in the same way - 1-2 tablets an hour before meals or 2 hours after.

Flucostat is a modern drug that is used to treat urological and gynecological diseases, meningitis. Its analogue is Fluconazole - a cheaper, but no less effective drug.

The method of administration is as follows: on the first day of treatment, the patient takes 500 mg of the drug three times, subsequently the dosage is reduced to 200 mg per day.

Rulid is an antibacterial drug from the category used to treat respiratory or urinary tract infections. Active substance Rulid contains roxithromycin. This is why it is often used more affordable analogue– an antibiotic with the same name Roxithromycin.

Before using any medicine, both expensive and cheaper, you should definitely consult your doctor. Only a doctor can choose the appropriate antibiotic, optimal dosage and duration of treatment.

Random fact:

The performance of people performing any physical exercise during the day, increases by 15%. —

Article added by user Maria
20.12.2016

Generation of antibiotics

Antibiotics (antimicrobial drugs) are a group of drugs used to treat infectious diseases which are caused by bacteria. Viral diseases, contrary to popular belief, are not treated with antibiotics.

Antibiotics either lead to the death of microbes and bacteria or prevent their reproduction. Antibiotics are divided into main groups, each of which is most effective against certain types bacteria. The choice of one or another antibiotic is determined by the doctor based on the suspected causative agent of the disease. The first antibiotic was penicillin, a substance isolated from a mold colony.

There are two main types of action of antibiotics on bacteria: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Antibiotics with a bactericidal effect lead to the death of bacteria. Antibiotics with a bacteriostatic effect prevent bacteria from multiplying. Any group of antibiotics is effective against various types bacteria, which is associated with certain mechanisms of action of these drugs. There are the most common groups of antibiotics and diseases for which they need to be used.

Penicillins

Penicillins are a group of antibiotics, which includes the following drugs: Carbenicillin, Azlocillin, Augmentin, Penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Oxacillin and others. They act bactericidal. Penicillins lead to the death of bacteria and destroy their shell. This group belongs to broad-spectrum antibiotics because they are effective against bacteria: meningitis, syphilis pathogens, staphylococci, gonorrhea, streptococci and others. Penicillins are used to treat diseases of the inflammatory respiratory tract (pneumonia, bronchitis), and ENT organs (tonsillitis, sinusitis).

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins, like penicillins, have a bactericidal effect and destroy the bacterial membrane. Cephalosporins are a large group of antibiotics, which includes 5 generations of drugs:

1st generation: Cephalexin (Lexin), Cefazolin. As is customary, these antibiotics are used in the treatment of diseases of soft tissues and skin (subcutaneous fat, muscles) caused by streptococci and staphylococci: erysipelas, carbuncle, furuncle and others.
2 generations: Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime (Zinacef), Cefachlor, and others. According to the rules, they are used to treat diseases of the ENT organs (tonsillitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis), respiratory diseases (pneumonia, bronchitis) and more.
3 generations: Ceftazidime (Orzid), Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefexime, etc. Most used for the treatment of ENT organs (otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis), various diseases respiratory system(pneumonia, bronchitis). In addition, they are effective in gynecological diseases(cervicitis, endometritis), pyelonephritis, meningitis, cystitis, etc.
4 generations: Cefepime is used to treat severe infectious diseases for which other drugs are ineffective: meningitis, peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), pyelonephritis, bronchitis, pneumonia and others.
5th generation: Ceftobiprole is used to treat severe infections with weakened immunity (for example diabetes) and is effective for diseases caused by staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coli(e. coli).

Macrolides

Macrolides are broad-spectrum antibiotics, including the following drugs: Rovamycin, Vilprafen, Clarithromycin (Klacid), Erythromycin, Azithromycin (Sumamed), etc.

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines include the following drugs: Minocycline, Unidox, Tetracycline, Doxycycline, etc.

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides include: Amikacin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Gentamicin, etc.

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones are a group of antibacterial agents, which includes: Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, etc.

Levomecithin

Levomecitin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is used for meningitis, brucellosis, typhoid fever and other infectious diseases.

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides are antibacterial agents, which include Sulfalen, Trimethoprim, Sulfadiazine, Cotrimoxazole, Biseptol, Streptocide, etc.

Metronidazole

Metronidazole is an antibacterial drug that is available under various names trade names: Flagyl, Trichopolum, Klion, Metrogil, etc.

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Antibiotics take special place among medications, because their action is aimed at combating diseases infectious nature. If these drugs are related to to the last generation, they help cope with most existing pathogens.

Modern antibiotics The broad-spectrum action of the new generation can significantly alleviate the course of infectious diseases and speed up recovery. Their use has made it possible to significantly reduce the number of cases deaths with pneumonia, quickly cope with the symptoms and consequences of bronchitis, urological diseases and many other ailments.

How do the latest generation antibiotics work?

New generation antibacterial drugs act selectively in the body, i.e. have an effect on the cells of pathogenic microbes, without affecting human cells.

The classification of drugs depends on how the drug affects the vital activity of bacteria. Some drugs can inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cells externally (drugs penicillin series, cephalosporins), others suppress protein synthesis in bacterial cells (tetracyclines, macrolides). The antibacterial activity of a particular drug must be indicated in the instructions for the drug.

Antibiotics can have a wide spectrum of action and have a narrow focus, i.e. affect a specific group of bacteria. This happens because bacteria and viruses differ in function and structure, so what kills bacteria may not have an effect on viruses.

Important! The older the generation of antibacterial agents, the more minimal they have side effects and greatest efficiency.

When broad-spectrum antibiotics are used:

If the causative agents of the disease are resistant to the use of a drug with a narrow focus;
If an infection is detected that is caused by several types of bacteria at once;
If prophylaxis against infections is necessary after surgery has been performed;
If treatment is carried out on the basis of symptoms, when a specific pathogen is not identified (in case of rapidly developing dangerous pathologies).

Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs of the latest generation are considered universal medicines in the fight against inflammation of the lymph nodes, colds, in gynecology, etc. The drugs allow you to cope with microbes, no matter what pathogen causes the disease. After all, each newly released medicine has a more advanced effect on pathogenic microorganisms, while causing minimal damage to the human body.

Methods of use and forms of antibiotics

Treatment with antibiotics can be carried out in several ways:

Orally (through the mouth). For this purpose, drugs are used in capsules, tablets, suspensions, and syrups. This is the most common method of application, which has its disadvantages, because... some types of antibiotics can be destroyed in the stomach or poorly absorbed into its walls, thereby causing a negative irritant effect on the gastrointestinal tract.
Parenterally. This is the most effective method treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics intramuscularly or intravenously, as well as by injection into the spinal cord.
Rectally or by administering the drug directly into the rectum (enema).

Injections and injections are usually used for severe forms diseases, because act faster on the source of infection, starting their work immediately after the injection.

Modern broad-spectrum antibiotics in injections:

Cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Cefpirome, Cefoperazone, Ceftazidime);
Minopenicillins (Sulbactam);
Aminoglycoside antibiotics (Netilmicin, Amikacin);
Carbapenems (Meropenem, Ertapenem, Impinem-cilastatin).

The choice of drug depends on the characteristics of the causative agent of infection and the complexity of the case.

Strong broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets:

Fluoroquinolones (Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin);
Natural macrolides (Levofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Midecamycin);
Synthetic macrolides (Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin);
Nitrofurans (Ersefuril, Nitrofurantoin).

Different groups of antibiotics have different localization V certain systems and human organs. According to this principle, doctors select for the treatment of a particular disease a certain drug that will have the most powerful effect on pathogenic microorganisms in a certain area of the human body.

Disease	Features of application	List of drugs
And	Almost all antibacterial agents with broad effects are used for bronchitis and pneumonia, provided that their pharmacokinetic properties act directly on the causative agent of the disease.	For mild forms of bronchitis - Azithromycin, Amoclav. For prolonged bronchitis - Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Midecamycin. Pneumonia mild degree Treated in the same way as bronchitis. At moderate severity and severe pneumonia - Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Levofloxacin (natural antibiotic). In particular severe cases Carbapanems are prescribed - Meropenem, Tienam, Impinem-cilastine.
Sinusitis	The difficulty of treating inflammatory processes in the paranasal sinuses lies in the speed of delivery medicinal substance directly to the site of inflammation. Therefore, the use of cephalosporin antibiotics is recommended.	Cefexime, Cefuroxin, Cefachlor, Cefotaxime. For severe forms, Azithromycin and Macropen are used.
	In the treatment of oropharyngeal infections top scores shows the use of latest generation cephalosporins. Macrolides are considered the safest antibiotics for the treatment of tonsillar diseases.	Cephelaxin. Aziromycin, Spiramycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Leukomycin.
Colds and flu	Medicines used for colds various groups antibiotics depending on the severity of the disease and clinical picture diseases.	· Sumamed; · Cefaclor; · Cefamandole; Avelox; · Clarithromycin.
and infectious diseases of the genitourinary system	The use of the latest generation of antibiotics makes it possible to improve the patient’s condition already on the first day of use and quickly get rid of the disease.	· Unidox Solutab; · Norbactin; · Monural.
Fungal infections	Antibiotics of the latest generation are developed taking into account several types of fungi, therefore they act on almost all pathogens of the disease.	Ravuconazole; · Posaconazole; Caspofungin; · Voriconazole.
Eye diseases	For treatment ophthalmological diseases used as eye drops and eye ointments with a broad-spectrum antibiotic.	Antibiotic eye drops and medications local application: Okacin, Vitabact, Tobrex, Colbiocin, Eubetal.

All broad-spectrum antibiotics have a high effect on infectious agents, and therefore successfully fight many diseases. The doctor selects a course and combination of drugs in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment. This takes into account individual characteristics the patient, the stage of the disease, progress or regression in its course. On average, the course lasts from 7 to 10 days, taking into account the above factors.

List of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs

The pharmaceutical industry is constantly developing and producing new antibacterial drugs, so there is a very significant number of latest generation antibiotics with a wide range of effects. Let's look at the most popular and common drugs.

Penicillins:

Amoxiclav is a combination of a bata-lactamase inhibitor (clavuronic acid). Prescribed for infections of the genitourinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory systems and biliary tract infections.
Aomoxicillin, Augmentin, Medoclav. Can be used to treat most infectious diseases. Not used for intolerance to cephalosporins and penicillins, for severe liver pathologies, infectious mononucleosis, lymphocytic leukemia.

Cephalosporins:

Cefaclor (Alfacet, Ceclor), Ceftazidime. Used for respiratory infections, genitourinary tract, skin infections, otitis media.
Cefamandole, Cefoxitin (Mefoxin), Cefotaxime. Medicine in the form of injections and injections for the treatment of infections of the stomach, genitourinary, respiratory tract, endocarditis, sepsis, for prevention in the postoperative period.
Cefuroxime (Zinnat). Effectively affects pathogenic microorganisms that are insensitive to penicillins. Prescribed for genitourinary, respiratory, musculoskeletal systems, in the treatment of ENT organs, with meningitis, borreliosis, sepsis, after undergoing severe abdominal operations.
Cefoperazone. Only for intravenous use during therapy infectious forms genitourinary, respiratory organs, with sepsis, meningitis.
Latamoxef (Moxalactam). It has pronounced activity against gram-negative microorganisms, but is very expensive.
Cefpodoxime (Orelox, Septofek). Active against most ENT infections, with erysipelas, .

Macrolides:

Rulid, Rovamycin. Used to treat infections in the genitourinary, bone, respiratory systems, in inflammatory processes of the ENT organs and oral cavity, brucellosis, scarlet fever.
Spiramycin. It even affects microorganisms that are weakly sensitive to the drug.
Clarithromycin. Effective in the treatment of infections of the respiratory, musculoskeletal, and dental systems.
Roxithromycin (Exparoxy, Rulid). It is used in dentistry, for the treatment of childhood infections (whooping cough, scarlet fever, diphtheria), and infections of the respiratory and genitourinary system.
Sumamed. Has a wide spectrum of bactericidal action. It is most often used in the treatment of infections of the ENT organs, respiratory system, and skin.

Other antibiotics:

Unidox Solutab (Doxycycline). Prescribed for the treatment of respiratory infections, genitourinary system, skin diseases, gastrointestinal tract, typhus.
Lincomycin. Mainly prescribed for bone tissue lesions and infectious processes skin, soft tissues, respiratory organs.
Fuzidin. It has forms for oral and external use (creams, antibiotic ointment, gels). Used when combination therapy when microorganisms are resistant to penicillin. Used for osteomyelitis, skin infections, sepsis.
Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin. It is used in the treatment of infections of almost all organs that are caused by gram-negative, gram-positive and opportunistic microorganisms, including cholera, peritonitis, dysentery, osteomyelitis, etc.

All antibiotics have a number of side effects, so they should be used with caution, especially in children and the elderly. Under no circumstances should you prescribe antibacterial drugs on your own; their use must be agreed upon with a doctor after certain studies have been carried out.

Antibiotics for children and pregnant women

For children, the list of broad-spectrum antibiotics is significantly narrowed. Children are allowed to use the following groups of drugs:

Macrolides (Clarithromycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin);
Aminopenicillins (Amoxicillin, Clavulanate);
Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefepime).

Important! Children should not use anbiotics of the carbapenem and fluoroquinolone series, because it can negatively affect the development and function of the liver, kidneys and bones.

Pregnant women are allowed to use only a few drugs of the latest generation, and only in cases where the intended effect of their use outweighs the side effects:

Cephalosporins (Cefepime, Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin);
Protected aminopenicillins (Amoxiclav, Amoclav).

Macrolides (Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin) are approved for use only in the third trimester of pregnancy. In the absence of allergic reactions to the components, penicillin drugs can be used, but under the supervision of a doctor.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics belonging to the latest generation are indeed a real find in the treatment of many diseases infectious nature. But this does not mean that you can choose for yourself best antibiotic broad spectrum of action, and use it uncontrollably without consulting a healthcare professional. Uncontrolled use antibacterial drugs may, on the contrary, harm the body and cause Negative consequences, hazardous to health.