Vitamin B1

First letter "t"

Second letter "i"

Third letter "a"

The last letter of the letter is "n"

Answer for the question "Vitamin B1", 6 letters:
thiamine

Alternative crossword questions for the word thiamine

Compound referred to as vitamin B-1

Definition of the word thiamine in dictionaries

Wikipedia Meaning of the word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Thiamine (vitamin B; old name - aneurin) is a water-soluble vitamin, a compound corresponding to the formula C H N O S. A colorless crystalline substance, highly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol (there is also a fat-soluble analogue of vitamin B1 -...

Big Soviet Encyclopedia The meaning of the word in the dictionary Great Soviet Encyclopedia
vitamin B1, aneurin, heterocyclic compound belonging to the group of water-soluble vitamins. Colorless crystals with a characteristic odor. T. was first isolated from rice bran by the Polish scientist K. Funk in 1912, and later obtained synthetically. In nature...

Dictionary medical terms Meaning of the word in the dictionary Dictionary of medical terms
a water-soluble vitamin found in grains, legumes, and animal products; is a precursor to thiamine diphosphate; with insufficiency of T. in food, dysfunctions of the nervous system develop, for example. polyneuritis, asthenia....

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova. The meaning of the word in the dictionary New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
m. Vitamin B-1, necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system and found in bran, potatoes, and brewer's yeast.

encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998 The meaning of the word in the dictionary Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
THIAMIN (vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin. As part of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (cocarboxylase), it participates in the decarboxylation reactions of keto acids. Sources of thiamine are yeast, wholemeal bread, buckwheat and oatmeal, potatoes, liver....

Vitamin B1 belongs to a whole group. B1 is a water-soluble vitamin, a colorless crystalline substance that is destroyed when heated.

The history of the discovery of vitamin B1 is inextricably linked with the disease beriberi (translated as “I can’t, I can’t”), which is widespread mainly in the East. This disease is accompanied by mental disorder and muscle wasting, leading to heart failure. In children, beriberi is characterized by vomiting, bloating, lack of appetite, and convulsions.

In 1911, Casimir Funk received biologically active substance from rice bran, which helped relieve the painful beriberi syndrome, and since the molecule contained nitrogen, he called it a vitamin (calorifier). And only in 1937, thanks to R. Williams, did it appear chemical formula, as well as the name “thiamine” itself, and the first began industrial production thiamine.

Currently, vitamin B1 has the following names: thiamine, thiamine pyrophosphate, thiovitamin, aneurin. The name commonly used is thiamine.

In medicine, there are the following forms of vitamin B1: Thiamine, Phosphotiamine, Benfotiamine, Cocarboxylase (thiamine diphosphate).

Available in the form of tablets or solution for injection.

Physico-chemical properties of vitamin B1

Vitamin B1 is a compound with a rather complex formula - C 12 H 17 N 4 OS. This substance dissolves well in water, and when heated it quickly collapses, therefore, when preparing dishes from products containing thiamine, some useful properties vitamin B1 is lost. Outwardly, it resembles salt (a crystalline substance) and is odorless.

Thiamine is found in following products nutrition: (33.8 mg of vitamin B1 per 100 g of product), (2.3 mg), (1.84 mg), pork meat (1.45 mg), (1.0 mg), (0.9 mg ), (0.7 mg), (0.50 mg), (0.49 mg), (0.43 mg), (0.42 mg), animal and bird by-products (liver, lungs, kidneys, stomach, heart, brain), wholemeal bread (0.25 mg), (0.12 mg), (0.10 mg), (0.10 mg), (0.10 mg), (0.09 mg ), as well as in many vegetables in medium quantities: onions,...

Daily requirement of vitamin B1

Daily requirement in vitamin B1:

• for adult men - 1.2-2.1 mg;
• for elderly people - 1.2-1.4 mg;
• for women over 19 years old - 1.1-1.5 mg (for pregnant women 0.4 mg more, for nursing women - 0.6 mg);
• for children, depending on age - 0.3-1.5 mg (0-6 months - 0.2 mg per day; 6-12 months - 0.3 mg; 1-3 years - 0.5 mg; 4-8 years - 0.6 mg; 9-13 - 0.9 mg; 14-18 years - 1.0 mg).

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) - plays important role in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, as well as in the processes of conducting nervous excitement in synapses. Protects cell membranes from the toxic effects of peroxidation products (calorizator).

Thiamine helps improve brain function, memory, attention, thinking, normalizes mood, increases learning ability, stimulates bone and muscle growth, normalizes appetite, slows down the aging process, reduces negative impact alcohol and tobacco, maintains muscle tone digestive tract, eliminates seasickness and relieves motion sickness, maintains tone and normal functioning heart muscle, reduces toothache.

Harmful properties of vitamin B1

When thiamine is given by injection, some people experience allergic reactions, such as: urticaria, itching, anaphylactic shock.

Vitamin B1 absorption

The absorption of each vitamin and mineral usually requires the fulfillment of certain conditions.

Vitamin B1 is well absorbed in the absence of alcohol and coffee in the body. For better absorption, you should consume foods containing vitamin B1, fresh, without heat treatments, because when heated it is destroyed.

Alcohol, tea, coffee and sugar, as well as diuretics and laxatives, can contribute to the destruction and removal of vitamin B1 from the body.

Vitamin B1 deficiency is manifested by the following symptoms:

• Increased fatigue;
• Irritability;
• Depression;
• Insomnia or restless sleep;
• Memory impairment;
• Loss of concentration;
• Decreased appetite;
• A constant feeling of cold or, conversely, a feeling of heat in the arms and legs;
• Diarrhea or hypotensive constipation;
• Nausea;
• Headache;
• Deterioration of movement coordination;
• Muscle weakness;
• Pain in the calves;
• Shortness of breath at the slightest physical exertion;
• Decreased self-esteem;
• Dramatic weight loss;
• Swelling of the arms and legs;
• Low blood pressure;
• Reduced pain threshold.

With a severe deficiency of vitamin B1, vitamin deficiency can develop, which leads to beriberi disease. It has the following symptoms: paralysis, bad memory, constant headache, tachycardia and heart pain, shortness of breath, swelling, lack of appetite, general weakness, muscle atrophy, abdominal pain, persistent constipation, nausea, weight loss, unsteady gait.

Excess vitamin B1 in the body

An excess of thiamine actually does not occur, since it is water-soluble and it is impossible to obtain it in excess from food. B1 is constantly excreted from the body naturally through the digestive tract or in the urine.

Excess thiamine can only occur when the vitamin is administered in synthetic form through injections. In this case, allergic reactions, various spasms, decreased blood pressure and increased body temperature may occur. Individual intolerance to drugs containing vitamin B1 also occurs, which manifests itself in the form skin itching or hives.

Interaction of vitamin B1 (Thiamin) with other substances

1. Vitamin B1, actively interacting with and, participates in the synthesis of methionine, an amino acid necessary for the neutralization of toxic products.

B vitamins are a whole group of water-soluble compounds that take part in all metabolic processes, occurring in the body. They help release energy from various nutrients, which contain calories. Vitamin preparations of this group are widely used to treat diseases of the nervous system.

The development of hypervitaminosis of water-soluble vitamins is extremely rare, since excess is quickly removed from the body naturally (excreted by the kidneys).

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

This compound is found in many foods and can be synthesized in some quantity normal microflora, inhabiting the human intestine. During the heat treatment of food, as well as during the refining of grain crops, thiamine is partially destroyed; in this case, up to 25% of the vitamin is lost.

B1 absorption is negatively affected by the consumption of alcoholic beverages and food containing carbon dioxide salts and compounds citric acid. Vitamin absorption is also markedly reduced in people suffering from nicotine addiction.

What is vitamin B1 for?

Thiamine is directly involved in almost all metabolic processes (lipid and protein metabolism, as well as the absorption of amino acids), acting at the cellular level. It is necessary to provide the body with energy.

The functional activity of the brain largely depends on vitamin B1. The compound takes part in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine, a mediator responsible for the transmission of impulses in the central nervous system. Consuming a sufficient amount of B1 significantly improves cognitive function and memory ability, and also ensures normal tone of the digestive tract and myocardium. Thiamine is responsible for the transmission of information at the gene level, which occurs during cell division.

Important:thiamine is present mainly in plant foods. Animal products contain relatively little vitamin B1.

Animal sources B1:

• milk (preferably whole milk);
• fermented milk products (including cottage cheese and cheese);
• lean pork;
• eggs.

Plant sources B1:

• bran;
• yeast;
• sprouted grains;
• cereals;
• various cereals (and wheat);
• cabbage (all types);
• carrot;
• green pea;
• beet;
• apricots (including dried apricots);
• dog-rose fruit.

Consumption standards B1

To avoid hypovitaminosis, it is recommended for an adult to consume an average of 1 to 2.5 mg of thiamine daily (men need 1.3-1.4 mg, and women need 1.1-1.3 mg). During pregnancy necessary daily dose should be increased by 0.4 mg, and during lactation - by 0.6 mg.

IN childhood the need for B1 is slightly lower - from 0.5 mg for babies in the first year of life to 2 mg per day for older children.

note: increased doses of vitamin B1 are required during physical and psycho-emotional overload (), as well as when the body is poisoned with nicotine and heavy metals. In such situations, the recommended daily amount may be up to 5 mg, which corresponds to the maximum permissible intake level.

If a person regularly consumes alcohol and/or a lot of foods rich in carbohydrates, the need for thiamine increases. Slightly smaller amounts of vitamin B1 are required by people whose diet includes a lot of protein and fat.

Causes of hypovitaminosis caused by B1 deficiency

The main causes of thiamine deficiency in the body include:

• monotonous food;
• abuse of products from wheat flour fine grinding;
• consumption large quantity refined carbohydrates;
• consumption of foods containing thiaminase (an enzyme that can destroy vitamin B1);
• chronic alcoholism (hypovitaminosis of vitamin B1 is recorded in 25% of alcohol abusers).

Thiamine deficiency leads to a decrease in the production of the body's own protein compounds, disruption of the processes of transamination of amino acids and oxidation of carbohydrate compounds. The concentration of under-oxidized products in the blood serum and urine increases and the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine decreases. As a result, the functional activity of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous and cardiovascular systems is disrupted.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis for vitamin B1

Signs of hypovitaminosis B1 may include:

• violations of basic brain functions;
• coordination disorders;
• memory impairment;
• irritability;
• nervousness;
• insomnia;
• muscle weakness;
• weight loss, general exhaustion;
• increased pain sensitivity;
• burning sensation in the limbs;
• paresthesia (sensitivity disturbances);
• hepatomegaly;
• shortness of breath due to minimal exertion;
• low blood pressure;
• cardiopalmus;
• development of acute cardiovascular failure.

Vitamin deficiency especially severe cases leads to the development of a pathology known as take it.

Characteristic clinical manifestations of this disease are:

Indications for the use of thiamine

Vitamin B1 preparations are indicated for the treatment of pathologies of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, as well as for some diseases of the digestive system and skin diseases.

Important: The need for vitamin B1 increases with the use of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension, since the process of removing water-soluble compounds from the body is accelerated.

Thiamine is prescribed if diagnosed:

• endarteritis;
• myocarditis;
• circulatory failure;
• peripheral paralysis;
• neuritis;
• brain dysfunction;
• enterocolitis;
• chronic;
• disruption of absorption processes in the intestine;
• condition after gastric surgery;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• pustular inflammation of the skin;
• skin itching of any origin;

Hypervitaminosis

Long-term (course) parenteral administration of thiamine preparations sometimes causes renal dysfunction (development of failure), disorders of the liver enzyme systems and fatty degeneration of this organ.

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

This compound, also known as the antiseborrheic vitamin, enters the body through the nutritional route (i.e., with food) and is produced by the microflora that normally lives on the walls of the large intestine.

When cooking food, on average, a fifth of riboflavin is lost, but it has been established that vitamin B2 is quickly destroyed during defrosting, as well as under the influence of ultraviolet (in particular, solar) radiation.

Riboflavin is needed by the body to create new nerve cells, maturation of red blood cells and absorption of such vital important element, like iron. B2 regulates the amount of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. The compound is one of the components of rhodopsin, which protects the retina from UV rays.

Important: Vitamin B2 is better absorbed by the body when it comes from animal products.

Animal products containing B2:

• fish;
• liver of animals and fish;
• eggs (white);
• whole cow's milk;
• cheeses;
• yoghurts;
• pressed cottage cheese.

Plant sources B2:

• bakery products made from wheat flour;
• tomatoes;
• cabbage;
• cereals (oatmeal and buckwheat);
• green pea;
• leafy greens (etc.);
• dog-rose fruit;
• yeast.

Riboflavin consumption rates

An adult requires an average of 2 mg of riboflavin per day (1.3-1.5 mg for women and 1.5-1.8 mg for men). Pregnant women require an increase in intake by 0.3 mg per day, and nursing mothers by 0.5 mg.

Infants up to 6 months need 0.5 mg of vitamin per day, and babies from 6 months to 1 year – 0.6 mg. For children under 10 years of age, the requirement gradually increases from 0.9 to 1.4 mg per day.

Hypovitaminosis

With B2 deficiency, the following develop:

• swelling of the tongue;
• “jams” (cracks and small ulcers) in the corners of the mouth;
• in the face and neck area;
• photophobia;
• lacrimation;
• burning sensation in the eyes;
• "night blindness";
• sharp deterioration in appetite;
• headache;
• dizziness;
• decline physical activity and performance;
• growth retardation (in children).

Indications for taking riboflavin

B2 drugs are prescribed if the patient is diagnosed with:

• hypoacid gastritis;
• hemeralopia (“night blindness”);
• dermatitis;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• eye diseases (keratitis and conjunctivitis, cataracts);
• anemia;
• Addison's disease;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• Botkin's disease;
• radiation sickness;
• chronic hepatitis;
• intestinal pathologies (colitis and enteritis);
• rheumatism;
• poisoning with salts of heavy metals.

Hypervitaminosis

Excess vitamin B2 does not have a toxic effect, since the mucous membranes of organs gastrointestinal tract cannot absorb riboflavin in quantities that pose a danger to the body.

Vitamin B3 (PP, niacin, nicotinic acid)

Vitamin B3 is the most stable compound of this group. It enters the body with food and is also formed during the biotransformation of the amino acid tryptophan.

Why is niacin needed?

B3 takes part in the biosynthesis of a number of enzymes, as well as in the absorption nutrients, releasing energy from them. The vitamin is able to normalize cholesterol metabolism and stimulate carbohydrate metabolism. Niacin is necessary for the production of a number of hormones (including sex hormones and insulin). B3 ensures normal functional activity of the central nervous system and stimulates the formation of red blood cells. Niacin helps lower blood pressure.

Niacin (B3) is found primarily in animal products. IN plant products its content is much less.

Animal sources of vitamin PP:

• lean meat;
• beef and pork liver;
• fish;
• eggs.

Herbal products:

• parsley;
• pepper;
• carrot;
• green pea;
• buckwheat grain;
• legumes (in particular soybeans);
• most types.

Hypovitaminosis B3

Important:The causes of hypovitaminosis may be the same type of diet or malnutrition. Flaw nicotinic acid often observed among adherents of a vegetarian diet.

Niacin deficiency is characterized by the following clinical manifestations:

• increased fatigue;
• muscle weakness;
• tongue soreness;
• pale skin of the face and hands;
• dry skin;
• deterioration in memory ability.

Long-term hypovitaminosis of vitamin B3 can lead to the development of pellagra. The disease is accompanied by severe disorders of the digestive system, damage to the skin and nervous system. Mental disorders cannot be excluded.

Note:Niacin deficiency accompanies diseases such as hypertonic disease, atherosclerosis, pathologies thyroid gland, gastritis, rheumatism and inflammation of the gallbladder.

Consumption standards B3

Adults require an average of 20 mg of niacin per day. The permissible (safe) amount is 60 mg. The norm for children is from 6 to 20 mg, depending on age.

Hypervitaminosis

Hypervitaminosis of vitamin B3 can negatively affect the condition of the liver. One of the signs of exceeding the recommended dose is facial skin flushing.

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid, panthenol)

Panthenol is found in a wide variety of foods and is produced in small quantities intestinal microflora.

Vitamin B5 is destroyed when heat treatment, if the pH of the environment is shifted to the acidic or alkaline side.

Why is vitamin B5 needed?

Panthenol helps obtain energy from food. It is necessary for the breakdown of lipids and carbohydrate compounds, as well as the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and antibodies. B5 is involved in tissue regeneration and the formation of adrenal hormone. Pantothenic acid takes part in the process of hematopoiesis.

Where is B5 present?

Animal products containing B5:

• pork, beef and other types of meat;
• liver;
• offal;
• egg yolk;
• poultry meat;
• milk and dairy products.

Plant products that are considered sources of B5:

• legumes;
• green vegetables;
• cauliflower;
• Red beetroot;
• nuts();
• mushrooms;
• Brewer's yeast.

An adult needs to consume from 4 to 7 mg of panthenol per day. Children require 2 to 5 mg depending on age.

Hypovitaminosis

Since B5 is present in a wide variety of foods, deficiency is extremely rare.

With a lack of panthenol, the following symptoms are possible::

• sleep disorders;
• lethargy;
• fatigue;
• paresthesia and pain in the lower extremities;
• various metabolic disorders;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• nervous system disorders.

In the form of calcium pantothenate, the vitamin is prescribed for the following pathologies:

• neuralgia;
• polyneuritis;
• skin burns;
• eczema;
• hyperthyroidism;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• intestinal dyskinesia (or atony in the postoperative period).

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Vitamin B6 is a series of related water-soluble compounds with similar chemical structure. The group includes compounds such as pyridoxine (most often included in drugs), pyridoxal and pyridoxamine.

The body receives B6 mainly through nutrition. A certain amount of this biologically active compound is produced by intestinal microflora. The biosynthesis process is disrupted against the background; application antibacterial agents is common cause hypovitaminosis. When food is cooked, a significant portion of the vitamin is lost. Pyridoxine, although quite resistant to heat, is quickly destroyed when exposed to light.

Why is vitamin B6 needed?

B6 takes part in almost all metabolic processes and regulates the activity of several dozen enzymes. Pyridoxine allows the body to absorb proteins and unsaturated fatty acid. The vitamin is necessary for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, which are responsible for the regulation of cardiac activity and blood pressure levels.

Thanks to the influence of pyridoxine on the synthesis of antibodies and the process of cell division, it is strengthened. The functional activity of the central nervous system depends on B6. Pyridoxine is involved in the synthesis of a number of nervous system mediators (dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin), which are responsible for emotional mood and brain function in general. The vitamin improves the condition of nails (makes them stronger and less brittle) and skin (increases elasticity).

Pyridoxine is needed for the transfer of genetic material. It affects the production of hydrochloric acid glands of the stomach, as well as on the biosynthesis of hormonal compounds and hematopoiesis (in particular, the formation of red blood cells).

What foods are high in vitamin B6?

Animal sources of B6:

• poultry meat;
• veal;
• lean pork;
• beef liver.

• bakery products made from wholemeal flour;
• cereals (buckwheat and);
• potato;
• tomatoes;
• carrot;
• pepper;
• White cabbage);
• leafy greens;
• citrus;
• strawberry;
• cherries;
• nuts (hazel and walnuts).

Consumption standards

For an adult daily norm averages 2 mg of pyridoxine (1.8-2.2 mg for men and 1.6-2.0 mg for women). During pregnancy, it is recommended to increase consumption by 0.3 mg, and during breastfeeding– by 0.5 mg.

Babies of the first year of life require 0.5-0.6 mg of pyridoxine per day. Children from one to 3 years old need 0.9 mg of vitamin B6, from 4 to 6 - 1.3 mg, and from 7 to 10 - 1.6 mg of pyridoxine.

Hypovitaminosis

Vitamin B6 deficiency leads to the development of the following symptoms:

• drowsiness;
• anxiety;
• increased irritability;
• diseases of the mucous membranes;
• dermatitis;
• anemia (in children);
• decreased immunity;
• peripheral neuritis;
• dyspeptic disorders.

Important: hypo- and avitaminosis of vitamin B6 is especially dangerous for children on artificial feeding, pregnant women (especially against the background early toxicoses and gestosis), women taking birth control pills(). Lack of pyridoxine also worsens the condition of patients suffering from joint diseases, chronic pathologies liver and atherosclerosis.

Pyridoxine is indicated if the patient is diagnosed with:

• anemia;
• decreased level of white blood cells;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• radiculitis;
• neuritis;
• neuralgia;
• parkinsonism;
• hepatitis.

Note:pyridoxine is also indicated for seasickness. The need for vitamin B6 increases under stress, as well as against the background of alcohol abuse and nicotine addiction.

Hypervitaminosis

An excess of vitamin B6 is possible when consumed in daily doses exceeding 6 mg. Hypervitaminosis can cause nervous diseases.

Vitamin B7 (biotin)

Vitamin B7 is stable during cooking.

Why is biotin needed?

Biotin activates enzymes produced digestive system. B7 also has great importance for the normal course of metabolic processes. The vitamin is required for cell division and transmission of hereditary information.

Animal products:

• beef liver;
• egg yolk;
• milk;
• sea ​​fish.

Plant products - sources of B7:

• parsley;
• peas;
• nuts;
• Brewer's yeast.

Daily requirement

An adult needs 30-100 mcg of B7 per day. The maximum safe amount is 150 mcg.

Hypovitaminosis caused by B7 deficiency

Biotin deficiency may be associated with consumption raw eggs, the protein of which interferes with the absorption of the vitamin, as well as with the abuse of alcoholic beverages.

Signs of hypovitaminosis are:

• anemia;
• seborrhea;
• depression;
• sleep disorders;
• lack of appetite;
• myalgia;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• dry skin;
• increased level;

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

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Folic acid enters the body from the outside and is produced by the symbiotic microflora of the large intestine. When storing food, the vitamin is destroyed quite quickly. B6 is deposited in the liver, forming a reserve that lasts for 3-6 months.

Why do you need B9?

Folic acid is involved in protein metabolism and is important for cell growth and division, as well as for the transmission of hereditary information. B9 is needed for the synthesis of mediators for the transmission of nerve impulses and blood cells.

There is very little of this vitamin in animal products; it is present in more or less significant quantities in egg yolk, cheese and red fish.

Plant foods containing folic acid:

Hypovitaminosis

Shortage folic acid in pregnant women leads to pathologies in the intrauterine development of the child (the skeleton and central nervous system of the fetus suffer), and in the future - mental disorders in children.

Hypovitaminosis B9 can cause diseases of the digestive tract and blood pathologies.

Consumption rate B9

An adult needs 200 mcg per day. Breastfeeding women are advised to increase their vitamin intake to 300 mcg. Children of the first year of life need from 40 to 60 mcg per day, and at the age of 1 to 3 years – 100 mcg. At older ages, consumption rates are the same as for adults.

Hypervitaminosis

The safe amount is 600 mcg.

Excessive intake of B9 into the body has a toxic effect, which is especially pronounced against the background of diseases such as epilepsy.

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble substance whose structure includes a cobalt molecule. Cyanocobalamin tends to be deposited in the body, mainly in the liver.

The body receives most of B12 through nutrition, and a relatively small amount of the substance is synthesized by intestinal bacteria. To impact high temperatures Cyanocobalamin is quite stable, but the activity of the vitamin decreases significantly when exposed to UV radiation, oxygen, and also in environments with a pH shift to the alkaline or acidic side.

Why do you need vitamin B12?

B12 is necessary for obtaining free energy from compounds containing calories. Thanks to this vitamin, the body freely absorbs amino acids and lipid compounds. Cyanocobalamin is especially important for those cells whose division is particularly active. This vitamin takes part in the biosynthesis of the protective myelin sheath of nerve fibers, as well as in the production of mediators responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses. B12 is needed for the maturation of red blood cells. It is able to stimulate the coagulation system and strengthen the immune system. Vitamin may reduce general level cholesterol in the blood plasma, preventing the development. In addition, B12 normalizes the functional activity of the liver.

Vitamin B12 intake standards

The daily requirement of an adult for cyanocobalamin is, on average, 3 mcg. The maximum safe daily amount is 9 mcg.

During pregnancy and lactation, B12 intake increases (recommended dose - 4 mcg per day).

Infants up to 6 months need to receive 0.4 mcg of the vitamin per day, and babies from 6 months to 1 year – 0.5 mcg. For children from 1 year to 3 years, the norm is 1.0 mcg, from 4 to 10 years – 1.5 mcg, and from 5 to 10 years – 2.0 mcg. Adolescents have the same needs as adults.

Animal sources of B12:

• liver (beef and pork);
• offal (heart kidneys);
• sea ​​fish;
• seafood (oysters,);
• poultry meat;
• eggs.

Important: Vegans need to take special dietary supplements and constantly monitor the sufficiency of vitamin B12 intake due to its absence in plant foods.

Pseudovitamin B12

“Pseudovitamins B12” are substances similar to vitamin B12 found in some living organisms, for example, in blue-green algae of the genus Spirulina, yeast, etc. These substances are especially dangerous for vegetarians who try to use them to compensate for vitamin B12 deficiency. They have been shown to block the metabolism of human breast cells and cause false blood test results when examining vitamin B12 concentrations.

Hypovitaminosis

Characteristic manifestations of B12 deficiency are:

• sharp deterioration in appetite;
• general weakness;
• spasmodic pain (in the epigastrium);
• gastritis;
• duodenitis;
• gastrointestinal organs.

Important: Vitamin deficiency provokes the development of severe anemia. Acute deficiency is accompanied by diseases of the nervous system and threatens mental disorders.

Indications for starting cyanocobalamin

B12 drugs are prescribed for the following pathologies:

• prematurity;
• infections of newborns;
• anemia in pregnant women;
• anemia (hyperchromic, pernicious and agastric);
• pancreatitis (chronic form);
• liver pathologies;
• radiculitis;
• cerebral palsy;

Of the B vitamins, it was the first to be discovered. It dissolves in water and requires daily replenishment. Can be supplied with foods and synthesized by intestinal microflora.

During cooking, about 25% of the vitamin is lost. Easily destroyed during heat treatment, prolonged boiling, or in contact with metals.

Thiamine is lost during refining of grain products (examples, cereals instant cooking, muesli, etc.) Alcohol, tobacco, coffee and food products that contain citric acid salts and carbon dioxide salts reduce the absorption of vitamin B1.

The role of vitamin B1 in the body:

1. Metabolism: thiamine takes part in virtually every process at the cellular level, since it is involved in the production of energy (ATP), in the metabolism, primarily of carbohydrates, amino acids, and the absorption of proteins.
2. Nervous system, brain: vitamin B1 provides normal work CNS. It is also called the “vitamin of pep” because positive impact on the nervous system and intellectual abilities. It is involved in the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that affects several brain functions, including memory, and maintains the tone of the muscles of the heart, stomach, and intestines.
3. Genetic information: Vitamin B1 is essential for copying genetic material passed from one cell to another during cell division.

Vitamin B1 in food

Vitamin B1 can be found in the following foods: cereals, cereals (millet, buckwheat, oats), wholemeal flour, apricots, hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, green peas, rose hips, carrots, radishes, red beets, beans, onions, cabbage, spinach, potatoes.

An increased content of thiamine is found in bran, grain sprouts, yeast, and legumes. A small amount is noted in milk, eggs, and lean pork.

Vitamin B1 norm

The norm of vitamin B1 in adults depends on age and exercise - from 1 to 2.5 mg. In children, the need for the vitamin ranges from 0.5 to 2 mg.

In case of poisoning with heavy metals, nicotine, stressful situations necessary increased quantities thiamine with upper acceptable level- 5 mg.

Lack of folic acid causes the following pathologies:

• blood diseases;
• gastrointestinal diseases;
• during pregnancy - the appearance of deformities in the fetus, further violations mental development in born children.

Excess folic acid provokes toxic effects, especially in the presence of a number of diseases, for example, epilepsy.

The average daily requirement of folic acid is 400 mcg, maximum permissible quantity- 600 mcg.

It is believed that due to the storage of folacin in the liver, it should not be taken in significant doses for a long time.

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Vitamin B12 is a bright red, water-soluble substance with a cobalt molecule in the middle. The average adult human body contains from 2 to 5 mg of vitamin B12, 80% of which is located in the liver.

Vitamin B12 enters the body through food and is also partially produced in the intestines.

It is stable at elevated temperatures, however, it is destroyed during cooking with water and meat juices. The activity of vitamin B12 decreases under the influence of oxygen, ultraviolet rays, as well as in alkaline and acidic environments.

The role of vitamin B12 in the body:

1. Metabolism: Vitamin B12 is required for the release of energy from food, the absorption of a number of fats and amino acids, and the conversion of folate from a passive form to an active one. Vitamin B12 is most needed for rapidly dividing cells, e.g. bone marrow and epithelium.
2. Nervous system, brain: cyanocobalamin is necessary in the formation of myelin, the protective sheath of nerve fibers, neurotransmitters, and prevents the development of various types of emotional disorders.
3. Blood system: Vitamin B12 stimulates the blood coagulation system, promotes the maturation of red blood cells, and strengthens the immune system.
4. Cell division: cyanocobalamin is involved in the synthesis nucleic acid, forming DNA.
5. Liver: vitamin B12 reduces cholesterol levels in the blood and has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the organ.

The average daily requirement of vitamin B12 is 3 mcg, the maximum allowable amount is 9 mcg.

Vitamin B12 in food

Vitamin B12 in animal products: fish, liver, kidneys, soy, heart, seaweed. Milk and lactic acid products contain small amounts of B12.

Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms:

• decreased appetite;
• weakness;
• pain and cramps in the stomach;
• constipation;
• gastroduodenitis;
• peptic ulcer duodenum and stomach.

Acute vitamin B12 deficiency is accompanied by a severe form pernicious anemia, mental and neurological disorders.

Excess vitamin B12 does not provoke toxic effects.

Biotin (vitamin H, vitamin B7)

Biotin (vitamin H, vitamin B7) is a water-soluble vitamin containing sulfur that is relatively stable during cooking. It is synthesized by symbiotic bacteria in the intestines and can also be absorbed from food.

The role of biotin in the human body

1. Biotin is a key cofactor required for (activates) digestive enzymes.
2. Metabolism: Vitamin B7 plays a key role in the metabolic processes of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, as well as in energy metabolism.
3. Diabetes: According to numerous studies, permanent therapeutic doses vitamin H are effective in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and concomitant neuralgic pathologies.
4. Cell division: Vitamin B7 is required for cell growth and division as it is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids that form DNA and RNA.
5. Skin and appendages: Vitamin H helps maintain healthy skin, hair and nails.

Biotin in food

Foods containing vitamin B7: almonds, brown rice, walnuts, bananas, peas, apples, peanuts, plums, parsley, tuna, beef liver, kidneys, egg yolk, milk, brewer's yeast.

Average daily biotin norm- 50 mcg, maximum allowable amount - 150 mcg.

Biotin deficiency

Biotin deficiency is often associated with eating significant amounts of raw egg whites, which interfere with its absorption. Its deficiency causes the following negative effects:

• inflammation skin accompanied by peeling, gray pigmentation;
• brittle nails, hair loss;
• aggravated skin sensitivity;
• nausea;
• anemia;
• cholesterolemia.

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5, panthenol)

Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that is found in many food products and is partially produced by symbiotic bacteria in the intestines.

Vitamin B5 when heated in acidic and alkaline solutions easily destroyed.

The role of vitamin B5 in the body:

1. Metabolism: Vitamin B5 takes part in the release of energy from food and in the synthesis of coenzyme A, which is necessary for the breakdown of carbohydrates and fats.
2. Nervous system, brain: panthenol is required for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which supports the functioning of the nervous system.
3. The immune system: Vitamin B5 is involved in the synthesis of antibodies, accelerates wound healing.
4. Adrenal glands: panthenol ensures the normal functioning of organs, since it takes part in the production of adrenal hormones - cortisone, which regulates the body's reactions to stressful situations.
5. Blood system: vitamin B5 is necessary for the formation of healthy red blood cells and is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin.

Vitamin B5 in food

Vitamin B5 is ubiquitous and can be found in meat, whole grain, wheat ovaries, hazelnut, heart, liver, kidneys, egg yolk, green vegetables, brewer's yeast, bran, chicken meat, dairy products.

Significant amount pantothenic acid found in legumes (beans, beans, peas), fresh vegetables(cauliflower, red beets, asparagus), in green tea, in mushrooms (white, champignons).

The norm for vitamin B5 is 5 mg, the maximum allowable amount is 15 mg.

Vitamin B5 deficiency is extremely rare and has the following manifestations:

• lethargy;
• restless sleep;
• metabolic disorders;
• disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and nervous systems.

P-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

P-Aminobenzoic acid is classified as a B vitamin. PABA is an atom of the folic acid molecule and is produced by symbiotic bacteria in the intestines. P-Aminobenzoic acid supports healthy condition skin, hair and intestines. PABA is usually included in food additives(B-complexes, multivitamins).