Antibacterial antibiotics name. Main groups of antibiotics

Antibiotics are a large group of drugs medicinal purposes, whose action is aimed at eliminating diseases infectious nature. Recently, new drugs with a wide spectrum of action can be seen. Which drug is the most effective, what is best to take for bronchitis, fever and colds? More about this in more detail.

How antibiotics work

The popularity of antibiotic tablets has increased sharply due to the fact that the vital processes occurring in the cells of the human body differ from similar processes in a bacterial cell. Such strong antibiotics are able to have selective effects, affecting only the cells of the pathogenic microorganism, without affecting healthy ones. The classification is carried out based on the way in which the influence on the vital activity of such microorganisms occurs.

When choosing which antibiotic to take, you need to know that some of them suppress the synthesis of bacterial cell membranes, which are absent in the human body. These are broad-spectrum drugs such as penicillins and cephalosporins. Other broad-spectrum drugs can almost completely suppress protein synthesis in bacterial cells. These include tetracycline antibiotics and macrolides. The list of broad-spectrum agents can be divided according to the principle of antifungal activity. It is very important to read the instructions for use of the drugs.

Broad-spectrum drugs are very effective against a number of bacteria, while others may have a narrow focus and are intended for a specific group of bacteria. Why does this happen? The reason is that bacteria and viruses have different functioning and structure, so what can kill bacteria is not effective against viruses. Broad-spectrum agents are used when:

• The causative agents of the disease are resistant to the effects of drugs of a certain group.
• It was possible to detect a superinfection, the cause of which was several types of bacteria.
• The formation of infections after surgery is prevented.
• Treatment is prescribed based on clinical symptoms, in other words, empirically. In this case, the specific pathogen is not identified. This is appropriate for fast-flowing dangerous diseases, common infections.

Features of the drugs

Broad-spectrum medicines belonging to the new generation are very effective for bronchitis, fever, and colds. They cope very well with otitis media, inflammation lymph nodes and other diseases.

Whatever pathogen causes the cold, a broad-spectrum remedy will cope with it. Each medicine invented later has an improved, more perfect effect on various pathogenic microorganisms. It is generally accepted that new broad-spectrum drugs for bronchitis and fever cause minimal harm to the body.

New generation of antibiotics

The list of drugs available today with a broad effect of the new generation includes a lot of medications, both cheap and with a higher price. The most popular of them in terms of use are: cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, penicillins. They are available in the form of tablets and injections. Drugs belonging to the new generation can be characterized as the best pharmacological action, in comparison with older generation drugs. Their list is as follows:

• Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin.
• Tetracycline category: "Tetracycline".
• Penicillins: Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Biomycin.
• Amphenicols: "Chloramphenicol".
• Carbapenems: Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem.
• Aminoglycosides: "Streptomycin".

Strong, highly targeted products

Narrowly targeted drugs of a newer generation can be used in situations where it was possible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection, for example, during colds and fever. Each of the available drugs can have a direct effect on a specific category of pathogenic microorganisms.

Unlike medicines broad action, which can also be used during a cold, they do not suppress the immune system and do not disrupt the normal intestinal microflora. Due to the presence of a deeper degree of purification of the active components of the drug, they have less toxicity.

Bronchitis and colds

In most cases, for bronchitis and the presence of a cold, drugs with a wide spectrum of action of the new generation are prescribed, but you need to know that the choice of drug should be based on the results of a sputum test in the laboratory.

During colds and bronchitis, the best medicines are those that can have a detrimental effect on the bacteria that can cause the disease. This approach is explained by the fact that the study can take from 3 to 5 days, and treatment for bronchitis must be immediate so that there are no complications. For bronchitis and colds, the following medications are often prescribed:

• Macrolides - used in the presence of individual intolerance to penicillin. Erythromycin and Clarithromycin are very effective.
• Penicillin has long been used for bronchitis and other diseases, as a result of which some microorganisms have been able to develop high resistance to the active substance. The medicine was strengthened with a number of additives that could block the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms in order to reduce the activity of penicillin. The most effective for treating colds are Augmentin, Panklav, and Amoxiclav.
• Fluoroquinolones - used for chronic bronchitis during exacerbation. Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Levofloxacin are highly effective.
• Cephalosporins are prescribed for the obstructive form of the disease. Effective drugs Ceftriaxone and Cefuroxime are considered.

Sinusitis

In the presence of sinusitis, it is recommended to use new generation drugs such as macrolides and cephalosporins. They are considered the most effective means in the treatment of sinusitis, which can be used when, after taking penicillin, no positive dynamics of treatment are observed. Modern antibiotics include Cefexime, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime. They resemble in their structure penicillin drugs, but can inhibit the development and completely destroy bacteria. Macrolides such as Azithromycin and Macropen were able to show high efficiency in serious stages of the disease.

Cystitis

Until recently, drugs such as 5-Nok, Biseptol and Furadonin were traditionally used to treat cystitis. But today they have been replaced by antibiotics belonging to a new generation, more effective and stronger. Modern drugs make it possible to get relief from the condition already on the first day of treatment and quickly get rid of the disease:

• Unidox Solutab. The remedy, which quickly copes with cystitis, has a prolonged action. Taken once a day.
• "Monural". A long-term drug that accumulates in the urine and can quickly kill bacteria. Due to the ability to maintain therapeutic concentration long time allows for a short course of treatment.
• "Norbaktin". It is prescribed less frequently than the previous two drugs, since it is recommended to take it twice a day and drink large amounts of liquid, which is not always comfortable for patients.

If you told your doctor about your health problems and he prescribed the use of antibiotics, you need to follow a number of rules. First of all, it is forbidden to independently change the dosage and timing of taking the drug. You should definitely visit a doctor if there are changes in your health or if you experience discomfort, as this can be fraught with serious health problems.

One of the most important problems antimicrobial therapy is the irrational use of antibacterial drugs, which contributes to the widespread spread of drug-resistant flora.

New mechanisms of bacterial resistance and the lack of results from the use of classical, previously effective drugs force pharmacologists to constantly work on new, effective antibiotics.

The advantage of using broad-spectrum agents is explained by the fact that they can be prescribed as initial therapy for infections with an unspecified pathogen. This is especially important in severe, complicated diseases, when days or even hours count and the doctor does not have the opportunity to wait for the results of cultures for the pathogen and sensitivity.

• Avikaz;
• Vilprafen;
• Doribax;
• Zerbaxa;
• Zeftera;
• Zinforo;
• Izodepom;
• Invanz;
• Katen;
• Kubitsin;
• Macropen;
• Maxipim;
• Maxicef;
• Movisar;
• Pyostacin;
• Rovamycin;
• We chain;
• Cefanorm;
• Ertapenem-Eleas.

The latest antimicrobial agents

Cephalosporins (injectable forms only):

• Fourth generation - Cefepim (Maxipim, Movisar, Tsepim, Maxitsef), Cefpirom (Cefanorm, Izodepom, Keiten).
• Modern antibiotics of the latest generation (fifth, anti-MRSA) are represented by Ceftobiprole (Zeftera), Ceftaroline (Zinforo), Ceftolozane.

On this moment In Europe and the USA, the FDA has approved the latest medications from the class of inhibitor-protected cephalosporins - Zerbaxa and Avikaz. The date of their registration and appearance on sale in Russia is not yet known. Whether they can be considered as a separate, sixth generation is also not specified yet.

Zerbaxa

is the trade name for the combination of ceftolozane (5th generation) and tazobactam (a beta-lactamase inhibitor).

It will be used to eradicate highly resistant types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conducted studies have proven its high effectiveness in the treatment of severe complicated infections. urinary tract and intra-abdominal infections. Wed has low levels toxicity compared to polymyxins and aminoglycosides. At mixed flora its combination with metronidazole is possible.

Avikaz

is a combination of ceftazidime (3rd generation antipseudomonal cephalosporin) and avibactam (beta-lactamase inhibitor).

Will be prescribed if there is no alternative for intra-abdominal infections, as well as inf. urinary tract and kidneys. Highly effective against gram pathogens. Also works well with metronidazole. Studies have confirmed its high effectiveness against strains resistant to carbapenems and capable of producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

Of the newest cephalosporins, Zeftera has been registered in Russia

The solution is highly effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram pathogens.

Can be used as monotherapy for severe community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Zeftera is also used for severe infections. skin, including diabetic foot.

Cyclic lipopeptides

A new class represented by the natural antimicrobial agent Daptomycin (trade name Cubitsin).

Daptomycin is highly effective for endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, staphylococcal sepsis and complicated infections of the skin and subcutaneous fat.

Active against MSSA and MRSA strains. That is, it can be used for diseases caused by gram+ multidrug-resistant flora resistant to methicillin, vancomycin and linezolid.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets

Lincosamides

New antibiotics of the lincosamide class are represented by the chlorinated derivative of lincomycin - clindamycin:

• Dalatsin C (in addition to oral, it also has an injection form);
• ClindaHexal.

Depending on the concentration, they can act both bacteriostatically and bactericidally. The spectrum of activity includes most gram+ and gram- pathogens. The medicine has no effect on enterococci, hemolytic bacillus, legionella and mycoplasma.

Macrolides

Now there are 3 generations of macrolide class antibiotics. Of the representatives of the third, the following apply:

• Josamycin (Vilprafen);
• Midecamycin (Macropen);
• Spiramycin (Rovamycin).

Despite the fact that Azithromycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribed in short courses (3 tablets), cannot be called a representative of the new generation, its effectiveness still allows it to be on the list of the most consumed antimicrobial drugs.

Representatives of the class obtained as a result of changes in the marolid molecule are:

• ketolides;
• streptogramins.

The group of ketolides is represented by telithromycin (trade name Ketek). Sensitive flora is similar to classical macrolides, however, it is more active against cocci that are insensitive to lincosamines and streptogramins. Used for respiratory infections.

Streptogramins are active in diseases caused by staphylococci and streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Indicated for out-of-hospital and nosocomial pneumonia, as well as inf. skin and subcutaneous fat, associated multidrug-resistant gram+ bacteria.

Class representatives:

• Quinupristin + Dalfopristin (a combination of two streptogramins);
• Pristinamycin (Piostacin) is an antistaphylococcal agent.

The newest macrolide is solithromycin (from Cempra), billed as effective remedy for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, has not yet been registered.

If the FDA approves its release, it could give rise to a new, fourth generation of macrolides.

The best broad-spectrum antibiotics for empirical treatment of life-threatening diseases with an unspecified pathogen.

Carbapenems

They have only an injection form of release. They belong to the group of beta-lactams, have structural similarities to penicillins and cephalosporins, but are distinguished by a high level of resistance to the action of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and high efficiency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-spore-forming anaerobes and bacteria resistant to representatives of the third and fourth generations of cephalosporins.

These are powerful drugs that belong to the reserve group and are prescribed for severe hospital infections. As first-line empirical therapy, they can be prescribed only for life-threatening diseases with an unspecified pathogen.

However, they are not effective against:

• MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus);
• Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria that cause nosocomial infections);
• Burkholderia cepacia (opportunistic microorganisms that cause severe community- and hospital-acquired infections).

The most powerful broad-spectrum antibiotics from the carbapenem group are Ertapenem and Doripenem.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics in ampoules (injections)

Invanz (Ertapenem-Eleas)

The active ingredient is Ertapenem. The area of ​​antimicrobial influence includes gram + aerobes and facultative gram – anaerobes.

It is resistant to penicillinases, cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Highly active against staphylococci (including strains producing penicillinase) and streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Proteus, Moraxella, Escherichia coli, etc.

It can be considered a universal remedy against strains resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. The mechanism of bactericidal effect is due to its ability to bind to penicillin-binding proteins and irreversibly inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall of pathogens.

Cmax concentrations in blood plasma are observed 50 minutes after the end of the infusion, with intramuscular administration - after 1.5-2 hours.

The half-life is approximately 4 hours. In patients with renal failure, the duration is almost twofold. It is excreted mainly in urine, up to ten percent is excreted in feces.

Dose adjustment is carried out in case of renal failure. Liver failure and elderly age does not require changes in recommended dosages.

Used for severe:

• pyelonephritis and inf. urinary tract;
• infection pelvic diseases, endometritis, postoperative infections and septic abortions;
• bacterial lesions of the skin and soft tissues, including diabetic foot;
• pneumonia;
• septicemia;
• abdominal infections.

Invanz is contraindicated:

• with intolerance to beta-lactams;
• up to eighteen years of age;
• with diarrhea;
• while breastfeeding.

Intramuscular administration of lidocaine is prohibited for patients with hypersensitivity to amide anesthetics, low blood pressure and impaired intracardiac conduction.

When using Invanza, it is necessary to take into account the risk of developing severe pseudomembranous colitis, therefore, if diarrhea occurs, the drug is immediately discontinued.

The safety of use during pregnancy has not been studied, so prescribing to pregnant women is permissible only as a last resort, in the absence of a safe alternative.

There are also no adequate studies on safe use in children, so use under 18 years of age is possible strictly for health reasons, in the absence of alternative drugs. Used in a minimal course until the condition stabilizes, at a dosage of 15 mg/kg per day, divided into two administrations (up to 12 years of age) and 1 gram once a day for children over 12 years of age.

Side effects of Ertapenem may include:

• antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis;
• post-infusion phlebitis;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• allergic (anaphylactic) reactions;
• arterial hypotension;
• dysbacteriosis and candidiasis;
• change in taste;
• increased liver transaminases;
• hyperglycemia;
• thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, monocytosis;
• erythrocyturia, bacteriuria.

Invanza dosages

For intravenous infusion, it is diluted with 0.9% saline, the minimum administration time is half an hour. For intramuscular injections, 1-2% lidocaine is used.

It is administered once a day in a dose of 1 gram. The duration of treatment ranges from three to 14 days and depends on the severity inflammatory process and its localization. When the condition stabilizes, a transfer to tablet antibiotics is indicated.

Doriprex (Doribax)

The active substance is Doripenem. This is a synthetic antimicrobial drug with bactericidal activity.

Structurally similar to other beta-lactams. The mechanism of activity is due to the inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins and inhibition of the synthesis of cell wall components. Effective against gram + aerobes and gram – anaerobes.

Resistant to beta-lactamases and penicillinases, weakly resistant to hydrolysis by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The resistance of some strains is due to enzymatic inactivation of Doripenem and a decrease in the permeability of the bacterial wall.

Enterococcus faecium, legionella, and methicillin-resistant staphylococci are resistant to the product. Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can develop acquired resistance.

Doripenem is prescribed for:

• nosocomial pneumonia;
• severe intra-abdominal infections;
• complicated inf. urinary system;
• pyelonephritis, with a complicated course and bacteremia.

Contraindicated:

• children under eighteen years of age;
• with hypersensitivity to beta-lactams;
• for diarrhea and colitis;
• breastfeeding.

Prescribed to pregnant women with caution, for health reasons in the absence of an alternative.

Side effects may include:

• headache;
• vomiting, nausea;
• phlebitis at the injection site;
• an increase in liver transaminases;
• colitis and diarrhea;
• anaphylactic shock, itching, rash, toxic epidermal necrolysis;
• dysbacteriosis, fungal infection of the mucous membrane oral cavity and vagina;
• neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

Dosages and duration of treatment with Doriprex

Doripenem is administered at a dose of five hundred milligrams every eight hours. The duration of the infusion should be at least an hour. For nosocomial pneumonia, the dose may be increased to 1000 mg. Doriprex is administered in 0.9% saline or 5% glucose.

The duration of treatment ranges from five to 14 days and depends on the severity of the disease and the location of the bacterial focus.

When the patient's condition is stabilized, a transition to tableted antibacterial drugs is made. Dose adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired renal function. Liver failure and old age are not indications for dose reduction.

Cheap broad-spectrum antibiotics

Chain

The Russian medicine, produced by the Synthesis AKOMP campaign, will cost the buyer about 120 rubles per bottle. This is a fairly inexpensive analogue of Maximim, made in the USA (400 rubles per 1 gram bottle).

The active substance is cefepime. Refers to 4th generation cephalosporins. and has broad bactericidal activity. The mechanism of influence on pathogens is due to disruption of the synthesis processes of microbial wall components.

Cefepime is effective against gram- and gram+ pathogens that are resistant to aminoglycoside drugs and third-generation cephalosporins. Of staphylococci, only methicillin-sensitive types are sensitive; other strains are resistant to its action. Also, the solution has no effect on enterococci and clostridia.

The drug is resistant to bacterial beta-lactamases.

Capable of creating high concentrations in:

• bronchial secretions and sputum;
• bile and gallbladder walls;
• appendix and peritoneal fluid;
• prostate.

The drug has high bioavailability and absorption. The half-life is approximately two hours. Dose adjustment is carried out only in persons with renal failure.

The list of indications for the use of Tsepim includes:

• moderate to severe pneumonia;
• febrile fever;
• complicated urinary tract infections;
• heavy pyelonephritis;
• intra-abdominal inf. with complications (combined with 5-nitroimidazal derivatives - metronidazole);
• infection skin and subcutaneous fat caused by staphylo- and streptococci sensitive to the drug;
• meningitis;
• sepsis.

Also, it can be prescribed to prevent septic postoperative complications.

Tsepim can be used for empirical treatment of diseases caused by an unspecified pathogen. Also prescribed for mixed infections (anaerobic-aerobic flora) in combination with antianaerobic drugs.

Cefepime is contraindicated:

• persons with intolerance to beta-lactams and L-arginine;
• children up to two months of age (intravenously);
• patients under 12 years of age (intramuscular).

Prescribe with caution to patients with a history of pseudomembranous colitis, ulcerative colitis, renal failure, pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Possible side effects include:

• phlebitis at the injection site;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• anxiety, headache;
• thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia;
• jaundice, increased liver transaminases;
• allergies;
• tremors and seizures;
• candidiasis and dysbacteriosis.

Doses of the drug

The dosage, route of administration and duration of therapy depend on the severity of the disease, the location of the bacterial focus and the state of renal function.

As a rule, one to two grams of the drug is administered intravenously every 12 hours. With inf. urinary tract, intramuscular administration is possible.

For febrile fever, 2 grams are prescribed every eight hours. Applies from seven to 10 days. In case of infection with a severe course, the course may be extended.

Babies older than two months are prescribed 50 mg/kg twice a day. For neutropenia - three times a day.

Article prepared
Infectious disease doctor A. L. Chernenko

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Antibiotics help cope with most diseases. Many people do not like them, considering the drugs to be dangerous to health (“they treat one, the other cripple”). But it’s hard to argue with the fact that these drugs stopped more than one epidemic. Moreover, due to their wide range of uses, people are less likely to die from infectious diseases. As a result, people's life expectancy has increased significantly.

There is just one problem: viruses and bacteria can mutate and adapt to antibiotics (this property is called antibiotic resistance - the developed immunity of microorganisms to the action of a drug). This is why antibiotics, invented decades ago and considered almost a panacea for all infections, are now poorly effective in treating most diseases.

Scientists are forced to improve medicines, that is, to produce a new generation of drugs. Currently, there are four generations of widely used antibiotics. In this article we will compile a list of the most popular modern medicines new generation, we will analyze their main characteristics, indications, contraindications and prices.

general description

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are drugs of universal action prescribed to combat big amount pathogens (including those with an unknown source of infection). Unfortunately, such versatility is a weakness: there is a possibility that antibiotics will begin to fight against beneficial microflora (for example, if the symbiotic intestinal flora is destroyed, dysbiosis occurs). This is why after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, it is necessary to restore normal levels of beneficial bacteria.

New generation drugs are universal and can act on a large number of pathogenic microbes.

The new generation of antibiotics are more effective than their predecessors because bacteria have not yet had time to adapt to them. Besides:

• new generation antibiotics are considered safer (they have fewer side effects and are not so severe);
• New generation antibiotics are convenient to use - first generation drugs had to be taken 3-4 times a day, and modern antibiotics It is enough to take 1-2 times;
• new generation antibiotics are produced in different forms. There are even medications in the form of syrups and patches.

What are the most powerful remedies?

Having studied the reviews of doctors and patients, we can identify the most common broad-spectrum antibiotics from the latest generation. We get this list:

1. Sumamed.
2. Cefamandole.
3. Unidox Solutab.
4. Rulid.
5. Amoxiclav.
6. Lincomycin.
7. Cefoperazone.
8. Cefotaxime.
9. Cefixime.
10. Avelox.

Now let's look at each medicine on this list in a little more detail.

• Sumamed

Broad-spectrum antibiotics from the list of new generation macrolides. They act due to azithromycin (in one capsule - 250 ml of the substance).

Sumamed is especially effective in combating infections affecting the respiratory tract (angina, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia), skin and soft tissues, the genitourinary system (for example, prostatitis) and the gastrointestinal tract (including intestinal infections). Contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to macrolides, as well as liver and kidney diseases. It has mild side effects, which distinguishes Sumamed from other broad-spectrum antibiotics. Take one tablet per day for 3 days (the course can then be extended by a doctor).

The price of Sumemd depends on the form of release and packaging: 250 mg capsules, 6 pieces - from 320 rubles; 6 tablets 125 mg - from 290 rubles; 6 tablets 500 mg - from 377 rub.

• Cefamandole

Packaging of the drug.

A drug from the group of cephalosporins of the latest generation. Rarely causes an adaptive reaction in microorganisms, therefore it effectively fights gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mycoplasmas, legionella, salmonella, and sexually transmitted pathogens. Often prescribed for colds and intestinal infections. Can be used as an alternative to cephalosporin if resistance to the latter is observed. Effective for the prevention of postoperative infectious complications. One of the disadvantages of the drug is its high price.

• Unidox Solutab

Broad-spectrum antibiotic from the list of new generation tetracyclines. The active substance in the composition is doxycycline. Available in the form of 100 mg tablets (10 tablets per package).

Effective in the fight against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, protozoa, anaerobes, and atypical pathogens. Most often prescribed for treatment colds, intestinal infections, prostatitis. Almost does not cause dysbacteriosis. Dosage for adults: 200 mg (2 tablets) once or twice a day. The price of the drug is approximately 280 rubles. per package.

• Rulid

Fourth generation antibiotic from the list of macrolides. Base substance- roxithromycin. Available in the form of tablets with a dosage of 150 mg. A single daily dose of the drug is sufficient. Most often prescribed for upper respiratory tract infections, urogenital diseases (for example, prostatitis), intestinal, and ondotological infections. Not recommended for use in case of renal failure. It is quite expensive - from 800 rubles. for 10 pieces.

• Amoksiklav

Fourth generation antibiotic packaging.

A new generation antibiotic from the list of pharmacological group of aminopenicillins. It has a wide spectrum of action, resistance to the action of beta-lactamase strains. Possesses soft action, therefore it is used for both treatment and prevention. Unlike many fourth-generation antibiotics, it can be prescribed to pregnant and lactating women. Manufactured by Lek Pharma and Lek D.D. Available in powder form for intravenous administration, powder for oral administration, tablets. The price of powders for injections is from 200 rubles, powders taken orally are from 60 rubles, tablets 375 mg are from 224 rubles.

• Lincomycin

Widely used in dentistry.

One of the most affordable broad-spectrum antibiotics. Sold in the form of ampoules for intravenous and intramuscular administration and in the form of capsules. The selective bacteriostatic effect allows its use in cases where other drugs are ineffective due to developed resistance. True, this same quality does not allow Lincomycin to be prescribed as a first-line drug. It is quite toxic and has a list of a large number of side effects and contraindications that you should familiarize yourself with before taking the medicine. The cost of ampoules with solution is from 68 rubles. for 10 pieces; cost of capsules - from 73 rubles.

• Cefoperazone

Prices for antibiotics in pharmacies for different forms and dosages range from 110 to 370 rubles. It has a wide range of uses: respiratory and urinary tract infections, skin and intestinal infections, pelvic inflammation, prostatitis, prevention after abdominal, gynecological and orthopedic surgeries. Belongs to the group of cephalosporins. Twice daily administration is sufficient. As a rule, it is well tolerated, side effects are rare. Unfortunately, it is available only in the form of an injection solution. Price - from 115 rub.

• Cefotaxime

Antibiotic of the new generation cephalosporin group. Considered one of the most commonly prescribed drugs for most infectious and inflammatory diseases(colds, intestinal, urological, gynecological, prostatitis, etc.). This prevalence is due to the broad spectrum of action of the antibiotic, affordable price, low toxicity, minimal effect on beneficial bacteria. Can be used for treatment and prevention (for example, in the postoperative period). Available only in the form of a solution for injection.

• Cefixime

Another name for the antibiotic is Pancef. Available only in the form of capsules and tablets taken orally. Acts bactericidal (prevents the synthesis of cell walls of pathogens). It has a wide spectrum of action (kills intestinal infections, treats colds, prostatitis, and is used after operations). Unfortunately, this new generation antibiotic has a fairly strong toxic effect on the kidneys and liver, so it is not recommended for use in diseases of these organs. Price - from 397 rub.

• Avelox

A very strong antibiotic of the latest generation from the group of fluoroquinolones. Is modern analogue Moxifloxcin. Effective against many known bacterial and atypical pathogens. Virtually no effect negative influence on the kidneys and stomach. Such antibiotics can be used as children's medicines, so they are not prescribed in pediatrics. They are quite expensive - from 750 rubles. for 5 pcs.

How to choose

Naturally, it is not enough to familiarize yourself with the list of new generation antibiotics. I would like to say which broad-spectrum antibiotics are the safest and most effective. Unfortunately, it is impossible to single out a specific drug, since each of the antibiotics has its own characteristics and in each specific case will be more effective different means. This is why you should not prescribe drugs for treatment and prevention on your own if you do not have a medical education. For intestinal infections, prostatitis, sore throat or otitis, various antibiotics will be prescribed. It is better to trust a specialist who prescribes medicine based on the diagnosis, stage of the disease, concomitant diseases, as well as the individual characteristics of the patient.

We figured out what broad-spectrum antibiotics are and how they work for various infectious pathologies. Now it's time to get to know the most prominent representatives various groups ASSD.

List of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Let's start with the popular broad-spectrum antibiotics of the penicillin series.

Amoxicillin

The drug belongs to the class of semi-synthetic antibiotics of the penicillin series with a broad spectrum of 3rd generation. With its help, many infectious pathologies of the ENT organs, skin, biliary tract, bacterial diseases of the respiratory, genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems. It is used in combination with other AMPs and for the treatment of inflammatory gastrointestinal pathologies caused by bacterial infection (the notorious Helicobacter pylori).

The active substance is amoxicillin.

Pharmacodynamics

Like other penicillins, Amoxicillin has a pronounced bactericidal effect, destroying the cell membrane of bacteria. It has this effect on gram-positive (streptococci, staphylococci, clostridia, most corynobacteria, eubacteria, pathogens anthrax and erysipelas) and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. However, the drug remains ineffective against strains capable of producing penicillase (also known as beta-lactamase), so in some cases (for example, with osteomyelitis) it is used in conjunction with clavulanic acid, which protects Amoxicillin from destruction.

Pharmacokinetics

The drug is considered resistant to acid and is therefore taken orally. At the same time, it is quickly absorbed in the intestine and distributed throughout the tissues and fluids of the body, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. After 1-2 hours, the maximum concentration of AMPs in the blood plasma can be observed. With normal kidney function, the half-life of the drug will be from 1 to 1.5 hours, otherwise the process may take up to 7-20 hours.

The drug is excreted from the body mainly through the kidneys (about 60%), some of it in its original form is removed with bile.

Amoxicillin can be used during pregnancy, since the toxic effects of penicillins are weak. However, doctors prefer to seek antibiotic help only if the disease threatens the life of the expectant mother.

The ability of the antibiotic to penetrate liquids, including breast milk, requires the baby to be switched to formula milk for the period of treatment with the drug.

Contraindications for use

Due to the fact that penicillins are generally relatively safe, the drug has very few contraindications for use. It is not prescribed for hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, intolerance to penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as for infectious pathologies such as mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia.

Side effects

First of all, Amoxicillin is famous for the possibility of developing allergic reactions of varying severity, ranging from rashes and itching on the skin to anaphylactic shock and Quincke's edema.

The drug passes along the gastrointestinal tract, so it may cause unpleasant reactions and from the digestive system. Most often it is nausea and diarrhea. Rarely, colitis and thrush may develop.

The liver may react by increasing liver enzymes if the drug is not taken. In rare cases, hepatitis or jaundice develops.

The drug rarely causes headaches and insomnia, as does changes in the composition of urine (the appearance of salt crystals) and blood.

Directions for use and doses

The drug can be found on sale in the form of tablets, capsules and granules for preparing a suspension. You can take it regardless of food intake at intervals of 8 hours (for kidney pathologies - 12 hours). A single dose, depending on age, ranges from 125 to 500 mg (for children under 2 years old - 20 mg per kg).

Overdose

An overdose can occur when the permissible doses of the drug are exceeded, but usually it is only accompanied by the appearance of more pronounced side effects. Therapy consists of gastric lavage and taking sorbents, in severe cases resort to hemodialysis.

Amoxicillin has negative impact on the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

Concomitant use of the drug with probenecid, allopurinol, anticoagulants, antacids, and antibiotics with bacteriostatic action is undesirable.

Storage conditions

Best before date

The shelf life of the drug in any form of release is 3 years. The suspension prepared from granules can be stored for no more than 2 weeks.

Amoxiclav

A new generation penicillin combination drug. Representative of protected penicillins. It contains 2 active ingredients: the antibiotic amoxicillin and the penicillase inhibitor clavuonic acid, which has a slight antimicrobial effect.

Pharmacodynamics

The drug has a pronounced bactericidal effect. Effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including strains resistant to unprotected beta-lactams.

Pharmacokinetics

Both active substances are quickly absorbed and penetrate into all environments of the body. Their maximum concentration is observed an hour after administration. The half-life ranges from 60 to 80 minutes.

Amoxicillin is excreted unchanged, and clavuonic acid is metabilized in the liver. The latter is excreted by the kidneys, like amoxicillin. However, a small part of its metabolites can be found in feces and exhaled air.

Use during pregnancy

By life important indications Can be used during pregnancy. At breastfeeding It should be taken into account that both components of the drug can pass into breast milk.

Contraindications for use

The drug is not used for liver dysfunction, especially those associated with taking any of the active substances, as noted in the anamnesis. Amoxiclav is not prescribed if there is hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, or if beta-lactam intolerance reactions have been noted in the past. Infectious mononullosis and lymphocytic leukemia are also contraindications for this drug.

Side effects

The side effects of the drug are identical to those observed while taking Amoxicillin. No more than 5% of patients suffer from them. The most common symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, various allergic reactions, vaginal candidiasis (thrush).

Directions for use and doses

I take the drug in tablet form regardless of meals. The tablets are dissolved in water or chewed with ½ glass of water.

Usually a single dose of the drug is 1 tablet. The interval between doses is 8 or 12 hours, depending on the weight of the tablet (325 or 625 mg) and the severity of the pathology. Children under 12 years of age are given the drug in the form of a suspension (10 mg per kg per dose).

Overdose

In case of drug overdose life-threatening no symptoms observed. Usually everything is limited to pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness, and sleep disturbances.

Therapy: gastric lavage plus sorbents or hemodialysis (blood purification).

Interactions with other drugs

It is undesirable to take the drug simultaneously with anticoagulants, diuretics, NSAIDs, allopurinol, phenylbutazone, methotriexate, disulfiram, probenecid due to the development of side effects.

Parallel use with antacids, glucosamine, laxatives, rifampicin, sulfonamides and antibiotics with bacteriostatic action reduces the effectiveness of the drug. It itself reduces the effectiveness of contraceptives.

Storage conditions

The drug should be stored at room temperature away from sources of moisture and light. Keep away from children.

Best before date

The shelf life of the drug, if the above requirements are met, will be 2 years.

As for the drug "Augmentin", it is a complete analogue of "Amoxiclav" with the same indications and method of administration.

Now let’s move on to an equally popular group of broad-spectrum antibiotics – cephalosporins.

Ceftriaxone

Among the 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics, it is a big favorite among therapists and pulmonologists, especially when it comes to severe pathologies prone to complications. This is a drug with a pronounced bactericidal effect, the active substance of which is ceftriaxone sodium.

The antibiotic is active against a huge list of pathogenic microorganisms, including many hemolytic streptococci, which are considered the most dangerous pathogens diseases. Most strains that produce enzymes against penicillins and cephalosporins remain sensitive to it.

In this regard, the drug is indicated for many organ pathologies abdominal cavity, infections affecting the musculoskeletal, genitourinary and respiratory systems. It is used to treat sepsis and meningitis, infectious pathologies in weakened patients, and to prevent infections before and after operations.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic properties of the drug are in big dependence from the administered dose. Only the half-life (8 hours) remains constant. Maximum concentration the drug in the blood when administered intramuscularly is observed after 2-3 hours.

Ceftriaxone penetrates well into various environments of the body and maintains a concentration sufficient to destroy most bacteria throughout the day. Metabolized in the intestines to form inactive substances, excreted in equal amounts with urine and bile.

Use during pregnancy

The drug is used in cases where there is a real threat to the life of the expectant mother. Breastfeeding should be avoided during treatment with the drug. Such restrictions are due to the fact that ceftriaxone is able to pass through the placental barrier and penetrate into breast milk.

Contraindications for use

The drug is not prescribed for severe pathologies of the liver and kidneys with impaired function, gastrointestinal pathologies affecting the intestines, especially if they are associated with taking AMPs, or with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins. In pediatrics, it is not used for the treatment of newborns diagnosed with hyperbilirubinemia, in gynecology - in the first semester of pregnancy.

Side effects

The incidence of undesirable effects while taking the drug does not exceed 2%. The most common symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, reversible changes in blood composition, and allergic skin reactions.

Less often headache, fainting, fever, severe allergic reactions, candidiasis. Rarely, inflammation may occur at the injection site. painful sensations with intramuscular administration, they are removed using icecaine administered in the same syringe with ceftriaxone.

Directions for use and doses

A tolerance test for ceftriaxone and lidocaine is considered mandatory.

The drug can be administered intramuscularly and intravenously (injections and infusions). For intramuscular administration, the drug is diluted in a 1% solution of iceocaine, for intravenous injection: in case of injections, use water for injection, for droppers - one of the solutions (saline solution, solutions of glucose, levulose, dextran in glucose, water for injection).

The usual dosage for patients over 12 years of age is 1 or 2 g of ceftriaxone powder (1 or 2 bottles). For children, the drug is administered at the rate of 20-80 mg per kg of weight, taking into account the patient’s age.

Overdose

In case of an overdose of the drug, neurotoxic effects and increased side effects are observed, including seizures and confusion. Treatment is carried out in a hospital setting.

Interactions with other drugs

Antagonism between ceftriaxone and chloramphenicol has been experimentally noted. Physical incompatibility is also observed with aminoglycosides, therefore, in combination therapy, the drugs are administered separately.

The drug is not mixed with solutions containing calcium (Hartmann's, Ringer's, etc. solutions). Concomitant administration of ceftriaxone with vancomycin, fluconazole or amzacrine is not recommended.

Storage conditions

Vials with the drug should be stored at room temperature, protected from light and moisture. The finished solution can be stored for 6 hours, and at a temperature of about 5°C it retains its properties for 24 hours. Keep away from children.

Best before date

The shelf life of the antibiotic powder is 2 years.

Cefotaxime

One of the 3rd generation cephalosporins, showing, like others, a good bactericidal effect. The active substance is cefotaxime.

It is used for the same pathologies as the previous drug and has found widespread use in the treatment of infectious diseases nervous system, when blood is infected (septicemia) with bacterial elements. Intended for parenteral administration only.

Active against many, but not all bacterial pathogens.

Pharmacokinetics

The maximum concentration of cefutaxime in the blood is observed after half an hour, and the bactericidal effect lasts 12 hours. The half-life ranges from 1 to 1.5 hours.

Has good penetrating ability. During the metabolization process, it forms an active metabolite, which is excreted in the bile. The main part of the drug in its original form is excreted in the urine.

Use during pregnancy

The drug should not be used during pregnancy (at any stage) and breastfeeding.

Contraindications for use

Not prescribed for hypersensitivity to cephalosporins and during pregnancy. If you are intolerant to ice-caine, the drug should not be administered intramuscularly. Intramuscular injections are not given to children under 2 and a half years old.

Side effects

The drug can cause both mild skin reactions (redness and itching) and severe allergic reactions (Quincke's edema, bronchospasm, and in some cases anaphylactic shock).

Some patients report epigastric pain, stool disorders, and dyspepsia. There are slight changes in the functioning of the liver and kidneys, as well as in laboratory blood parameters. Sometimes patients complain of fever, inflammation at the injection site (phlebitis), deterioration due to the development of superinfection ( reinfection modified bacterial infection).

Directions for use and doses

After testing for sensitivity to cefotaxime and lidocaine, the drug is prescribed in a dosage of 1 g (1 bottle of powder) every 12 hours. For severe infectious lesions the medicine is administered 2 g every 6-8 hours. The dose for newborns and premature babies is 50-100 mg per kg of weight. The dosage is also calculated for children over 1 month. Babies up to 1 month are prescribed 75-150 mg/kg per day.

For intravenous injections the drug is diluted in water for injection, for drip administration(within an hour) - in saline solution.

Overdose

An overdose of the drug can cause damage to brain structures (encephalopathy), which is considered reversible with appropriate professional treatment.

Interactions with other drugs

It is undesirable to use the drug simultaneously with other types of antibiotics (in the same syringe). Aminoglycosides and diuretics can enhance the toxic effect of the antibiotic on the kidneys, so combination therapy should be carried out with monitoring of the condition of the organ.

Storage conditions

Store at a temperature not exceeding 25°C in a dry, dark place. The prepared solution can be stored at room temperature for up to 6 hours, at a temperature of 2 to 8°C - no more than 12 hours.

Best before date

The drug can be stored in its original packaging for up to 2 years.

Hepaceph

This drug also belongs to the 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics. It is intended for parenteral administration for the same indications as the 2 drugs from the same group described above. The active substance, cefoperazone, has a noticeable bactericidal effect.

Despite its greater effectiveness against many important pathogenic microorganisms, many bacteria produced by beta-lactamase retain antibiotic resistance to it, i.e. remain insensitive.

Pharmacokinetics

At one-time administration the drug already has a high content active substance in body fluids such as blood, urine and bile. The half-life of the drug does not depend on the route of administration and is 2 hours. It is excreted in urine and bile, with its concentration remaining higher in bile. Does not accumulate in the body. Repeated administration of cefoperazone is also allowed.

Use during pregnancy

The drug can be used during pregnancy, but it should not be used unless absolutely necessary. A small part of cefoperazone passes into breast milk, and yet breastfeeding should be limited during treatment with Gepacef.

Contraindications for use

There were no other contraindications for use other than intolerance to cephalosporin antibiotics.

Side effects

Skin and allergic reactions to the drug occur infrequently and are mainly associated with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins and penicillins.

Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, decreased stool, jaundice, arrhythmias, increased blood pressure (in rare cases) may also occur. cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest), exacerbation of sensitivity of teeth and gums, anxiety, etc. The development of superinfection is possible.

Directions for use and doses

After skin test for cefoperazone and lidocaine, the drug can be administered both intravenously and intramuscularly.

The usual adult daily dosage ranges from 2 to 4, which corresponds to 2-4 bottles of the drug. The maximum dose is 8 g. The drug should be administered every 12 hours, evenly distributing the daily dose.

In some cases, the drug was administered into large doses(up to 16 g per day) with an interval of 8 hours, which did not have a negative effect on the patient’s body.

The daily dose for a child, starting from the neonatal period, is 50-200 mg per kg of weight. Maximum 12 g per day.

For intramuscular administration, the drug is diluted with lidocaine, for intravenous administration - with water for injection, saline solution, glucose solution, Ringer's solution and other solutions containing the above liquids.

Overdose

The drug does not have acute toxic effects. Possible increased side effects, the appearance of seizures and other neurological reactions due to the drug entering the cerebrospinal fluid. In severe cases (eg, kidney failure), treatment can be done through hemodialysis.

Interactions with other drugs

The drug should not be administered simultaneously with aminoglycosides.

During treatment with the drug, you should limit the consumption of alcohol-containing drinks and solutions.

Storage conditions

Best before date

The drug retains its properties for 2 years from the date of release.

Antibiotics from the fluoroquinolone group help doctors with severe infectious pathologies.

Ciprofloxacin

A popular budget antibiotic from the fluoroquinolone group, which is available in the form of tablets, solutions and ointments. It has a bactericidal effect against many anaerobes, chlamydia, and mycoplasma.

It has a wide range of indications for use: infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eyes, urinary and reproductive systems, abdominal organs. It is also used in the treatment of infectious pathologies of the skin and musculoskeletal system, as well as in for preventive purposes in immunocompromised patients.

In pediatrics, it is used to treat complicated diseases if there is a real risk to the patient’s life that exceeds the risk of developing joint pathologies when treated with the drug.

Pharmacokinetics

When the drug is taken orally, it is quickly absorbed into the blood in the initial part of the intestine and penetrates into the various fabrics, fluids and cells of the body. The maximum concentration of the drug in the blood plasma is observed after 1-2 hours.

Partially metabolized with the release of low-active metabolites with antimicrobial action. The drug is excreted mainly by the kidneys and intestines.

Use during pregnancy

The drug is not used at any stage of pregnancy due to the risk of damage cartilage tissue in newborns. For the same reason, you should avoid breastfeeding during the period of drug therapy, since ciprofloxacin passes freely into breast milk.

Contraindications for use

The drug is not used to treat pregnant and lactating women. Oral forms of the drug are not used in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and in patients under 18 years of age.

Treatment with the drug in patients with hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones is prohibited.

Side effects

The drug is usually well tolerated by patients. Only in isolated cases can various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract be observed, including bleeding in the stomach and intestines, headaches, sleep disturbances, tinnitus and other unpleasant symptoms. There are rare cases of arrhythmias and hypertension. Allergic reactions also occur very rarely.

May provoke the development of candidiasis and dysbacteriosis.

Directions for use and doses

The drug is administered orally and intravenously (stream or drip) 2 times a day. In the first case, a single dose ranges from 250 to 750 mg, in the second – from 200 to 400 mg. The course of treatment is from 7 to 28 days.

Local eye treatment with drops: drop 1-2 drops into each eye every 1-4 hours. Suitable for adults and children from 1 year.

Overdose

Symptoms of a drug overdose when taken orally indicate an increase in its toxic effect: headache and dizziness, tremors in the limbs, weakness, convulsions, the appearance of hallucinations, etc. In large doses it leads to impaired renal function.

Treatment: gastric lavage, taking antacids and emetics, drinking plenty of fluids(acidified liquid).

Interactions with other drugs

Beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, clindomycin and metronidazole enhance the effect of the drug.

It is not recommended to take ciprofloxacin concomitantly with sucralfate, bismuth preparations, antacids, vitamin and mineral supplements, caffeine, cyclosporine, oral anticoagulants, tizanidine, aminophylline and theophylline.

Storage conditions

Best before date

The shelf life of the drug should not exceed 3 years.

Tsiprolet is another popular drug from the group of fluoroquinolones, which belongs to the category of broad-spectrum antibiotics. This drug is inexpensive analogue the drug Ciprofloxacin with the same active ingredient. It has indications for use and release forms similar to the above-mentioned drug.

The popularity of the next group of antibiotics - macrolides - is due to the low toxicity of these drugs and relative hypoallergenicity. Unlike the above groups of AMPs, they have the ability to inhibit the proliferation of bacterial infections, but do not completely destroy bacteria.

Sumamed

A broad-spectrum antibiotic beloved by doctors, which belongs to the group of macrolides. It can be found on sale in the form of tablets and capsules. But there are also forms of the drug in the form of powder for preparing an oral suspension and lyophilisate for preparing injection solutions. The active substance is azithromycin. It has a bacteriostatic effect.

The drug is active against most anaerobic bacteria, chlamydia, mycoplasma, etc. It is used primarily for the treatment of infections of the respiratory and ENT organs, as well as for infectious pathologies of the skin and muscle tissue, STDs, gastrointestinal diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori..

Pharmacokinetics

The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is observed 2-3 hours after its administration. In tissues, the content of the drug is tens of times higher than in liquids. It is eliminated from the body over a long period of time. The half-life can range from 2 to 4 days.

It is excreted mainly in bile and slightly in urine.

Use during pregnancy

According to experiments with animals, azithromycin does not have a negative effect on the fetus. And yet, when treating people, the drug should be used only in extreme cases due to the lack of information regarding the human body.

The concentration of azithromycin in breast milk is not clinically significant. But the decision to breastfeed during drug therapy should be well thought out.

Contraindications for use

The drug is not prescribed for hypersensitivity to azithromycin and other macrolyses, including ketolides, as well as for renal or liver failure.

Side effects

Adverse reactions while taking the drug are observed in only 1% of patients. These may be dyspepsia, stool disorders, loss of appetite, and the development of gastritis. Allergic reactions, including angioedema, are sometimes observed. May cause kidney inflammation or thrush. Sometimes taking the medicine is accompanied by heart pain, headaches, drowsiness, and sleep disturbances.

Directions for use and doses

Tablets, capsules and suspension should be taken once every 24 hours. At the same time 2 latest forms Take either an hour before meals or 2 hours after it. There is no need to chew the tablets.

One-time adult dose the drug is 500 mg or 1 g depending on the pathology. Therapeutic course – 3-5 days. The dosage for a child is calculated based on the age and weight of the small patient. Children under 3 years of age are given the drug in the form of a suspension.

The use of lyophysilate involves a 2-step process of preparing a medicinal solution. First, the drug is diluted with water for injection and shaken, then saline solution is added, dextrose solution or Ringer solution. The drug is administered only intravenously as a slow infusion (3 hours). The daily dose is usually 500 mg.

Overdose

An overdose of the drug manifests itself in the form of side effects of the drug. Treatment is symptomatic.

Interactions with other drugs

Do not use simultaneously with ergot preparations due to the development of strong toxic effects.

Lincosamines and antacids can weaken the effect of the drug, while tetracyclines and chloramphenicol can enhance it.

It is undesirable to take the drug simultaneously with medications such as heparin, warfarin, ergotamine and its derivatives, cycloseryl, methylprednisolone, felodipine. Indirect anticoagulants and agents subject to microsomal oxidation increase the toxicity of azithromycin.

Storage conditions

The drug should be stored in a dry room with a temperature range of 15 -25 degrees. Keep away from children.

Best before date

The shelf life of capsules and tablets is 3 years, powder for oral administration and lyophysilate is 2 years. The suspension prepared from the powder is stored for no more than 5 days.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for children

Studying the description various antibiotics wide spectrum of action, it is easy to notice that not all of them are used to treat children. The danger of developing toxic effects and allergic reactions makes doctors and parents of the baby think a thousand times before offering their child this or that antibiotic.

It is clear that, if possible, it would be better to stop taking such strong drugs. However, this is not always possible. And here you have to choose from the whole variety of AMPs those that will help your baby cope with the disease without causing harm. great harm his body.

Such relatively safe drugs can be found in almost any group of antibiotics. For young children, suspension forms of the drug are provided.

The prescription of drugs with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in pediatrics is practiced when it is not possible to quickly identify the causative agent of the disease, while the disease is actively gaining momentum and poses an obvious danger to the child.

The choice of an effective antibiotic is carried out according to the following principle: the drug must exhibit sufficient activity against the suspected pathogen in minimally effective doses and have a release form appropriate for the child’s age. The frequency of taking such antibiotics should not exceed 4 times a day (for newborns - 2 times a day).

The instructions for the drug should also indicate how to calculate effective dose medications for a child of the appropriate age and weight.

The following drugs meet these requirements:

• Penicillin group - amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin and some drugs based on them: Augmentin, Flemoxin, Amoxil, Amoxiclav, etc.
• Cephalosporin group - ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefazolin, cefamandole, ceftibuten, cefipime, cefoperazone and some drugs based on them: Zinnat, Cedex, Vinex, Suprax, Azaran, etc.
• Aminoglycosides based on streptomycin and gentamicin
• Carbapenems – Imipenem and Moropenem
• Macrolides – Clarithromycin, Klacid, Sumamed, Macropen, etc.

About the possibilities of using the drug in childhood can be found in the instructions included with any medicine. However, this is not a reason to prescribe antimicrobial drugs to your child yourself or change the doctor’s prescription at your own discretion.

Frequent sore throats, bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis media, and various colds in childhood no longer surprise either doctors or parents. And taking antibiotics for these diseases is not uncommon, since babies do not yet have a sense of self-preservation, and they continue to actively move and communicate even during illness, which causes various complications and the addition of other types of infection.

You need to understand that mild course The above pathologies do not require the use of antibiotics, either broad or narrow spectrum. They are prescribed when the disease moves to a more severe stage, for example, with purulent tonsillitis. For viral infections, antibiotics are prescribed only if a bacterial infection is associated with them, which manifests itself in the form of various serious complications ARVI. At allergic form bronchitis, the use of AMPs is inappropriate.

Doctors' orders for various pathologies respiratory and ENT organs may also differ.

For example, for angina, doctors give preference to drugs from the macrolide group (Sumamed or Klacid), which are given to children in the form of a suspension. Treatment of complicated purulent sore throat is carried out mainly with Ceftriaxone (most often in the form of intramuscular injections). Of the cephalosporins, Zinnat suspension can be used for oral administration.

For bronchitis, the drugs of choice are often penicillins (Flemoxin, Amoxil, etc.) and cephalosporins for oral administration (Suprax, Cedex). For complicated pathologies, they again resort to the help of Ceftriaxone.

For complications of acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections, protected penicillins (usually Augmentin or Amoxiclav) and macrolides (Sumamed, Macropen, etc.) are indicated.

Typically, antibiotics intended to treat children have a pleasant taste (often raspberry or orange), so special problems does not occur with their use. But be that as it may, before offering medicine to your baby, you need to find out at what age it can be taken and with what side effects may occur during drug therapy.

Taking penicillins and cephalosporins can cause allergic reactions in a child. In this case, antihistamines Suprastin or Tavegil will help.

Many broad-spectrum antibiotics can lead to the development of dysbiosis and vaginal candidiasis in girls. Such safe medications as probiotics will help improve digestion and normalize the microflora of the body: Linex, Hilak Forte, Probifor, Acylact, etc. The same measures will help preserve and even strengthen the baby’s immunity.

Numerous diseases of the human body can be eliminated after using different groups of drugs, but antibiotics are considered the most effective and fastest-acting. But to appoint such medications Only the attending physician can, since they involve a list of contraindications and risks of side effects. In addition, irrational use can lead to a number of other disorders in the body.

The most popular today are broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation, since these drugs have been improved and are less toxic due to their modifications. But their most important advantage is that a large number of pathogens show resistance to them. You need to take antibiotics strictly as prescribed by your doctor and as prescribed by him.

The principle of action of such drugs

New antibiotics have an improved formula and principle of action, making them active ingredients affect the pathogenic agent exclusively at the cellular level, without disturbing the beneficial microflora of the human body. And if previously such agents were used in the fight against a limited number of pathogenic agents, today they will be effective against a whole group of pathogens at once.

For reference! Latest antibiotics broad spectrum (ABSS) have one advantageous difference from previous antibiotics - minimal risks of causing damage to the patient’s body.

Some of these drugs have a depressing effect on the synthesis of the outer cell membrane, but no negative effect on it is expected (penicillins or cephalosporins). Others disrupt protein synthesis at the cellular level in bacteria, such as tetracyclines or macrolides.

Modern broad-spectrum antibiotics can be prescribed in several cases:

• the pathogen is not susceptible to the active substance of the narrow-profile antibiotic;
• in case of superinfection provoked by several infectious or bacterial agents;
• if you need to prevent infection after surgery;
• in the presence of certain clinical symptoms, but without the ability to determine the type of pathogen.

Antibiotics of this type are strong drugs, so they can be used by doctors in the complex treatment of otitis, lymphadenitis, colds and other ailments caused by pathogenic microbes and microorganisms.

Names of the latest generation batteries

Before choosing the right ABSS in a particular case, you need to know the classification of such drugs according to groups according to the active substance. All of them can be produced in different forms - tablets or capsules, injection solutions or topical agents.

So, there are several groups of ABHS:

• tetracycline group - Tetracycline;
• group of aminoglycosides - Streptomycin;
• amphenicol antibiotics - Chloramphenicol;
• penicillin series of drugs - Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Bilmicin or Ticarcycline;
• antibiotics of the carbapenem group - Imipenem, Meropenem or Ertapenem.

Each of these drugs can be used only after determining the type of pathogenic agent that caused the disease in humans. Therefore, the patient undergoes a comprehensive diagnosis, after which the attending physician chooses a new generation antibiotic based on the data obtained. ABSS are less toxic; they act deeply and only on opportunistic flora, without suppressing the immune system and beneficial microflora of the human body.

Treatment of bronchitis

The names of bactericidal agents for the disease bronchitis are varied, but most often experts give preference to the new generation ABSS, but always after examining the patient’s sputum in the laboratory. If there is not enough time to study the bronchitis bacteria, doctors may prescribe the following ABSS:

• in case of intolerance to penicillins, macrolides are prescribed - Erythromycin or Clarithromycin;
• penicillin drugs - Amoxiclav, Augmentin, and Panclave;
• chronic bronchitis at the acute stage is treated with fluoroquinolone drugs - Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin or Moxifloxacin;
• Cephalosporins are also effective (if bronchitis is obstructive) - Ceftriaxone and Cefuroxime.

The above drugs penetrate deep into the human body, identifying the pathogenic agent. As practice has shown, most of them do not cause side effects if used strictly according to the doctor’s instructions.

Antibiotics for sinusitis

In medical practice, the most effective antibiotics for this type of infection are two groups of antibiotics - macrolides or cephalosporins. And if penicillin drugs were used in the past, today numerous pathogenic microorganisms have developed immunity to them.

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Treatment of sinusitis is appropriate when using the following ABSS:

• Cefuroxine;
• Cefexime;
• Cecefoxitin;
• Cefotaxime;
• Cefachlor;
• Azithromycin;
• Macropen.

Moreover, macrolides are prescribed even in the most advanced cases, since they show the highest percentage of effectiveness against such a disease. It is only important to follow the treatment regimen prescribed by the doctor.

Sore throat and antibiotics

If earlier in medical practice a sore throat was treated with penicillins, over the years the causative agent of the disease has developed immunity to them. Besides latest research confirmed that cephalosporins and macrolides are most effective against such pathogens. Today they are most often used in therapy bacterial infections nasopharynx.

The most popular drugs for angina are as follows:

• Cephalexin;
• Spiramycin;
• Erythromycin;
• Leucomycin;
• Aziromycin;
• Azitral;
• Clarithromycin;
• Dirithromycin.

Macrolides are often prescribed for patients in the treatment of tonsillar pathologies; moreover, they do not affect the digestive organs and do not cause reactions from the nervous system due to minimal toxicity.

Treatment of colds and flu

Such frequent illnesses, like colds and flu occupy a leading position in their prevalence and frequency of cases. The following new generation ABSS are used in treatment:

• Sumamed- a drug from the macrolide group, despite its broad antibacterial effect, it does not affect the gastrointestinal tract, and after the end of treatment it lasts for another week. It is not allowed in the treatment of children.
• Cefaclor– a second-generation drug that demonstrates high effectiveness against numerous human respiratory diseases.
• Cefamandole- a group of second generation cephalosporins, the release form is presented in the form of solutions for injection. The best antibiotic with a bactericidal effect for intramuscular administration.
• Rulid- a medicine from the group of macrolides with a narrow focus only against agents respiratory diseases or inflammation of the ENT organs.
• Avelox- a strong drug in tablet form, belonging to the latest generation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, which exhibits a pronounced bactericidal effect.
• Clarithromycin- macrolide of semi-synthetic composition, which is produced in the form of capsules. Its antibacterial effect affects numerous pathogenic microorganisms.

For reference! All of these drugs have been tested by time, research by pharmacologists and scientific experts. Under no circumstances should you prescribe such drugs on your own without consulting a doctor. Despite the wide range of influence, exclusively medical specialist can pick up the right group drugs against a specific pathogen.

Infections of the genitourinary system

Selecting a new generation of ABSS is more difficult, since there are many more varieties of such diseases, many of them involve different pathogens and etiologies.

1. For cystitis- Monural, Palin, Nocilin or Levomecitin, Ecomural.
2. For urethritis- cephalosporins Suprax or Ceftriaxone in case of gonococcal origin, but if the disease is provoked by trichomoniasis, Metronidazole is used together with Azithromycin.
3. For pyelonephritis- combined antibiotics Amoxicillin or Amoxil, if acute kidney infiltration is observed - Cefaclor, Cephalexin or Ofloxacin.
4. For prostatitis- Amoxiclav, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin.

Most of the listed remedies help cope with unpleasant symptoms inflammation of the genitourinary system already on the first day of use.

Antifungal antibiotics

These diseases require careful comprehensive diagnosis; only after accurately identifying the pathogenic microorganism can one choose the right drug. Doctors identify the following latest generation ABSS against fungi:

• AB polyene first generation for candidiasis or dermatomycosis - Amphotericin B, Levorin, Nystatin;
• second generation from fungi of the genitourinary system - Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Miconazole;
• Third generation AB - Fluconazole, Terbinafine, Naftifine or Anthraconazole for fungi;
• fourth generation drugs for different strains of fungi - Caspofungin, Posaconazole, Voriconazole or Ravuconazole.

Self-medication with such medications is unacceptable, since fungal infections have the ability to quickly spread throughout the body, multiplying en masse.

Treatment of eye diseases

Ophthalmology for last years introduced into practice the use of numerous latest-generation ABSSs for local therapy of a wide variety of diseases. The latest medication and the most effective is Maxaquin, effective in the fight against bacterial keratitis or conjunctivitis of chlamydial etiology. Also no less popular are such products as Okacin, Torbex, Eubetal, Vitabact or Colbiocin.

Pneumonia

Treatment of such a disease requires a careful approach from a specialist and accurate diagnosis, since the causative agents of pneumonia can be numerous pathogenic microorganisms - mycoplasmas, staphylococci, streptococci, chlamydia or E. coli bacteria.

Abs for pneumonia are as follows:

• gram-negative bacteria - cephalosporins Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime or Ceftazidime;
• gram-positive cocci - cephalosporins Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, and Cefoxin;
• Pneumocystis form - Cotrimoxazole or macrolide antibiotics;
• atypical form of the course - Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Azithromycin or Midecamycin;
• anaerobic infections - Metronidazole, Lincomycin, Clindamycin;
• cytomegalovirus pneumonia - Cytotect, Acyclovir or Ganciclovir.

In recent years, more than 7,000 substances with antimicrobial and bactericidal action have been developed in medicine, against the background of which new and improved antibiotics are regularly released.

Calculations over the last decade have identified more than 160 such drugs, 20 of which are new generation drugs. Some of them are cheap, others cost an order of magnitude more, but the factor in choosing drugs should be solely the recommendations of a specialist.

Nowadays, antibiotics from the group of cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, imipenems, and penicillins are widely used. The most powerful antibiotics are broad-spectrum antibiotics that have a detrimental effect on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

So, let's look at the main groups of the most powerful antibiotics.

Cephalosporins

These are the most powerful antibiotics with a broad spectrum of action and are bactericidal. They are well tolerated, due to the low likelihood of unwanted effects. This group contains 4 generations:

1st generation cephalosporins:
* Cefazolin (rizolin, cesolin, kefzol)
* Cephalexin (sporidex, tseff, ospexin)
* Cefadroxil (Durocef, Biodroxil)
1st generation drugs are well active against staphylococci.

2nd generation cephalosporins:
* Cefaclor (Vercef, Taracef)
* Cefamandole (cefat)
* Cefuroxime (Axetine, Ketocef, Zinnate)
The drugs are active against Klebsiella, Proteus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Escherichia coli.

3rd generation cephalosporins:
* Cefotaxime (claforan, cefosin)
* Cefoperazone (medocef, cephobid)
* Ceftazidime (Fortum, Fotrazyme)
* Ceftibuten (cedex)
* Ceftriaxone (lendacin, torcef)
This generation is often used for treatment in hospitals for diseases such as pneumonia, pyelonephritis, infections of the abdominal area and pelvis, osteomyelitis, and meningitis.

4th generation cephalosporins are the most powerful antibiotics:
* Cefepime (maxipim)
Even more widely used than the 3rd generation.
In the 4th generation, more serious side effects: nephrotoxicity, hematotoxicity, neurotoxicity, dysbacteriosis.

Macrolides

Macrolides are antibiotics of narrow use, effective against gram-positive bacteria. They have a bacteriostatic effect, that is, they stop the growth of bacterial cells. They do not suppress the immune system.
Representatives of this group are erythromycin, oleandomycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, josamycin, spiramycin, roxithromycin. Clarithromycin and josamycin are the most powerful macrolide antibiotics. They are used to treat respiratory infections, otitis, sinusitis, chlamydial infections, in dentistry, and for irradiation of stomach ulcers.

Side effects of macrolides:
- sensitivity quickly decreases
—
- dyspepsia
- phlebitis during injections.

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones are the most powerful broad-spectrum antibiotics. They are divided into early fluoroquinolones (1st generation) - they show significant activity against gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. “New” fluoroquinolones (2nd generation) in relation to gram-negative bacteria are not inferior to the 1st generation (except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most powerful antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ciprofloxacin). They circulate in the blood for a long time, which allows the use of 1st generation drugs 2 times a day, and lomefloxacin and moxifloxacin - once a day. They penetrate perfectly into individual organs and tissues.

Individual representatives:
* Ciprofloxacin (ciprobay, ciprolet, tsifran). Used for respiratory infections, infections urinary tract, infections of the skin, soft tissues, suppuration of bones, joints, STDs, sepsis, meningitis.
* Lomefloxacin (lomflox, maxaquin) - used: general indications+ chlamydia, tuberculosis.
* Norfloxacin (nolicin, norbactin, normax) - for urinary infections.
* Ofloxacin (zanocin, ofloxin, tarivid). Prescribed for: general indications + chlamydia, Helicobacter pylori, gardnerella.
* Pefloxacin (abactal, perti).
* Sparfloxacin (Sparflo).
* Levofloxacin (Tavanic)
* Moxifloxacin (Avelox)

Side effects: arthrotoxicity, phototoxicity, dyspepsia, toxic liver damage.

Carbapenems

Carbapenems are also the most powerful antibiotics with a broad spectrum of action. Used as a reserve agent for infections caused by resistant enterobacteria and anaerobes.
Individual representatives:
* Tienam (imipenem + cilastatin)
* Meropenem (meronem)
Side effects: phlebitis, candidiasis, allergies, dyspepsia.

Penicillins

Penicillins are the most powerful general purpose antibiotics. Low toxicity, excreted mainly by the kidneys.
Individual representatives:
* Benzylpenicillin (sodium, potassium, novocaine salt)
* Long-acting penicillins (penicillin procaine, bicillin 1, 3, 5.
* Phenoxymethylpenicillin
* Ampicillin
* Oxacillin
* Ampiox
* Amoxicillin (flemoxin solutab, hiconcil)
* Amoxicillin clavulanate (amoxiclav, augmentin, moxiclav, clavocin)
* Ampicillin+sulbactam

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are used for infections of the respiratory system, genitourinary system, stomach and intestines, skin, suppuration of soft tissues, syphilis, and gonorrhea. Protected penicillins have a wider spectrum of action. Penicillins are prescribed from birth. They can be drunk by pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, breastfeeding according to indications.
The main side effects are dyspeptic disorders, allergies, and toxic effects on the blood.

The article was prepared and edited by: surgeon

Antibiotic tablets are substances that inhibit the growth of microorganisms and, as a result, kill them. Used to treat infectious pathologies. Can be 100% natural or semi-synthetic. So, what drugs are antibiotics?

Prescription of universal antibiotics

Prescribing the described medications is justified in the following cases:

1. Therapy is selected based on clinical symptoms, i.e. without identifying the pathogen. This is relevant for active illnesses, for example, meningitis - a person can die in just a couple of hours, so there is no time for complex measures.
2. The infection has not one, but several sources.
3. The microorganism that causes the disease is resistant to narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
4. The complex is being carried out preventive measures after operation.

Classification of universal antibiotics

We are considering medicines can be divided into several groups (with names):

• penicillins – Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ticarcillin;
• tetracyclines - these include the drug of the same name;
• fluoroquinolones – Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxatin, Moxifloxacin; Gatifloxacin;
• aminoglycosides – Streptomycin;
• amphenicols – Levomycetin;
• carbapenems - Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem.

This is the main list.

Penicillins

With the discovery of benzylpenicillin, scientists came to the conclusion that microorganisms could be killed. Despite the fact that, as they say, “a lot of water has already flown under the bridge,” this Soviet antibiotic has not been discounted. However, other penicillins were created:

• those that lose their qualities when passing through acid-base environment Gastrointestinal tract;
• those that do not lose their qualities when passing through the acid-base environment of the gastrointestinal tract.

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin

Special attention should be paid to antibiotics such as Ampicillin and Amoxicillin. In terms of action they are practically no different from each other. Able to cope with:

• gram-positive infections, in particular staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, listeria;
• gram-negative infections, in particular, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae, salmonella, shigella, pathogens of whooping cough and gonorrhea.

And here pharmacological properties they have different ones.

Ampicillin is characterized by:

• bioavailability – no more than half;
• the period of elimination from the body is several hours.

The daily dose varies from 1000 to 2000 mg. Ampicillin, unlike Amoxicillin, can be administered parenterally. In this case, injections can be done both intramuscularly and intravenously.

In turn, Amoxicillin is characterized by:

• bioavailability – from 75 to 90%; does not depend on food intake;
• The half-life is several days.

The daily dose varies from 500 to 1000 mg. The duration of treatment is five to ten days.

Parenteral penicillins

Parenteral penicillins have one important advantage over Ampicillin and Amoxicillin - the ability to cope with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It leads to the formation of purulent wounds and abscesses, and is also the cause of cystitis and enteritis - infections of the bladder and intestines, respectively.

The list of the most common parenteral penicillins includes Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin.

The first is prescribed for peritonitis, sepsis, septicemia. Effective in the treatment of gynecological, respiratory and skin infections. Prescribed to patients who have the immune system is in unsatisfactory condition.

The second is prescribed in the presence of microorganisms in the abdominal cavity of the genitourinary system, bone tissue. Administered intramuscularly and, in difficult cases, intravenously through a dropper

The third is prescribed for pus in the abdominal cavity, genitourinary system, bone tissue, joints and skin.

Improved penicillins

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin become useless in the presence of beta-lactamases. But the great minds of mankind found a way out of this situation - they synthesized improved penicillins. In addition to the main active substance, they contain beta-lactamase inhibitors, these are:

1. Amoxicillin with added clavulanic acid. Generics – Amoxiclav, Flemoklav, Augmentin. Sold in injections and in oral form.
2. Amoxicillin with the addition of sulbactam. In pharmacies it is called Trifamox. Sold in tablets and in oral form.
3. Ampicillin with the addition of sulbactam. In pharmacies it is called Ampisid. Sold by injection. It is used in hospitals for diseases that are difficult for an ordinary person to recognize.
4. Ticarcillin with added clavulanic acid. In pharmacies it is called Timentin. Sold in a form for oral administration.
5. Piperacillin with tazobactam added. In pharmacies it is called Tacillin. Delivered by infusion drip.

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines are not susceptible to beta-lactamases. And in this they are one step higher than penicillins. Tetracyclines destroy:

• gram-positive microorganisms, in particular staphylococci, streptococci, listeria, clostridia, actinomycetes;
• gram-negative microorganisms, in particular Escherichia coli and Hemophilus influenzae, salmonella, shigella, pathogens of whooping cough, gonorrhea and syphilis.

Their peculiarity is that they pass through the cell membrane, which allows them to kill chlamydia, mycoplasma and ureaplasma. However, they do not have access to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus.

Tetracycline is commonly found. Also on the list is Doxycycline.

Tetracycline

Undoubtedly, tetracycline is one of the most effective antibiotics. But he has weak sides. First of all, insufficient activity in high probability changes in intestinal microflora. For this reason, you should choose tetracycline not in tablet form, but in ointment form.

Doxycycline

Doxycycline, compared to tetracycline, is quite active with a low probability of changes in intestinal microflora.

Fluoroquinolones

The first fluoroquinolones, such as Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, could not be called universal antibiotics. They were only able to cope with gram-negative bacteria.

Modern fluoroquinolones, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, are universal antibiotics.

The disadvantage of fluoroquinolones is that they interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a kind of building material of tendons. As a result, they are not permitted to persons under 18 years of age.

Levofloxacin

Levofloxacin is prescribed for the presence of microorganisms in the respiratory tract, bronchitis and pneumonia, infections in the ENT organs, otitis and sinusitis, infections in the skin, as well as for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract.

The duration of treatment is seven, sometimes ten, days. Dose – 500 mg at a time.

In pharmacies it is sold as Tavanik. Generics are Levolet, Glevo, Flexil.

Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is prescribed for the presence of microorganisms in the respiratory tract, ENT organs, skin, and also as a prophylaxis after surgery.

Duration of treatment is from seven to ten days. Dose – 400 mg at a time.

It is sold in pharmacies as Avelox. There are few generics. The main active ingredient is included in Vigamox - eye drops.

Gatifloxacin

Gatifloxacin is prescribed in the presence of microorganisms in the respiratory tract, ENT organs, urogenital tract, as well as serious illnesses eye.

Dose – 200 or 400 mg once.

In pharmacies it is sold as Tabris, Gaflox, Gatispan.

Aminoglycosides

A prominent representative of Aminoglycosides is Streptomycin, a drug that every person has heard of at least once in their life. It is indispensable in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Aminoglycosides are able to cope with most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Streptomycin

It is efficient. With its help, you can cure not only tuberculosis, but also diseases such as plague, brucellosis and tularemia. As for tuberculosis, localization is not important when using streptomycin. Sold in injections.

Gentamicin

It is gradually becoming a thing of the past, as it is very, very controversial. The fact is that there was hearing damage, up to complete deafness, which the doctors did not expect at all. In this case, the toxic effect is irreversible, i.e. Once you stop taking it, nothing is returned.

Amikacin

Amikacin is prescribed for peritonitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and pneumonia. Sold in ampoules.

Amphenicols

This group includes Levomycetin. It is prescribed when typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, typhus, dysentery, brucellosis, whooping cough, intestinal infections. Sold in the form of injections and ointments.

Carbapenems

Carbapenems are intended to treat severe infections. They are able to cope with many bacteria, including those resistant to all the antibiotics listed above.

Carbapenem is:

• Meropenem;
• Ertapenem;
• Imipenem.

Carbapenems are administered using a special dispenser.

Now you know the names of antibiotics, which drugs are antibiotic tablets and which are not. Despite this, under no circumstances should you self-medicate, but seek help from a specialist. Remember that taking these medications incorrectly can seriously harm your health. Be healthy!

This is a group of natural or semi-synthetic organic substances that can destroy microbes or suppress their reproduction. At the moment, many different types of antibiotics are known, endowed with different properties. Knowledge of these properties is the basis for proper antibiotic treatment. The individual qualities and effects of an antibiotic mainly depend on its chemical structure. In this article we will talk about the most well-known groups of antibiotics, show the mechanism of their work, their spectrum of action, and the possibilities of use for the treatment of various infections.

Antibiotic groups
Antibiotics are substances of natural or semi-synthetic origin. Antibiotics are obtained by extracting them from colonies of fungi, bacteria, plant or animal tissues. In some cases, the original molecule is subjected to additional chemical modifications in order to improve certain properties of the antibiotic (semi-synthetic antibiotics).

At the moment, there are a huge number of different antibiotics. True, only a few of them are used in medicine; others, due to increased toxicity, cannot be used to treat infectious diseases in humans. The extreme diversity of antibiotics led to the creation of a classification and division of antibiotics into groups. At the same time, antibiotics with similar chemical structure(originating from the same raw material molecule) and action.

Below we will look at the main groups of currently known antibiotics:
Beta-lactam antibiotics
The group of beta-lactam antibiotics includes two large subgroups of well-known antibiotics: penicillins and cephalosporins, which have a similar chemical structure.

Penicillin group

Penicillins are obtained from colonies of the mold Penicillium, hence the name of this group of antibiotics. The main effect of penicillins is associated with their ability to inhibit the formation of the cell wall of bacteria and thereby suppress their growth and reproduction. During the period of active reproduction, many types of bacteria are very sensitive to penicillin and therefore the effect of penicillins is bactericidal.

An important and useful property of penicillins is their ability to penetrate into the cells of our body. This property of penicillins makes it possible to treat infectious diseases, the causative agent of which is “hidden” inside the cells of our body (for example, gonorrhea). Antibiotics from the penicillin group have increased selectivity and therefore have virtually no effect on the body of the person receiving treatment.

The disadvantages of penicillins include their rapid elimination from the body and the development of bacterial resistance to this class of antibiotics.

Biosynthetic penicillins are obtained directly from mold colonies. The most well-known biosynthetic penicillins are benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin. These antibiotics are used to treat tonsillitis, scarlet fever, pneumonia, wound infections, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

Semi-synthetic penicillins are obtained on the basis of biosynthetic penicillins by adding various chemical groups. At the moment, there are a large number of semi-synthetic penicillins: amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, azlocillin.

An important advantage of some antibiotics from the group of semisynthetic penicillins is their activity against penicillin-resistant bacteria (bacteria that destroy biosynthetic penicillins). Thanks to this, semisynthetic penicillins have a wider spectrum of action and therefore can be used in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.

Basic adverse reactions problems associated with the use of penicillins are allergic in nature and are sometimes the reason for refusing to use these drugs.

Group of cephalosporins

Cephalosporins also belong to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics and have a structure similar to that of penicillins. For this reason, some of the side effects of the two groups of antibiotics are the same (allergy).

Cephalosporins are highly active against a wide range of different microbes and are therefore used in the treatment of many infectious diseases. An important advantage of antibiotics from the cephalosporin group is their activity against microbes resistant to penicillin (penicillin-resistant bacteria).

There are several generations of cephalosporins:
First generation cephalosporins(Cefalothin, Cephalexin, Cefazolin) are active against a large number of bacteria and are used for treatment various infections respiratory tract, urinary system, for the prevention of postoperative complications. Antibiotics of this group are usually well tolerated and do not cause serious adverse reactions.

II generation cephalosporins(Cefomandol, Cefuroxime) have high activity against bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore can be used to treat various intestinal infections. These antibiotics are also used to treat respiratory and biliary tract infections. The main adverse reactions are associated with allergies and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

Cephalosporins III generation (Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone) new drugs with high activity against a wide range of bacteria. The advantage of these drugs is their activity against bacteria insensitive to the action of other cephalosporins or penicillins and the ability to remain in the body for a long time. These antibiotics are used to treat severe infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics. Side effects of this group of antibiotics are associated with disruption of the intestinal microflora or the occurrence of allergic reactions.

Antibiotics from the macrolide group

Macrolides are a group of antibiotics with a complex cyclic structure. The most well-known representatives of antibiotics from the macrolide group are Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Roxithromycin.

The effect of macrolide antibiotics on bacteria is bacteriostatic - antibiotics block bacterial structures that synthesize proteins, as a result of which microbes lose the ability to reproduce and grow.

Macrolides are active against many bacteria, but the most remarkable property macrolides, perhaps, is their ability to penetrate inside the cells of our body and destroy microbes that do not have a cell wall. These microbes include chlamydia and rickettsia - pathogens atypical pneumonia, urogenital chlamydia and other diseases that cannot be treated with other antibiotics.

Another important feature macrolides are their relative safety and the possibility of long-term treatment, although modern treatment programs using macrolides provide ultra-short courses lasting three days.

Antibiotics from the tetracycline group

The most well-known antibiotics from the tetracycline group are Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline, Metacycline. The action of antibiotics from the tetracycline group is bacteriostatic. Just like macrolides, tetracyclines are capable of blocking protein synthesis in bacterial cells, however, unlike macrolides, tetracyclines have less selectivity and therefore, in large doses or with long-term treatment, can inhibit protein synthesis in the cells of the human body. At the same time, tetracyclines remain indispensable “helpers” in the treatment of many infections. The main areas of use of antibiotics from the tetracycline group are the treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections, the treatment of severe infections such as anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, etc.

Despite their relative safety, with long-term use, tetracyclines can cause severe side effects: hepatitis, damage to the skeleton and teeth (tetracyclines are contraindicated in children under 14 years of age), malformations (contraindicated for use during pregnancy), allergies.

Ointments containing tetracycline are widely used. Used for local treatment of bacterial infections of the skin and mucous membranes.

Antibiotics from the aminoglycoside group

Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics, which includes drugs such as Gentamicin, Monomycin, Streptomycin, Neomycin. The spectrum of action of aminoglycosides is extremely wide and even includes tuberculosis pathogens (Streptomycin).

Aminoglycosides are used to treat severe infectious processes associated with massive spread of infection: sepsis (blood poisoning), peritonitis. Aminoglycosides are also used for local treatment of wounds and burns.

The main disadvantage of aminoglycosides is their high toxicity. Antibiotics from this group have nephrotoxicity (kidney damage), hepatotoxicity (liver damage), ototoxicity (can cause deafness). For this reason, aminoglycosides should be used only for life-saving indications, when they are the only treatment option and cannot be replaced by other drugs.

Levomycetin

Levomycetin (Chloramphenicol) inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins, and in large doses causes a bactericidal effect. Levomycetin has a wide spectrum of action, but its use is limited due to the risk of serious complications. Greatest danger associated with the use of the antibiotic Chloramphenicol is damage to the bone marrow, which produces blood cells.

Antifungal antibiotics

Antifungal antibiotics are a group chemical substances, capable of destroying the cell membrane of microscopic fungi, causing their death.

The most famous representatives of this group are the antibiotics Nystatin, Natamycin, Levorin. The use of these drugs in our time is noticeably limited due to low efficiency and a high incidence of side effects. Antifungal antibiotics are gradually being replaced by highly effective synthetic ones antifungal drugs.

Bibliography:

1. I.M. Abdullin Antibiotics in clinical practice, Salamat, 1997


2. Katsunga B.G. Basic and clinical pharmacology, Binom; St. Petersburg: Nev. Dialect, 2000.

Before use, you should consult a specialist.