This time the topic of conversation concerns anatomical features female body and her reproductive system. This important information for every woman. After all, much more depends on how well she understands her body..

Why do you need to dwell on the structure of the female reproductive system?

Because most women have no idea about this important system organs own body. Supposedly there is some knowledge, but it is too superficial. And what is a woman without female genital organs, right? After all, they are the ones who determine her difference from her husband. I will not focus the readers' attention on detailed description structures and functions reproductive organs, but I’ll tell you about some of the “secrets” of nature. In fact, there are no secrets, you just won’t find such information either in medical institutes or in other popular books or articles. Why? Because most people rewrite and copy this information from outdated publications. The more I study the structure human body, the more I am surprised at the uniqueness and perfection of its structural units and the processes that occur in them.

Sounds intriguing?

Knowing the structure of the organs of our reproductive system is not difficult. It is enough to open any textbook on gynecology and look at the drawings and diagrams. But the problem is that these well-drawn pictures create a misconception about the structure of the genital organs. Why wrong? Because they are so symmetrical, so “beautiful”. So, in the head of a doctor or a woman, such false “images” remain, but in reality we do not see such ideal symmetry in one woman, in the structure of the external and internal genitalia. The placement of the internal genital organs in the pelvic cavity is also not perfectly symmetrical, since there are nearby intestines, bladder, ureters, muscles, ligaments, vessels (and some of them are very large), The lymph nodes and vessels and other formations. Therefore, under certain circumstances in full normal the body of the uterus and the ovaries may not be placed along a perfectly symmetrical line of the abdomen, the uterus may be tilted to the right or left, and not just forward or backward, the ovaries may be close to the uterus, they may be a little further. This is predominantly normal phenomenon, and it is not a manifestation of inflammation or “terrible adhesions.” When the intestines are full, especially due to constipation, such uterine deviations occur constantly. The same is observed in the case of a filled Bladder. Therefore, rule number one is that there is no ideal symmetry in the reproductive system, so throw those out of your head beautiful pictures structure of the genital organs. Today's conversation will focus on the external genitalia.

For general awareness: female genital organs are divided into external and internal. I recommend that all women use a mirror and constantly examine the external genitalia, not paying attention to shame (there is no need to be ashamed of yourself), because they are actually called external because they can be viewed from the outside. In women, the external genitalia include the vulva - the anatomical part of the external genitalia, which includes the vaginal threshold, labia majora and minora, clitoris, pubis, urethral opening, hymen, Bartholin's glands and vaginal opening.

We will not talk about the attractiveness of the external genitalia (despite the fact that in reality this topic worries many women and men), but we will remember only a few important points. Detailed characteristics and the features of the structure and function of the human genital organs are presented in my new book, which I called “Intimate Book” and the work on which is almost completed. I don’t want to go into details so that our conversation doesn’t turn into a doctor’s monologue.

So where do we start?

We will start with the pubis (womb), which is not always mentioned in textbooks or articles on this topic, although it has important in the lives of women and men (men also have a womb). The soft bump of fatty pad at the front of the vulva, covering the pubis, is called the tubercle of Venus or Aphrodite's tubercle. Venus for the Romans and Aphrodite for the Greeks were goddesses of love, female sexuality, fertility and beauty. This part of the female body plays an important role, in particular in sexual relations. The fat pad covers the pubic bone, which is an integral part of a large bony formation - the pelvis. It is bowl shaped and contains a large number of organs, and is a reliable support for them. The organs that do not extend beyond the bone formation of the pelvis are the small pelvis. It is in the small pelvis that they are located internal organs female reproductive system, including the uterine body, the fallopian tubes and ovaries. Therefore, the pubis with a fat pad is performed protective function- with blows or falls, the force of traumatization of this place is reduced due to this tubercle of Venus. Considering that the first three months of pregnancy, when all the organs and organ systems of the unborn child are formed, the uterus is located deep in the pelvis and does not extend beyond the pubic bone, this is another important level of protection of the future offspring from damage. During sexual intercourse, which is accompanied by active groping of partners, the pubis protects the woman and man from trauma to the genital organs, as well as the pelvic bones (in other words, it protects from friction and bruises).

Many women complain about pubic hair and constantly shave it. Is there any benefit to this?

In addition to the fat pad, the pubic skin contains a large amount of hair, which many women, especially young ones, hate, and therefore constantly shave, partly complaining of skin irritation and other problems associated with removing this hair. Pubic hair appears during puberty, and this is caused by an increase in the amount of male sex hormones in a girl’s body. Perhaps one of the scientists or doctors will mistakenly call the hair on the external genitalia a kind of vestige, that is, a mistake of nature, which did not have time to get rid of the remnants of the “evolutionary past.” But this is a mistaken opinion. Why does a woman need pubic hair? Firstly, it is also a “natural pad” that protects the skin and pubic bones from traumatization. Secondly, it protects against small particles foreign bodies and liquids into the genital slit. Thirdly, the pubic skin contains a large number of sebaceous and sweat glands, which secrete specific smell, which plays a role in sexual attraction of the opposite sex. Pubic hair accumulates these substances and increases the odor of this area of ​​the body.

Fourthly, pubic hair also plays a hygienic role and prevents vaginal discharge from evaporating and spreading outside the body. Pubic hair growth is determined by genetic and constitutional factors, as is the hair growth of the entire body. Fifthly, the pubic skin is quite sensitive and, when stimulated, plays a role in a woman’s sexual arousal. A woman's age does not affect the length pubic hair- it has not changed since its appearance, which cannot be said about the amount of hair - lush “vegetation” is observed in mature women.

Nowadays the so-called “intimate haircut” is in fashion. How safe is it in terms of contracting various infections?

Every woman has her own whims and requirements for female “beauty,” especially in the intimate parts of the body. In part, such demands are a tribute to fashion, and also provoked by men themselves, who look at photographs of porn stars without realizing that, firstly, that is, the profession of some women is to look like polished dolls - and they do nothing else in life, and secondly, Photoshop can turn any plain woman into a fashion model. “Intimate haircut” is another cry of fashion, and there are so many “hairstyles”! By the way, there is also a men's “intimate haircut”. However, we must remember that pubic hair and labia majora are not scalp hair, since it is associated with sexually transmitted infections, scabies, and pubic lice. It is not uncommon for the skin to be cut, allowing blood to get onto the instruments. Unfortunately, not all “intimate hairdressers” process and sterilize their instruments correctly, because such treatment quickly dulls the blades and knives, and generally disables some instruments. Therefore, guarantees of complete safety intimate haircut No. And since the intimate part of the body is quite often wet, then in the presence of wounds to the skin and mucous membranes, good soil arises for inflammatory process. Therefore, a woman going to such a hairdresser should ask him exactly how he processes his tools.

Few women think about how many different holes there are in the perineum and how they are located.

When moving from the lower edge of the pubis to the anus, the woman has three openings of different sizes: the first is the opening of the urethra, through which urine is excreted, slightly lower there is the entrance to the vagina, through which children are born, and outside the threshold there is an anal opening, through which removes intestinal waste. In addition to these main “holes”, there are numerous openings of a number of glands, but it is often impossible to see them with the naked eye. Parents rarely explain to their children the “hole” through which they are born. Almost the entire area between the pubis and tailbone, and on the sides, is called the perineum - “between the legs.”

What are the female labia?

The labia majora are two folds of skin that contain a dense layer of fat and cover the entrance to the vagina. They protect the vagina from microorganisms. In girls, the labia majora are closed, so they are more reliably protected from germs and foreign bodies. With the onset of sexual activity, the labia majora open. Some women have a dark coloration of the labia majora, mostly normal. Pigmentation often increases during pregnancy. By the way, the labia majora are identical in origin and structure to the male scrotum - a pouch of skin where the testicles are located.

When there are labia majora, there should also be labia minora. What can you tell us about them?

The labia minora, according to some doctors and sexologists, is part of the clitoral system. They are folds of skin with a large number of nerve endings. During sexual arousal, the labia minora swell and turn red, as does the clitoris. They cover the head of the clitoris, the urethra and the opening of the vagina, as well as the openings of a number of important glands.

We can say that the labia minora is the “face” of a woman. Do not take this statement straightforwardly, but understand that the shape and color of the labia minora in each woman is so individual and specific that you can recognize any woman by them, if such signs were recorded somewhere in the same way as photographs of a face in profile are recorded. full face, as well as fingerprints in the criminal file.

The color of the labia minora can have different shades of the mucous membrane - from pale pink to dark red (burgundy), as well as brown (women prefer to call it the color of chocolate). These shades can change throughout a woman's life, as well as during certain periods, for example, during pregnancy.

Many women complain that their labia minora are different sizes. Is this normal?

For some reason among people, in particular female doctors, there is a misconception that the labia minora should be almost the same in all women. On the contrary, the number of species of this part of the external genitalia is varied, in particular in size. Look at the women's faces. How many types of female lips are there? Many, regardless of various types of classifications! The same can be said about the size and size of the labia minora (and we have already talked about color). Often the sizes of the right and left labia in another woman can be different, with equal or fringed edges, asymmetrical, narrow, wide, shiny, matte, etc. - This is all normal.

I heard that it has become popular to have cosmetic surgery on the external genitalia. What is this connected with?

Many women, especially young women, having seen photographs of the labia minora in a textbook on gynecology or in some pornographic photographs and compared with their own, go to extremes and try to correct the “defect” with something - starting with all kinds of bleaches to plastic surgery. If the size of the labia creates discomfort ( painful sensations), or a woman develops moral dissatisfaction or an inferiority complex, then surgical plastic surgery of the labia is possible. And mostly such interference is not justified.

When we started talking about the attractiveness of the labia, I want to ask about various types of jewelry, such as earrings, which now also “cling” to the external genitalia. How safe is it?

Abroad they call it piercing, and all sorts of earrings stick everywhere. If all the rules of hygiene and sanitation are followed when getting a piercing, then there is no harm. However, the labia majora and minora are extremely irritating and sensitive, so the appearance of a foreign body, even a small one, can cause pain, discomfort, and discharge. I had to pierce women at their request, but most of them could not stand wearing such jewelry for a long time - a pre-school unpleasant torture, regardless of which area the skin was punctured and the “toy” was attached, although in front of men and friends the woman heroically talks about her torment are not recognized. Many men like such jewelry, so women go to any lengths to please their sexual partners. Only a few get used to piercings and stop complaining. Of course, you need to monitor the condition of the labia and if an inflammatory process or injury occurs at the puncture site, consult a doctor.

And what’s next “along the course” of the genital organs?

In fact, the entire area between the labia and the vaginal opening is called the vaginal threshold. It is always hydrated through the constant secretion of glands in this area. Irritation of the mucous membrane of the vaginal threshold chemicals and mechanically can lead not only to increased production of secretions, but also to trauma and ulcers. It is this area of ​​the external genitalia that suffers most during sexual intercourse, which occurs without appropriate preparation - due to friction with the penis, abrasions, heat, pain, and discomfort are inevitable. Having received negative experience of such sexual relations, many women begin to avoid sexual contact with men.

Almost every woman can remember at least one case when she complained of itching of the external genitalia. Is it always due to sexually transmitted infections?

The woman’s vulva itself, which includes the external genitalia, contains a large number of nerve endings (unlike the vagina, it is almost insensitive to pain), as this is primarily associated with the function of reproduction. Therefore, even a slight chemical or physical irritation of this area of ​​the genital organs can lead to discomfort, pain, itching, and burning. It is wrong and once again false to believe that only infections are to blame for such suffering among women. Whenever a woman gets an itch about something down there, she goes to the doctor, who, without even really looking at it, immediately says that it’s thrush or hidden infections, sends for a lot of tests and prescribes a lot of medications. What makes me laugh is that vaginal microflora restored with “Canadian yoghurt”, quite often inserted into the vagina. Circus on a wire! We'll talk about discharge another time, but discharge can cause irritation to the external genitalia. After all, it is precisely when discharge appears that it is not the vagina that itches, but the vulva.

In fact, there are more than 100 different diseases, both “local”, that is, in the vulva area, and general ( diabetes, wolf lichen, psoriasis and others). Different age categories of women may have various diseases accompanied by itching of the labia. It is infections that are not in the main group of diseases, so it may not be a disease at all. For example, this could be a reaction to soap, washing liquid, synthetic underwear, tight pants or tights, various kinds of gels, intimate perfumes. In women before menstruation there is physiological state low level estrogens, also after childbirth during feeding breast milk, and the condition may be accompanied by itching. Various skin diseases(dermatitis, skin infections), allergic reactions, liver diseases, nervous system and many others may be itchy. By the way, it’s in fashion now “ intimate gels”, because women mistakenly believe that those “special” gels are useful. What do I recommend? Take a magnifying glass and carefully read the contents on the back of the label, supposedly created for the delicate skin of the vulva. I’m sure that when you see how many synthetic chemical compounds there are, and with such names that you didn’t even hear about them in chemistry lessons, I won’t be surprised that someone’s eyes will become round in surprise. And women apply all this chemicals daily to the skin and mucous membrane of the external genitalia. What is the point in talking about such cases? Believe me, there is nothing better for the skin of the vulva for warm water, simple (baby) soap and a soft, clean towel that is not used to wipe other parts of the body.

Panty liners are also very popular now. Some gynecologists say it is harmful to women's health. Is it so?

When I remembered synthetic “intimate” soaps, it’s worth mentioning sanitary napkin. Many women complain about increased discharge, and everything has already been checked, they have been treated and cleaned dozens of times, but nothing has been found and is not being found, and for some reason the discharge has increased. In such cases, I always ask what you wash your clothes with, what you wash with, and what pads you use. And almost always what comes to the surface is not the gel, but the use of pads. What are they made of? Again, made of synthetic material, so in vain that cotton pads have now appeared on sale, and they are quite difficult to find and they are very expensive. Therefore, often all department shelves feminine hygiene are littered with ordinary, inexpensive synthetic sanitary pads. A large number of chemicals are used to create them and bleach the material. Instead of changing their underwear daily, some women allegedly “save money” by using pads. But most panties have a cotton pad (which is what you should buy) and sanitary pads are not cotton. Various kinds Sexy lingerie is extremely inconvenient for daily constant use, like dressing and undressing in front of a man. But it is not designed for constant wearing somewhere outside the bedroom. So, in fact, all those sanitary pads become something like a drug for the vulva. Why? Manufacturers benefit when more women buys more pads, right? And when do women buy more? When their discharge increases. Do you understand the logic? Therefore, many pads made from synthetic materials increase release, but this is very beneficial for manufacturers. A woman sits on those pads like a drug addict on a needle, and can’t go anywhere without them. One can only guess how much money is spent on those “women's belongings”. Therefore, I always advise women: fashion is fashion, but have common sense, and understand that our modern life It's already too chemical, so respect your body and don't load it with additional chemicals.

Is there any line between external and internal genitalia? I guess it's the girls' hymen?

That’s right, the hymen separates the entrance to the vagina from the side of the vulva and the vagina itself; it is and is that feature of the external and internal. We call such girls untouched. In fact, there are many definitions of untouched, and with traditional view, this is considered a girl whose hymen is damaged - a thin fold of skin at the entrance to the vagina. Does the presence of a hymen mean that a girl is sexually inactive? No, it doesn't mean that. Let it be because the hymen can stretch and not be damaged. In addition, there is anal and oral sex, which is now practiced by many young people.

There are many rumors about the hymen. What role does it actually play in a woman’s body?

The hymen is located at the entrance to the vagina and is a section of the vaginal mucosa 0.5-2 mm thick, usually semi-lunar or ring-shaped (there are about 20 forms of hymen). It plays a barrier (protective) role. The hymen normally has one or more holes that allow drainage menstrual blood during menstruation. The congenital absence of the hymen is called aplasia of the hymen. This happens extremely rarely.

In infant girls, the hymen, due to the influence of maternal hormones - estrogens, is dense, has many folds and ledges, is pale pink in color, and may appear outward from the vagina (be curved), even though it is located a little deeper towards the vagina than in an adult woman. This condition can persist in girls up to 4 years of age. The size of the hole in the hymen of a baby girl is very small - about 1 mm, and increases by about 1 mm every year. Gradually, the labia minora grow down, covering the entrance to the vagina.

From about 6-7 years of age, the hymen, on the contrary, becomes thin, transparent, smooth and quite sensitive to irritation. Therefore, uncomfortable, boring, hard underwear can cause serious discomfort in a little girl, which an inexperienced mother or doctor may perceive as some kind of inflammatory process.

Many girls, although probably also guys, are interested in the question, is it easy to lose virginity?

It is not easy to damage the hymen, however, it is quite possible. Here I would like to mention the growing “schizophrenia” (there is no other way to say it) among post-Soviet women’s doctors dealing with pediatric gynecology. Almost everyone diagnoses all girls with fusion of the labia minora, or synechia, and therefore immediately intervenes not only with a rough examination, but also with aggressive, rough treatment in the form of, so to speak, separation of these lips.

Synechia of the labia minora is common occurrence in girls under 6-7 years of age, this is not a true fusion and requires surgical dissection. Doctor intervention is only needed when urine outflow begins to be impaired and an infection is added genitourinary system, but such cases are extremely rare.

Yes, quite actual topic. Even Komarovsky quite often mentions in his speeches that our doctors are “sick” with a diagnosis of synechiae in little girls. Probably, 20 years ago, most doctors did not know such a diagnosis?

I receive a lot of letters from frightened mothers about how they, together with doctors, are driving their daughters to hysteria. And then instruments and catheters are used to try to take vaginal smears. Many doctors immediately try to separate the lips with their fingers, despite the child’s cries and almost convulsive movements with which the girl tries to avoid this inhumane procedure. The child's suffering does not end there. Many doctors do not know what the results of smears in girls should be before the start of menstruation. And they appoint long-term treatment, is not only unnecessary, but also harmful. I partially receive letters from women who ask how suppositories (for adults) are “stuffed” into the vagina of a 1-2 year old girl, if at every attempt at insertion she screams and falls into hysterics so much that even the mother cannot stand these screams. What kind of smart doctor do you have to be to not know that in a 1-3 year old girl the diameter of the hymen opening is up to 3 mm, and it is quite dense and inextensible, when the diameter of vaginal suppositories is usually 8-15 mm? Small suppositories for the urethra have a diameter of 3-6 mm, but doctors rarely use them. Thus, modern generation Girls are at risk of losing their virginity long before they become sexually active.

The topic of girls’ hygiene is discussed in the webinar “Care and hygiene of girls: at home, on the road, on vacation”

Is it possible to damage the hymen with sanitary tampons?

I am not a supporter of hygienic tampons even for adult women, because it was not for nothing that nature created an outflow menstrual flow from the vagina to the outside. Therefore, when a tampon is inserted into the vagina, this outflow is disrupted. Dead endometrium along with blood accumulates at the end of the tampon in the cervix area and posterior arch vagina. And if there is not enough oxygen available, a favorable environment for the proliferation of dangerous bacteria arises. This is actually what happens to some women. toxic syndrome. In teenage girls at puberty, injury to the hymen with tampons and other objects is quite possible. Damage to the hymen with a hygienic tampon is also possible if the hymen has several small holes rather than one in the center. In mature girls (usually 20-22 years old), the hymen is elastic, and the hole is of the size that allows the insertion of a hygienic tampon. But both inserting and removing a used tampon must be done carefully, without sudden movements.

Can you lose your virginity by inserting your fingers into your vagina?

Sexual partners often insert fingers into the vagina and stretch the hymen for several purposes. Firstly, this reduces the pain of defloration at the beginning of sexual intercourse. Secondly, there is a misconception that after many “stretching of the hymen” and then insertion of the penis, the girl remains a virgin. Even from the insertion of fingers, small tears in the hymen appear, and when this is practiced constantly, soon the hymen is completely torn. You must also be careful about a number of infections that can be transmitted through dirty hands.

I will also add that modern youth insert various objects into the vagina. When I was working on the “intimate book,” I used data from the Vagina Institute, which conducted a survey of more than 873,613 women from around the world. Actually, the data shocked me with what women or their partners insert into the vagina, as well as the motives for inserting various objects. It turns out that there is a competition among teenagers to see who can insert what into the vagina and keep it there longer. A list of such items is in one of the articles on my blog, and will also be given in the book. Therefore, virginity is not in fashion now, and therefore it can be lost not only through sexual relations, but through various games, masturbation with the use of objects, and also sometimes during intense sports activities associated with sudden movements, frequent falls, and perineal injuries.

Information about the clitoris is rather sparse, although now it is talked about much more often. What is his role in a woman’s life?

Somewhat below and behind the anterior commissure of the labia majora is the clitoris, or china, a sensitive area of ​​the female body in terms of sexual arousal. The structure of the clitoris resembles the male penis (except for the urethra). The clitoris is the sexual organ of all female mammals without exception. Its role is not fully understood, but the clitoris is a source of arousal and sexual satisfaction, since it contains a large number of nerve endings and blood vessels. Clitoral stimulation is used during intercourse and masturbation to achieve sexual satisfaction. The head of the clitoris contains from 6,000 to 8,000 nerve endings - no other part of the body, female or male, has more nerve endings, and that's fourfold more quantity nerve endings of the head of the male penis. This means that the female clitoris is much more sensitive than the male genital organ, and this is important for a woman's sexual response to intercourse. Affects the size of the clitoris of marriage, which means regular sex life? It turns out not. The size of the clitoris is the same in married and single women. The size of the clitoris also does not depend on sexual orientation - they are the same in women living only with men, bisexual women and lesbians.

When should I take my girl to the doctor?

For the first time a girl passes routine inspection gynecologist in the first year of life and before entering school. During the appointment, the doctor gives the mother advice on how to care for the genitals, tells whether there are any developmental disorders and what to pay attention to. Unfortunately, deviations are detected even at a tender age - these can be various inflammatory diseases, incorrect, later or premature ripening genitals.

It is mothers who need to pay attention to how their daughter develops. It is imperative to show the girl to a pediatric gynecologist-endocrinologist if, for example, it is noted:

Impaired maturation of the mammary glands;

Excess weight bodies;

Hirsutism is excessive male pattern hair growth.

Unfortunately, not all mothers today know that there is a gynecologist in every children's clinic. Pediatric gynecologist also conducts receptions at the Center for Family Planning and Reproduction at the address: st. Komsomolskaya, 36. You can make an appointment by calling 21-47-11. By Russian legislation the mother must accompany her daughter to the doctor until she is 15 years old. Then the girl has the right to come to the appointment herself.

GDP: education, abstinence... condom

This formula for proper development girls have long taken it as a basis in the West. It would be nice if it took root in our society. Reproductive health A woman’s life depends to a great extent on the culture of her behavior, upbringing in the family and the predominance of moral values. Infectious diseases that can lead to severe consequences in the future, it can be avoided if you follow the rules of personal hygiene and sexual hygiene.

The period of physiological childhood for a girl lasts until she is 18 years old. This is despite the fact that in our country you can get a passport at the age of 14, and you can get married almost at 16.

The beginning of sexual activity for a girl must be accompanied by mandatory double protection. From pregnancy - taking oral contraceptives. For sexually transmitted infections - use a condom.

If having a child is not in your immediate plans, doctors recommend using it as contraception. hormonal pills. Not everyone knows that they also have a healing effect - they normalize menstrual cycle. Now the fourth generation of tablets is being produced - these are low-dose modern drugs with various components that have a therapeutic effect for one or another pathology of the female genital area. They are, of course, selected in individually and only by a gynecologist, and not purchased at the nearest pharmacy on the advice of a friend. After all, for some women, contraception may be indicated at 15 and 20 years of age, while for some, for health reasons, it is not indicated at all. For example, women who have a tendency to thrombophlebitis, hereditary predisposition to breast cancer, serious illnesses liver and other contraindications.

About pregnancy

No matter how much doctors say that you need to prepare for pregnancy in advance, often the calls go unheeded. Women forget that it is wrong to look for infections when pregnancy has already occurred and sometimes it is too late. After all, the list medicines and the tests that a doctor can prescribe for pregnant women are very limited.

When planning a pregnancy, the first thing to do is to undergo fluorography for both the woman and the man to rule out the presence of tuberculosis. Unfortunately, future parents completely forget to do fluorography in advance. And then follows the period of pregnancy and breastfeeding, when it is very problematic to find out the woman’s condition. It is worth remembering that a newborn child will not be sent to a home where there is a patient with tuberculosis.

Before planning a pregnancy, you also need to visit a therapist, do a cardiogram, contact a phlebologist, find out blood clotting indicators, and a hemostasiogram. Many people ignore this test, but a blood clotting disorder can lead to miscarriage, especially in early stages. Before pregnancy, both spouses should be tested for sexually transmitted infections. If necessary, sanitation of foci of chronic infection is carried out.

To prevent malformations of the child’s nervous system, three months before pregnancy, a woman must take folic acid. It is believed that taking the drug helps reduce the percentage congenital pathologies. Plus don't forget about proper nutrition, giving up nicotine and alcohol. And how strong drinks, and low-alcohol. In general, preparations should begin at least three months, maximum six months before the planned conception of the baby.

Everyone is giving birth later

According to experts, it is undesirable as early pregnancy, and late. Pregnancy before the age of 18 is considered early, and maturity of the body occurs at 20-25 years. The so-called fertile age, when a woman is able to bear and give birth to a child, lasts up to 49 years. Although doctors still believe that a child should be born before a critical age. Everything is fine on time. However, recently, including in our region, there has been a tendency towards an increase in the age of women planning to become mothers.

BY THE WAY

The beginning of early sexual activity is fraught with the possibility for a girl to catch the human papillomavirus. It has already been proven that the virus causes malignant lesions of the cervix. It is this disease that leads today in the list of frequently occurring pathologies. Nevertheless, science does not stand still and today there is already a preventive vaccination against cervical cancer with a protective effect for life. But the effect will only be if the vaccination is given to the girl before the onset of sexual activity, between the ages of 9 and 26 years. The vaccination is done in three stages, but, unfortunately, only on a commercial basis. The cost of one dose in Kaliningrad is from 6 thousand rubles.

Health

Today we will tell you how to take care of your body in order to maintain excellent health, cheerfulness, enjoy life and enjoy one of the most important roles in life - the role of a mother.

Women Health

1. Brightness PMS symptoms can reduce potassium and contraceptives

PMS is an extremely unpleasant thing that spoils the mood of both you and those around you. Combined oral contraceptives latest generation They cope well with PMS, because they can curb the hormonal surges that cause this symptom. Moreover, contraceptives will help your painful and heavy menstruation become more comfortable and regular.

Also choose foods that are rich in potassium. We advise you to slightly change your diet, starting about a week before critical days Eating heavily on certain foods. Moreover, reduce the amount of sugar in your diet and simple carbohydrates, because they cause your body to accumulate excess liquid, which leads to bloating on “these” days.

What is there? The highest amounts of potassium are found in lentils, dried fruits, bananas, raisins and yogurt. How much? A few dried fruits a day and one banana are enough. As for contraceptives, be sure to consult a specialist on this issue.

2. Folates will help increase stress resistance and immunity.

As it turns out, vitamin B9 and folic acid (folates) need to be taken not only in preparation for pregnancy. This is the most important component of the body of any person. A lack of these components leads to the development of anemia and depression. Symptoms of anemia include pale skin, frequent headache, apathy. Among other things, folates are involved in the synthesis of collagen, which plays vital role in maintaining the smoothness and elasticity of the skin.

What is there? Folates are found in spinach, lettuce, broccoli and parsley. You can also take dietary supplements with folates. How much? During processing, food loses more than half of the folates, so it is very difficult to compensate for their deficiency solely with the help of food.

Take dietary supplements or tablets with folate, which also contain other minerals and vitamins, for example, B vitamins, vitamin C, iron. Together they are perfectly absorbed and help the immune system work better. Today, folate can be found in various oral medications, and one tablet per day can provide a daily dose of vitamin B9.

Women's health and beauty

3. Beautiful skin can be achieved with the help of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Each of us knows that for beauty and health it is recommended to drink about 1.5 - 2 liters of water per day. However, we can drink, but we still don’t see the result, since the skin remains dry. It turns out that, among other things, our body needs polyunsaturated fatty acids, which will help retain moisture in skin cells.

What is there? Omega-3 is found in sprouted wheat and sea ​​fish, source of omega-6: nuts, vegetable oils, seeds, olives. How much? Eat one serving of fish per week, and every day do not forget to consume 1 tablespoon of flaxseed or olive oil(or 50 grams of nuts).

4. Pregnancy must be planned; this is the only way to preserve women’s health

No one needs to explain how to plan a pregnancy. However, a global study was recently conducted that showed that of the 208 million pregnancies that occur annually, 40 percent of women experience it as a complete surprise.

Half of unexpected pregnancies end in abortion, which can cause incredible harm to a woman's health, and even lead to infertility. But despite these threats, many women still hope for safe days or at random. The survey showed that more than 70 percent of young people have had unprotected sex at least once. All this happens in modern realities, when about 10 are available to young people various methods protection.

5. Exercise and vitamin B9 will help you get through pregnancy and childbirth with ease.

Scientists have proven that women who know about physical activity firsthand, they endure pregnancy much easier, they do not have problems with the kidneys and spine, there is almost no toxicosis, and due to the fact that the pelvic muscles are elastic, and pelvic floor strengthened, childbirth is faster and easier.

Among other things, any doctor will tell you that during pregnancy planning it is very important to take folic acid and vitamin B9. The latter is incredibly important because it helps reduce the risk of your baby developing birth defects.

How many? We have already talked about vitamin B9. Regarding physical activity, then it would be optimal to study for half an hour every day or three times a week for one hour. Cycling, yoga, swimming, aerobics are suitable.

Women's health and happiness

6. Probiotics and fiber will help you deal with thrush

Many women are familiar with this problem, which makes itself felt from time to time. At the same time, they immediately reach for antibiotics, forgetting about a very serious protector of the vagina - good intestinal microflora, which is incredibly important for maintaining female reproductive organs. Probiotics and fiber help ensure that good microflora begins to grow in the intestines.

What is there? Legumes, fruits, cabbage and other vegetables will help you with this. Probiotics: kefir, young cheese, natural yogurt. How much? Drink a glass of kefir or yogurt once a day and eat a salad of apple, cabbage and a few plums (or other fruits).

7. Women's health depends on normal weight body

Normal body weight is an important condition maintaining women's health. Excess body weight leads to hormone imbalances, decreased fertility, and problems with bearing a child. On the other hand, underweight, when there is not enough fat tissue, leads to a lack of estrogen, which disrupts the menstrual cycle.

What should a woman know about her health?

Mothers should talk with their daughters more often and not be shy about “inconvenient” and “embarrassing” topics. After all, it is the mother who should bring the girl to her first examination by a gynecologist. If at this age a trusting relationship is established, then in the future there will be much fewer problems with upbringing. And trust between mother and daughter is very important.

At every age, women have their own problems and characteristics. He will tell us how to behave correctly with a teenage girl and what lifestyle to lead during menopause.

« − We encourage our patients, first of all, to believe that being a mother is her highest purpose. And in order for the long-awaited baby to be born healthy and cheerful, the mother must take care of her health long before family planning.

As you grow older, certain changes occur in your body. And at every age, a girl should know how to behave correctly. Therefore, each age has its own recommendations. We talk, pay close attention to each of our patients, and together solve problems if they arise.”

Period up to 12 years (Necessarily!)	First visit to the gynecologist. It can also take place in the form of a conversation. The girl must be present with her mother (if she is under 16 years old). In general, girls undergo professional examinations in children's clinics. But, of course, it is better for the mother to bring the child to the doctor for the first time.
Teenage years (from 12 to 18 years old)	Special attention We pay attention to contraception. Because Teenagers begin to have sexual intercourse early, and the risk increases venereal diseases and unplanned pregnancies. For this reason, girls often cannot have children in the future. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are always better to prevent than to treat them later.
Reproductive age (from 18 to 35 years old)	After 18 years of age, a planned visit to a gynecologist should be once a year is mandatory, even if nothing bothers you. Necessary tests when visiting a doctor: · general analysis blood, · general Analysis of urine, · flora smear · smear for cytology (smear for oncology), · research on sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Menopause (after 45 years)	Once a year, a mandatory visit to the gynecologist with all necessary tests. Due to unfavorable hormonal conditions during menopause, osteoparosis often occurs in women. Therefore, you should pay attention to nutrition and consult your doctor about taking courses of essential vitamins.
Mature age (about 60 years old)	Once a year, a mandatory visit to the doctor with all necessary tests. Risk of hip fracture, after which many remain disabled. Deaths are common.

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A few pesky pounds don't mean you're not exercising enough or dieting poorly. It is quite possible that your body contains hormonal imbalances that prevent your metabolism from returning to normal. Here are a few hormones whose changing levels affect your weight.

Cortisol

Cortisol is a stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands. When there is some external threat, it increases heart rate and increases arterial pressure, and also activates muscle function. It is effective in treating a short-term disorder, but when the body is in a constant state of stress, then it works to its detriment - for example, it reduces glucose consumption in the muscles, borrowing it from other organs.

If there is a sharp increase in cortisol, it can trigger an “inflammatory mode” in the body, which leads to cancer, diabetes and the development of autoimmune diseases. An increase in its level leads to excessive production of insulin and fat cells, resulting in an increase in body weight.

How to control: Make sure you have at least seven hours of sleep a day, learn yoga, and avoid drinking alcohol.

Thyroids

Everyone knows that there are problems with thyroid gland lead to unexpected weight gain, but few people think about how exactly this happens. The gland, located in our neck, produces hormones that control metabolism, heart rate, growth, sleep and many other processes in the body. If thyroid does not produce enough of a certain hormone, hypothyroidism occurs, which leads to the accumulation of water in the body, which is why there is a feeling that the shape is rounded.

How to control: contact a specialist so that he can prescribe special drugs for the thyroid gland, add iodized salt to your diet and avoid raw vegetables.

Leptin

Do you know the feeling of being full? It occurs because leptin signals the entire body that it is time to stop. If you eat too many sugary foods or processed foods with added fructose, your body stops producing it. This, in turn, reduces the body's sensitivity to leptin, and the brain stops receiving signals that it's time to stop eating. In addition, leptin tells the brain about the amount of fat mass and even affects reproductive function- if you have eating disorders, you are more likely to get pregnant.

How to control: eat a little every two hours, don’t eat a lot of fruit, drink more water.

Melatonin

Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, and it helps us fall asleep quickly and, in principle, maintain a stable sleep pattern. Melatonin increases in the evening, and by morning its amount in the body decreases. Since our bodies need to repair themselves, a lack of melatonin can also cause weight gain.

How to control: sleep in a dark room, avoid eating at night, add goji seeds, almonds, cherries, sunflower seeds and cardamom to your diet.

Estrogen

Main female hormone is produced by the ovaries, and its amount depends on many factors, including the state of adipose tissue. At some point it may come vicious circle: the higher your weight, the more problems with the thyroid gland, and because of it malfunction It's getting harder and harder to lose weight. In addition, you get extra estrogen from foods that contain pesticides or other substances with growth hormones. When estrogen levels are high, you become more resistant to the effects of insulin, which also causes you to gain weight.

How to control: Avoid alcohol, add whole grains to your diet and exercise regularly.