Vitamins: vitamin deficiency and hypovitaminosis. Classification characteristics of vitamins. What is the difference between hypovitaminosis and vitamin deficiency?
But hypovitaminosis (or the more familiar to our ears and often mentioned, although not entirely correct, word - avitaminosis) are the cause of various disturbances in the functioning of the body. Let me explain, vitamin deficiency is a complete lack of one or another vitamin necessary for the body, which does not occur so often, so we will now talk about hypovitaminosis - this is a more accurate definition of that common pathological condition, caused not by a complete absence, but by a decrease in the body’s supply of any vitamin. And every second, if not first, person is now experiencing a decrease in security or, more simply, a lack of vitamins. Whether due to improper or insufficient nutrition, or due to harmful production, or under the influence of living conditions in general. Sometimes mothers and even doctors cannot find answers to questions:
Why does a child suffer from bronchitis for a long time and often?
Why is my skin condition not okay?
Or why does vision suddenly decrease?
Where did dermatitis suddenly come from?
Why do my gums bleed and bother me? nose bleed?
What are the causes of rickets in children?
But hypovitaminosis is hidden and clearly the cause of many of these and other diseases. I hope that the information below will help you answer many questions.
Since vitamins contribute to the assimilation (i.e. absorption and extraction of useful substances for the body) proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals, their deficiency leads to various metabolic disorders and even changes in the functions of organs and systems.
So. All hypovitaminosis is caused by vitamin deficiency, which has one or all of the following reasons:
- low content of vitamins in the daily diet;
- destruction of vitamins due to long-term and improper storage of products, irrational cooking;
- the effect of antivitamin factors contained in products (antivitamins are substances that block the action of vitamins and perform the function of regulating the vitamin balance of the body);
- imbalance of the chemical composition of diets and violation of the optimal relationships between vitamins and other nutrients and between individual vitamins.
In addition, intestinal dysbiosis and depression lead to hypovitaminosis. normal microflora intestines, producing a number of vitamins (for diseases digestive system, with irrational chemotherapy and antibiotic therapy).
The state of hypovitaminosis can also occur due to the increased need for vitamins in women during pregnancy and lactation, during periods intensive growth child, with illnesses, with intense physical and neuropsychic stress.
As you can see, there are a great many reasons for the occurrence of hypovitaminosis. However, all forms of hypovitaminosis are characterized by general weakness, loss of appetite, fatigue and in each specific case of deficiency of a certain vitamin - their own special symptoms, we will talk about them below, looking at each hypovitaminosis in detail. The general approach to the treatment of hypovitaminosis is aimed at eliminating the causes that caused this or that hypovitaminosis, correcting the diet in terms of its enrichment with nutrients - vitamin carriers; oral and parenteral administration of vitamin preparations.
Causes, symptoms and treatment of various hypovitaminoses
So:Hypovitaminosis (A):
Most often it develops as a result of impaired absorption of fats in diseases of the pancreas and intestines, the hepatobiliary system, and less often - due to insufficient intake of vitamin A (retinol) from food.
Clinical manifestations: mucous membranes and skin are affected. Characterized by dry skin, hyperkeratosis, and a tendency to skin diseases. U infants Diaper rash, thrush, and stomatitis are observed.
Hypovitaminosis A contributes to the development and long-term course of tracheitis, bronchitis, gastroenteritis, colitis, and urinary tract infections. Hypovitaminosis A is manifested by hemerolopia ( night blindness, night blindness, impaired dark adaptation of the eye, accompanied by sharp deterioration vision in low light conditions, at twilight, at night, and also during artificial darkness), xerophthalmia, conjunctivitis, and in severe cases - keratomalacia, perforation of the cornea and complete blindness. Treatment: The diet includes foods rich in vitamin A, and preparations of retinol acetate and retinol palmitate are prescribed. .
Hypovitaminosis (B1):
It develops as a result of a violation of the adsorption of vitamin B1 (thiamine) in diseases of the digestive canal, an intensive increase in metabolic processes, during pregnancy and lactation, and the predominance of carbohydrates and finely ground grain processing products in the diet.
Hypovitaminosis B1 is accompanied by impaired oxidation of carbohydrates, accumulation of under-oxidized products and decreased synthesis of acetylcholine.
Clinical manifestations: Most early symptoms hypovitaminosis B1 is observed in the digestive system (decreased appetite, nausea, constipation), later - nervous system(headaches, irritability, memory loss, peripheral polyneuritis, paresis, possible paralysis) and of cardio-vascular system(tachycardia, shortness of breath, pain in the heart, muffled tones), muscle atrophy.
Treatment: inclusion of foods rich in vitamin B1 in food, oral and parenteral administration of vitamin B1 preparations, normalization of colon microflora (treatment of dysbiosis).
Hypovitaminosis (B2):
It develops as a result of a deficiency of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) with an unbalanced diet (reduced consumption of milk and dairy products, meat, eggs, vegetables, fruits, diseases of the digestive canal. This condition is based on a violation of energy and metabolic processes, suppression of the immune system.
Clinical manifestations: Damage to the mucous membrane of the lips with desquamation of the epithelium and cracks (cheilosis), stomatitis, glossitis (pathological condition of the tissues of the tongue), eczema-like skin lesions, conjunctivitis, photophobia, lacrimation, decreased vision, slowed growth and development of the child.
Treatment: Introduction to the diet of foods rich in vitamin B2 (milk, meat, fish, eggs, bread, etc.), prescription of riboflavin preparations, therapy aimed at normalizing the processes of digestion and absorption.
Failure pantothenic acid- hypovitamism B3:
It occurs in children and adults with severe digestive and nutritional disorders, dysbacteriosis during long-term illnesses, and stressful situations.
Clinical manifestations: Hypovitaminosis B3 is manifested by retarded growth and weight gain in children, disorders of the nervous system (depression, apathy, weakness, paresthesia, “burning” syndrome in the feet), dyspeptic symptoms, reinfection respiratory tract, decreased blood pressure, hypochloremia, hypokalemia and hypocholesterolemia.
Treatment: balanced diet, prescription of pantothenic acid preparations, normalization of intestinal microflora, symptomatic therapy.
Hypovitaminosis (B6):
Hypovitaminosis B6 (pyridoxine) is observed in organ diseases digestive tract, dysbacteriosis, hereditary defects in the functioning of B6-dependent enzymes, allergic diseases, liver damage, predominance of protein in food. Protein, fat and mineral metabolism is disrupted.
For clinical picture characterized by irritability, drowsiness, disturbance mental activity, peripheral neuritis, seborrheic dermatitis, angular stomatitis, glossitis, conjunctivitis. Congenital hypovitaminosis B6 in children is characterized by low body weight, growth retardation, development of microcytic hypochromic anemia, and decreased body resistance to infection.
Treatment: treatment of the underlying disease, introduction of foods rich in vitamin B6 (meat, fish, yolks, beans, fruits, yeast), elimination of dysbacteriosis, oral and parenteral administration of vitamin B6 preparations are indicated.
Failure folic acid
:
Most often develops in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. If the synthesis of folic acid is disrupted by the intestinal microflora, hematopoiesis, amino acid synthesis, and choline and cholinesterase metabolism are disrupted.
Clinical picture: delay in physical and mental development, growth, macrocytic hyperchromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, dyspepsia, dermatitis, liver dysfunction, dry bright red tongue.
Treatment: elimination of the underlying disease, normalization of intestinal microflora, introduction to food of foods containing folic acid (leaves of green plants), prescription of folic acid preparations.
Hypovitaminosis (B12):
Hypovitaminosis B12 (cyanocobalamin) develops as a result of long-term unbalanced nutrition (especially in children) - deficiency of animal products (liver, meat, fish, eggs), impaired absorption processes (diseases of the digestive tract), hereditary defect of transport enzymes, intestinal dysbiosis. The basis for the development of hypovitaminosis B12 is a violation of the regulation of hematopoiesis and metabolic processes.
The clinical picture is characterized by diarrhea, loss of appetite, megalocytic hyperchromic anemia, glossitis, achylia, neurological symptoms (polyneuritis, loss of sensitivity).
Treatment: sufficient intake of animal proteins from food; prescription of vitamin B12 preparations; elimination of diseases of the digestive canal; symptomatic therapy.
Hypovitaminosis (C):
It is observed when there is insufficient intake of ascorbic acid into the body; observed in children who are bottle-fed, in adults and children with allergic, viral and other diseases, with an increased need for vitamin C during pregnancy and lactation, during periods of intensive physical development, under stress, etc.
Hypovitaminosis C leads to disruption of redox processes in the body, increased permeability of the vascular wall, and decreased immunological reactivity.
Clinically manifested by weakness, irritability, dry and flaky skin, swelling of the gums, bleeding, nosebleeds, pinpoint hemorrhages on the bends of the neck, limbs, pain in the lower limbs, microhematuria.
Treatment: balanced diet including rosehip infusion, blackcurrant juice, apples; prescription of vitamin C preparations; treatment of the underlying disease.
Hypovitaminosis (E):
Hypovitaminosis E (tocopherol) is observed more often in premature infants, with artificial feeding, congenital malnutrition (a chronic malnutrition disorder of the fetus that develops during the period of intrauterine development and is characterized by growth retardation, weight retardation and metabolic disorders noted at birth), rickets, oxygen deficiency , hemolytic anemia, dermatoses, neurodermatitis.
Hypovitaminosis E is characterized by disorganization of cell membranes and intracellular elements due to a weakening of the effect of tocopherol on oxidative processes.
Clinical manifestations: muscle hypotonia and weakness, early muscular dystrophy. TREATMENT: elimination of the underlying disease, prescription of vitamin E preparations, introduction into the diet of foods containing this vitamin (vegetable oils, butter, eggs).
Hypovitaminosis (D):
Rickets (from Greek - spine) - hypovitaminosis D in children early age, is characterized by impaired bone formation, dysfunction of a number of organs and systems. Rickets usually occurs in the first year of life, and the disease may develop before the birth of the child (congenital rickets).
Congenital rickets is a pathological condition caused by hypovitaminosis D in the mother during pregnancy, characterized by clinical symptoms of impaired bone formation in the child at birth. The development of congenital rickets in a child is facilitated by violation of the regime by the expectant mother: insufficient stay on fresh air, poor nutrition, as well as the presence of late toxicosis and chronic extragenital diseases.
The cause of acquired rickets is vitamin D deficiency, which easily occurs in a rapidly growing body due to insufficient dietary intake or disruption of its formation in the skin of a child, where under the influence ultraviolet radiation carried out natural process its synthesis.
Clinic: K initial signs Rickets includes disruption of daytime and night sleep in a child, excessive sweating, unreasonable anxiety, and decreased muscle tone. Later, deformations of the bones of the skull and chest appear due to softening (flattening of the occiput, thickening of the costal cartilages at the points of their connection with the bony parts of the ribs. At the age of 5-8 months, deformations of the long tubular bones can be observed, forming protrusions around wrist joints and/or ankle joints, curvature of the spine, delay in the formation of the child’s static and motor functions. Muscular hypotonia sometimes leads to an enlargement of the abdomen and divergence of its rectus muscles.
Treatment: prescription of vitamin preparations - vitamin D in combination with vitamins C, A, E and group B. If necessary, drugs that improve metabolic processes and statokinetic functions of the child: carnitine chloride, potassium orotate, asparkam, potassium glycerophosphate, etc. Exercise therapy courses are conducted. , massage, salt and pine baths, which have a restorative effect and promote recovery.
Hypovitaminosis (H)
(biotin) is extremely rare.
Hypovitaminosis (K):
It develops as a result of disturbances in the synthesis of vitamin K due to intestinal dysbiosis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, pathology or physiological liver failure, and long-term use of salicylates and anticoagulant drugs (antivitamins K). Hypovitaminosis K is characterized by hypoprothrombinemia. Newborns with this condition may have stomach bleeding(melena), bleeding from the nose, navel, urinary tract; in older children - intradermal, subcutaneous hemorrhages, intestinal bleeding.
Treatment: oral and parenteral use vikasol; treatment of the underlying disease; normalization of intestinal flora.
Hypovitaminosis (P)- (flavonoids):
It develops when there is insufficient intake of vitamin P into the body from food. With hypovitaminosis P, functions are impaired endocrine glands, primarily the adrenal glands. Petechial hemorrhages are noted in the clinic.
Treatment: separate diet rich in vitamin P (citrus fruits, rose hips, chokeberry, apples, currants, strawberries), vitamin preparations(rutin, citrine), at the same time - ascorbic acid.
Hypovitaminosis (PP)- (nicotinic acid):
Occurs as a result of poor nutrition (lack of eggs in food, fresh vegetables), diseases of the digestive system, when the body’s increased needs for this vitamin are not met (during growth, serious illnesses). With hypovitaminosis RR, redox processes, metabolism, and the function of the endocrine glands are disrupted.
In Russia, the severe typical form of hypovitaminosis RR (pellagra) does not occur.
The clinic is characterized by a triad of symptoms: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia. Characteristic is a bright red “varnished” tongue. TREATMENT: sufficient introduction into the diet of foods containing vitamin PP, administration of this vitamin, elimination of the main pathological process.
Good day, dear readers!
In this article we will look at the concept of hypovitaminosis, as well as its symptoms, consequences, and causes. In addition, we can distinguish it from hypovitaminosis. So…
What is hypovitaminosis?
Hypovitaminosis ― painful condition, developing in the body as a result of insufficient intake of necessary substances.
Hypovitaminosis or vitamin deficiency. What is the difference?
It is important to note that people often use “hypovitaminosis” instead of the term “hypovitaminosis”, which, unlike the first one, is a serious disease that occurs when there is an acute lack of any vitamin, as a result of which patients develop such serious illnesses, like rickets, “Beri-beri”, scurvy, etc.
A century and a half ago, it was vitamin deficiency that became the cause of scurvy among sailors and often led to fatal outcome. Today in the civilized world such an acute shortage of vitamins is extremely rare. Most often, doctors are faced with hypovitaminosis - a condition on the verge of illness associated with insufficient intake of vitamins and microelements from food.
Based on the above, it is necessary to emphasize that seasonal vitamin deficiency (winter, spring) is hypovitaminosis, and not vitamin deficiency.
Symptoms of hypovitaminosis
Pale, dull skin prone to dryness and irritation;
- lifeless, dry hair with a tendency to split and fall out;
- cracked corners of the lips, which are not affected by either cream or lipstick;
- gums that bleed when brushing your teeth;
- frequent with difficult and long recovery;
- constant feeling fatigue, apathy, irritation;
- exacerbation chronic diseases(relapses and fungal infections).
Causes of hypovitaminosis
In winter, the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is significantly reduced, and those that end up on our table do not contain enough nutrients. However, even in the summer it is not so easy to get the necessary dose of vitamins from fruits alone. To fill the daily need for vitamins and, you need to eat at least 1.5-2 kg of fruits, berries and vegetables, mainly raw, because at heat treatment many vitamins are destroyed. Also, a more gentle way of preparing food is to cook it in a double boiler.
In addition to vitamins, the body may not receive enough microelements. According to statistics, those living in post-Soviet space Women lack iron, iodine and selenium most of all.
Vitamin deficiency is considered one of the most common reasons decreased immunity. Food serves as a source of vitamins and microelements, but often they are not enough, especially if a person is forced to deal with increased physical, mental, and emotional stress. The solution may be to take the Doppelhertz® active complex from A to Zinc, which includes 27 vital important vitamins and minerals. They help increase the body's resistance to infections, stress and unfavorable factors external environment. Moreover, the complex is produced in the form of specially designed depot tablets, which provide a gradual release of vitamins and minerals throughout the day for their complete absorption by the body.
Multivitamin complexes do not accumulate in the body if taken in therapeutic doses. Don't be afraid of synthetic vitamins. Unlike vitamins natural origin they don't cause others adverse reactions, although some scientists argue that synthetic vitamins They don’t always hit the target, and before they can be absorbed by the body, they leave it.
There is a wide variety on sale today. various vitamins. For convenience, they are produced in the form of tablets, dragees, lozenges, capsules, powders and even in liquid form.
According to experts, the most convenient form of release is capsules. With this form of release, the likelihood of their mutual neutralization is reduced. Moving along intestinal tract, the capsule gradually loses layer by layer, and the vitamins one by one (not all at once) are absorbed inside.
How to take vitamins correctly
The most appropriate time to take vitamins is in the morning, when the body adjusts to daytime activity.
Most vitamins are absorbed only with food. But you don’t need to drink your vitamins with milk, soda, or coffee—these drinks can interfere with their normal absorption.
Vitamins in capsule form should be taken whole, without chewing.
Vitamins are vital for normal metabolism, cell renewal, and simply for good health. And we need them not only at the end of winter, but also during strong, high physical activity, change in climate or habitual diet. People on strict diets and smokers are at risk and should take vitamins all year round. During most likely hypovitaminosis, some begin in large doses Take vitamins, multivitamins and vitamin-containing preparations sold in pharmacies. However, excessive use of them can cause serious harm the body and cause disruption of their absorption in the intestines, which will further aggravate the problem. Set up proper nutrition In order to get the maximum amount of vitamins the body needs from food, everyone can do it on their own.
Usually, the least problems arise with replenishing vitamin C: its daily requirement for an adult is high, approximately 100 mg, but many vegetables and fruits contain significant amounts of this vitamin. If necessary, you can also use pine needles; it’s good that they are ready for use all year round (you can make infusions).
It is worth considering that the gifts of fields and gardens contain entire complexes of vitamins, but during long-term storage their quantity is noticeably reduced, and heat treatment can destroy them altogether. Therefore, it is advisable to consume vegetables and fruits raw (for example, in the form of salads). If they are subjected to heat treatment, then in the microwave or steamed. The same cooking method works well for meat and fish.
Essential vitamins for the human body
Looking at our image in the mirror in early spring, we understand that only a course of vitamin therapy will help us regain silky hair, fresh skin, and sparkling eyes.
Essential vitamins:
Hair- A, B2, B6, F, H.
eyes- A and B.
Teeth- E and D.
Nails– A, D and C.
On the skin and throughout the body In general, vitamins A, B, B12, E and F have a beneficial effect.
Scientists have proven that those vitamins that we get from natural products are best absorbed, while tablets are often eliminated without having time to digest well and deliver the necessary substances to the body.
Below are some vitamins and their effects on the body. Of course, if they are insufficient, reverse processes occur.
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Foods rich in vitamin B3: beef liver, poultry, heart, salmon, cheese, eggs, fish, milk, peanuts, yeast, alfalfa, carrots, burdock root, catnip, cayenne pepper, almonds, chamomile, gerbil, eyebright, fennel seed, fenugreek, ginseng, hops, mullein, nettle, green peas, oats, parsley, raspberry leaves, leaves, red clover, rose hips, sage, sorrel, mushrooms, soya beans, sunflower seeds, whole grains and whole grain products, dried apricots, dates, avocados, prunes, broccoli, potatoes, tomatoes, wheat germ, corn flour.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Vitamin B7 (Vitamin H, Biotin)
Hypovitaminosis of folic acid in the body is expressed mainly by the risk of developing abnormalities during pregnancy, as well as fertile dysfunction of the seed in men. In addition, with a lack of vitamin B9, problems with digestion, growth and development, hair loss, mental disorders (depression), and fatigue are observed.
Foods rich in vitamin B9: Green leafy vegetables, legumes, various grains, cereals and bran, wheat germ and yeast, bread, citrus fruits (pomelo, grapefruit, etc.), melon, bananas, apricots, nuts, pumpkin, beets, dates and mushrooms, especially porcini mushrooms, fish, milk and dairy products, liver, lamb, beef and poultry, eggs.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Foods rich in vitamin B12: liver, kidneys, egg yolk, seaweed, yeast, soy products, fish, cheese and other dairy products.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Hypovitaminosis E is expressed in dystrophy muscular system, violations reproductive function, anemia, necrosis, anemia, predisposition to obesity, brittle nails and dry skin.
Foods rich in vitamin E: eggs, liver, milk and dairy products, beef, vegetable oils, sunflower seeds, wheat germ, apples, almonds, peanuts, green leafy vegetables, cereals, legumes, bran bread, bran, nuts, Brussels sprouts, rose hips, chestnuts, leaves , mint leaves, carrot tops, celery tops, asparagus, soybeans.
Vitamin F (linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids)
Vitamin F deficiency is most often observed in children under 1 year of age, which at this age and beyond may be accompanied by retarded growth and development, skin problems, loose stools. In adults, hypovitaminosis is expressed in reproductive dysfunction, the development of cardiovascular (with its consequences), digestive and infectious diseases, premature aging, skin problems (), allergies, problems with nails and hair, dandruff.
Foods rich in vitamin F: fish oil, fatty and semi-fat fish (salmon, mackerel, herring, sardines, trout, tuna), vegetable oils from wheat ovary, flaxseed, sunflower, safflower, soybeans, peanuts; almonds, avocado, Walnut, sunflower seeds, black currants, dried fruits, oatmeal, corn, brown rice.
Vitamin K
Sprouted wheat
You can't think of a better product for spring! It is prepared from ordinary wheat cereal, the grains of which are not crushed, but whole. Place the cereal in a shallow plate, pour in enough water so that it reaches the level of the grain, but does not cover it on top. Cover the plate with gauze and place in a warm place for 24 hours. During this time, sprouts will emerge from the grains. white(no more than 1 mm). And that’s it, now they can be added to salads by passing them through a meat grinder. It's just a piggy bank.
Porridge
Cereals contain the least amount harmful substances, including nitrogenous compounds, as well as radioactive elements. Cereals contain a lot of well-digestible vegetable protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and microelements necessary for growth. You can use very healthy and tasty cereals: oatmeal, buckwheat, wheat, barley, rice, as well as a mixture of them.
You can prepare porridge daily to supply various vitamins and microelements in different proportions, but constantly:
Monday - rice;
Tuesday - barley (pearl barley);
Wednesday - millet;
Thursday - rye;
Friday - oats;
Saturday - corn;
Sunday - wheat.
Freshly squeezed juices
The first most important is carrot juice. This juice contains a large number of vitamins B, C, D, E, K, G. Carrot juice improves digestion, appetite and teeth structure. Daily use 0.5 liters carrot juice has greater constructive value for the body than 12 kilograms of calcium tablets. This juice is very rich in living organic elements such as potassium, sulfur and silicon. It also contains a lot of calcium, phosphorus and iron.
Vitamin preparations
You should not neglect vitamins from the pharmacy, but only after consulting a doctor. You may not need pharmacy vitamins if you consume enough of them with food.
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Vitamins are biologically active substances, essential for normal functioning of all organs and systems, are directly involved in many processes occurring in the body. Most vitamins help produce energy, which is used in metabolic processes in every cell of our body.
It is cellular metabolism that determines the functioning of the entire organism and ensuring its vital functions. A lack of vitamins causes hypovitaminosis, and their complete absence causes vitamin deficiency.
Lack of vitamins
Signs can be either specific or nonspecific. Therefore certain Clinical signs may suggest a deficiency of a particular vitamin. This approach will allow you to quickly solve the problem - you just need to take or drink the missing substance in the form of a medicine.
Retinol
Vitamin A, or retinol, is responsible for normal vision. It enters the human body with animal products. Plant sources contain its provitamin, which is already transformed into the active form in the human body.
Vitamin A is responsible for the following processes:
- growth stimulation
- improvement of reproductive function
- color perception
- stimulation of metabolic processes in the body
- synthesis of sex hormones
- improvement of skin condition
- boosting immunity
- fight against mutations.
Vitamin deficiency or retinol deficiency has the following symptoms:
- poor perception of objects in the dark (this condition is called night blindness) is one of the most early signs vision diseases
- peeling of the skin, slight vulnerability and the appearance of cracks for no apparent reason
- slight vulnerability of the mucous membranes, primarily mucous membranes oral cavity
- brittle nails
- hair loss
- decreased immunity and the associated frequent development of colds.
Some patients with severe vitamin A deficiency may develop ichthyosis, a condition that causes excessive keratinization of the skin. How to treat vitamin A deficiency and what other signs of retinol deficiency: it is enough to take retinol taking into account the daily requirement, which depends on the age and gender of the patient. With this approach, treatment of vitamin deficiency occurs within 2 months. All this time it is necessary to carry out replacement therapy, and subsequently to adhere to the principles of rational nutrition.
Calciferol
Vitamin D, or cholecalciferol, is one of the main substances that take part in the regulation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism. Optimal levels of this vitamin help strengthen bones and prevent fractures. But that's not the only thing positive action cholecalciferol.
A lack of vitamin D leads to the following conditions:
- in adults, immunity and bone mineral density decrease, which predisposes to frequent fractures
- the risk of developing caries increases, etc.
- Children are at high risk of developing rickets.
Recently, rickets in childhood manifests itself at a subclinical level.
Its main features are:
- decreased appetite
- increased neuropsychic excitability
- sleep disturbance (drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night)
- increased sweating
- more intense than normal hair loss
- muscle hypotonia
- weakness of the abdominal muscles, which leads to sagging
- late closure of fontanelles.
That is why all children with for preventive purposes Vitamin D is prescribed within a year after birth. This effective prevention eliminating vitamin deficiency, eliminating the symptoms of calciferol deficiency in the body.
Tocopherol
Lack of vitamin E leads to the following pathological conditions:
- muscle dystrophy, which is accompanied by the inability to perform active movements limbs and torso (this is a fairly specific symptom for tocopherol deficiency). First of all, the diaphragm suffers, later other muscle groups are involved, in which foci of necrosis and decay appear
- fatty liver
- anemia, since tocopherol (vitamin E) is necessary to protect cell membranes
- destruction of red blood cells
- infertility
- heart failure.
It is possible to stop the manifestation of tocopherol vitamin deficiency if you start taking medications containing it in time. Treatment of vitamin deficiency involves the use of dosage forms of tocopherol. In case of severe vitamin E deficiency, at the first stage it is necessary to use injection forms (injections), and then continue therapy with capsules. For their better absorption In the intestines, the presence of fats in food is mandatory, since tocopherol is a fat-soluble compound that is not absorbed without lipids.
Vitamin K
A lack of vitamin K is primarily manifested by increased bleeding, since this substance is involved in the process of blood coagulation. Symptoms of vitamin deficiency: people with a lack of this vitamin easily bruise, have bleeding gums when brushing their teeth, and prolonged bleeding from skin wound sites. Most often, vitamin K deficiency develops against the background of liver failure, since it is this organ that synthesizes this substance.
How to treat vitamin deficiency K: firstly, it is necessary to prescribe vitamin replacement therapy with a drug such as Vicasol (it is administered intramuscularly). Secondly, hepatoprotective therapy is carried out, aimed at restoring damaged hepatocytes.
Thiamine
How does vitamin B1 deficiency manifest? Its main symptoms are a violation of the synthesis of acetylcholine, which is necessary for the functioning of many systems in the human body. First of all, the normal functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems is affected. Clinical symptoms of these disorders may include the following:
- frequent mood swings
- forgetfulness
- decreased concentration
- paresthesia
- spasmodic muscle contractions
- chilliness of the limbs
- arrhythmias.
Kholin
Symptoms of vitamin B4 (choline) deficiency are in many ways similar to thiamine (B1) deficiency. Therefore, it is initially carried out differential diagnosis laboratory methods.
Treatment of vitamin B1 and B4 deficiency involves the use of this substance in dosage forms in two stages. The first shows parenteral administration, and the second shows oral administration (tablets and capsules). Such treatment is usually long-term - you need to take the drugs for at least one month.
Riboflavin
Clinical signs of a lack of B2 vitamins are associated with damage to the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and the organ of vision.
This shows up:
- gingivitis
- stomatitis
- increased dryness of lips and the appearance of cracks on them
- peeling skin
- angular stomatitis (jams)
- frequent dermatitis, which appears as red spots on the skin with peeling.
What vitamins to take if there is a lack of B2 in the body: popular brands B-complex, Neurobex, Riboflavin and others containing vitamin B2 in the required therapeutic dosage.
Cyanocobalamin
How does a lack of vitamin B12 manifest itself: such a deficiency has specific manifestations, consisting in the development pernicious anemia(or megaloblastic is its second name). This condition includes the following symptoms of vitamin deficiency:
- the appearance of megaloblasts in the blood - these are the precursors of red blood cells, which are large in size
- decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood
- atrophic glossitis - red and inflamed tongue.
Avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis B12 most often develop against the background atrophic gastritis. With this disease, the formation of the gastric mucosa is disrupted. internal factor Castle, necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). Therefore, despite the normal intake of this substance with food, it is not absorbed by the body, which leads to disruption of those processes that require the participation of cyanocobalamin in the human body.
Other representatives of group B
Signs of a lack of vitamin B3 in the diet are the development of pellagra. It is characterized by increased skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, which leads to damage to exposed areas of the body. What vitamins to take if you have vitamin deficiency PP or B3: it should be a complex of vitamins of group B. When combined with other substances of this group, PP and B3 are absorbed much better.
Signs of B5 deficiency do not have specific manifestations. Therefore, treatment and prevention of vitamin deficiency requires the use of combination drugs.
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin C is an important antioxidant that helps neutralize the negative effects of free radicals that are constantly formed in the body. If there is not enough ascorbic acid in the body, cell membranes suffer with the further development of cell death. Symptoms of hypovitaminosis and vitamin C deficiency are varied.
They also include the following conditions:
- increased bleeding of gums and other tissues (ascorbic acid strengthens the vascular wall)
- relaxation ligamentous apparatus teeth with their subsequent loss
- ease of bruising
- the appearance of long-term non-healing wounds
- general weakness
- increased fatigue
- hair loss
- peeling skin and dryness
- increased irritability
- weakened immune system
- depressed mood up to the development of depression.
Typically, ascorbic acid deficiency develops for two main reasons. On the one hand, this is an insufficient intake of the substance from food, and on the other, its impaired absorption in the intestines due to diseases of the digestive system. Treatment of vitamin C deficiency in these two cases is the same - replacement therapy ascorbic acid. However, if there are problems with gastrointestinal tract Its parenteral administration is indicated (intramuscular or intravenous injections).
Correctly recognizing the signs of vitamin deficiency is an important step towards the correct treatment of this dangerous condition, is relevant for many people, especially those who have been on a diet for a long time. The ability to diagnose hypovitaminosis in time will allow you to help your body as quickly as possible. It is also important to remember that vitamins, if they are insufficient in the body, must not be taken less than a month to achieve lasting therapeutic results.
A pathological deficiency in the body of vital compounds disrupts the functioning of all internal organs and systems. In the absence or insufficient intake of vitamin A with food, a disease called vitamin A deficiency develops. Avitaminosis can occur as a result of a monotonous and irrational diet, impaired functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, and also during active growth.
The body often experiences a catastrophic lack of vitamin A during pregnancy, mental or physical exhaustion, due to a severe infectious disease, the presence of a helminthic infection, or hormonal disorders. But still, the main reason for the development of vitamin deficiency in a person associated with vitamin A deficiency is a poor diet.
Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency
For any type of vitamin deficiency, certain features of manifestation are characteristic pathological disorder. If a person needs even one vitamin, the whole body malfunctions. It is known that every organic compound, be it vitamin A or B, C, D, is involved in important metabolic processes. When there is a vitamin A deficiency, o proper metabolism there is no question. Which, in turn, will certainly soon manifest itself as clinical symptoms.
It is the retinoid substance that is responsible for human development and growth, maintaining immunity, the condition of the organs of vision, skin, endocrine system. Vitamin A prevents rapid aging of the body and the development of cancer. Insufficient content of a valuable component in the body is reflected in well-being in the form of:
- vision problems, especially in the evening and at night;
- dry eye syndrome – the conjunctiva and skin around the eyes are dehydrated;
- chronic fatigue, decreased activity and performance;
- susceptibility to respiratory infections and genitourinary system;
- dysfunction and atrophy of sweat and sebaceous glands;
- pallor, dryness, peeling of the skin;
- the appearance of a pustular rash, furunculous formations;
- the presence of anemia, delayed physical development in children, loss of body weight.
The disease, as already mentioned, can be triggered by food that does not contain enough vitamin A, or dysfunction of the digestive tract, which interferes with the absorption of retinol. With vitamin A deficiency, a person urgently needs special treatment.
How to treat vitamin A deficiency?
First, you need to find out whether pathological vitamin deficiency is associated specifically with a lack of vitamin A. You will also need to determine the main causative factor of hypovitamin deficiency. The doctor will conduct an examination of the body to detect the missing nutritional element. This is done using a special study - stress tests. Only having complete information about the pathogenesis will a specialist prescribe an appropriate treatment regimen.
If the disease is associated with poor nutrition, the patient will be recommended a diet enriched essential vitamin. According to the doctor’s decision, depending on the complexity of the pathological condition, a multivitamin composition with A-retinol will be prescribed. In some cases, it may be necessary to take enzymes to restore the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and improve the absorption of nutrients.
Using healthy foods, it must be remembered that daily norm vitamin consumption is 1.5 mg, and dishes with a useful substance must contain fat - vegetable oil, sour cream, cow butter. Most useful food products, which contain large amounts of vitamin A, are: liver, chicken eggs, carrots, dairy products (milk, cottage cheese, butter), parsley and spinach, fish, apricot or peach fruits, sorrel, bell pepper.
Vitamin deficiency is a condition of the body in which a number of pathological symptoms caused by a deficiency or complete absence of one or more vitamins. Vitamin D deficiency usually appears in the spring, due to a lack of sun rays during autumn and winter. Influenced sunlight The human body produces most of calciferol on its own. skin. The rest comes from certain foods. Therefore, already in the second half of winter you should increase your vitamin D intake, which is contained in the following products:
- liver of animals and fish;
- egg yolk;
- fish oil, caviar and meat from fish such as tuna, herring, sardines, trout and salmon;
- seaweed;
- dairy products;
- mushrooms;
- some types medicinal herbs(alfalfa, horsetail, dog nettle, parsley);
- White cabbage.
Properties and functions of calciferol in the human body
Vitamin D deficiency provokes the development of very serious pathologies in human body, because it takes part in many important processes and performs certain functions. This element plays the following role:- regulates the content of calcium and phosphorus in the body;
- ensures normal growth and development of the skeletal system;
- responsible for the functioning of the muscular system, including the heart muscle;
- participates in the process of blood clotting;
- provides excitability of nerve fibers;
- normalizes blood pressure;
- regulates the functioning of the thyroid gland;
- supports the body's immune forces;
- determines the normal functioning of the smooth muscles of internal organs.
The importance of the required amount of vitamin D in the human body is difficult to overestimate, since a person’s health, quality of life, and sometimes life itself depend on it.
Causes of vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency appears in adults and children for various reasons.Adults
Typically, the development of vitamin deficiency in adults is preceded by the progression of the following diseases:- diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
- severe renal failure;
- serious disturbances in liver function;
- pathologies of the gallbladder and bile ducts;
- family history of pathological vitamin D deficiency;
- metabolic disorders;
- hormonal imbalance;
- use of certain forms of medications.
Children
In children, the following factors can cause vitamin D deficiency:- lack of exposure to sunlight for a long period of time, which usually occurs in the cold season;
- a lack of vitamins and minerals in the mother during pregnancy can affect the baby’s health by lowering the level of calciferol in the blood;
- congenital anomalies of internal organs.
Symptoms of vitamin deficiency
As well as the causes, the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency in children and adults have significant differences.Vitamin D deficiency in children
When crumbs decrease in the body fat-soluble vitamin D, the pathological process affects the skeletal system and a well-known disease such as rickets develops. Rickets is manifested by the formation of characteristic compactions in all parts of the skeleton bone tissue, which are simply impossible not to notice. However changes in bone structure are considered advanced stage of this pathological process. Bone transformation is preceded by a number of other characteristic signs that should be paid attention to. Here are the symptoms of vitamin deficiency that should alert the baby’s parents:- decreased appetite;
- disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system, causing increased excitability;
- scalp loss;
- increased sweating of the child;
- late overgrowth of the fontanelle is considered the leading symptom of vitamin D deficiency in an infant;
- enlargement and protrusion of the abdomen;
- weakening of muscle tone.
Pathological symptoms in adults
With vitamin D deficiency in adults, a number of characteristic symptoms. Most common symptoms experts call the following:- fast fatiguability;
- sleep disturbance;
- a sharp decrease in muscle tone;
- pain and aching bones;
- decreased visual acuity;
- lack of appetite and, accordingly, loss of body weight;
- development of caries and periodontal disease;
- rapid development of osteoporosis.
The sooner a person notices his health condition, the greater the chance of stopping the destruction of bone tissue, restoring overall performance and improving the quality of life.
Prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis D
Of course, it is much easier and more effective to prevent vitamin deficiency by consuming appropriate foods in a timely manner than to restore physiological deviations from the norm. If calciferol deficiency was not detected immediately, must be carried out adequate treatment vitamin deficiency D, which only assigns qualified specialist. Typically therapeutic interventions include the following aspects:- use pharmaceutical vitamin D, synthesized artificially;
- prescription of calcium supplements;
- use of ultraviolet rays;
- symptomatic treatment;
- enhanced appropriate nutrition;
- medicinal restoration of organs and systems responsible for optimal absorption of vitamins and minerals.
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