home Adviсe Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbosacral region. Possible symptoms causing degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbosacral region. Possible symptoms causing degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine

Degenerative changes in the spine are the most common cause of back pain. By and large, this wording includes all disorders in the intervertebral cartilage and degenerative changes in the vertebral bodies, which lead to a series of pathological conditions depending on localization.

IN cervical region dystrophic changes in the spine cause:

pain syndrome, increasing under load;
radiating pain in the upper shoulder girdle, arms, hands, their numbness, loss of sensitivity;
syndrome vertebral artery- dizziness and headache;
difficulty in the act of swallowing;
neurological syndrome - myelopathy spinal cord and associated disorders of muscle innervation.

Degenerative-dystrophic lesions of the segments thoracic entails:

localized pain in the thoracic region;
pain syndrome extending to the intercostal space, the area between the shoulder blades;
chest pain, which can be confused with pain of cardiac origin;
violation or difficulty in breathing.

Dystrophic and degenerative changes in the spine provoke the development of pain syndrome

Degenerative changes in the lumbar spine are characterized by the following symptoms:

pain at the site of the pathology;
spread of pain along the nerves upper part buttocks, back of the thigh, lower legs, groin, foot;
numbness lower extremities, violation of tactile and pain sensitivity;
impaired mobility: partial (paresis), complete (paralysis);
numbness and loss of control over the paraanal region;
uncontrolled act of urination and defecation;
violation of potency;
cycle disorder in women.

What is behind this

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine can occur both in the intervertebral discs and in the bodies of the vertebrae themselves.

Bone condition

The gradual loss of calcium and other minerals, the predominance of the processes of destruction of bone elements over their formation lead to thinning of the bone beams in the vertebrae. Most older people over the age of 60 are diagnosed with osteoporosis. This means that their vertebral segments become less strong and elastic, less able to bear the load and more prone to deformation.

The aging of the body, affecting all organs and systems, in the bone tissue is manifested by the progressive degeneration of the dense structure of the bone into a spongy one.

To understand the scale of vertebral dystrophy, imagine that at the age of 1 month, a child's vertebra can withstand a load of 135 kg / cm 2, by the age of twenty this figure is 80 kg / cm 2, and in old age only 20 kg / cm 2. An indicator of the strength of bone tissue is the degree of its mineralization. The highest rates are observed in young people in the period from 22 to 35 years (400 kg / m 3), and with age it decreases to 280 kg / m 3. This indicator means that the bodies and processes of the vertebrae can easily crack and break.

Damage to a vertebra will certainly cause a violation of the integrity of the spinal canal, compression of the spinal cord, nerve roots and damage to the organs that they control.

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the vertebrae associated with natural aging are manifested by characteristic deformities of the ridge. In women, an increase in thoracic kyphosis (a hump on the back) is more often observed, and in men, a flattening of the lower back is noticeable (smoothing of the lordosis). Other signs of calcium loss (osteoporosis):

fatigue, muscle weakness;
frequent cramps in the muscles of the legs;
the appearance of plaque on the teeth;
increased fragility nail plates, delamination;
aching pain in the spine;
a noticeable decrease in growth;
curvature of posture;
frequent fractures.

Intervertebral discs

Thanks to the discs that separate the vertebrae, our spine has high mobility and elasticity. Along with natural curves, this structure helps the spinal column to compensate for impacts when walking and perform many complex movements in different planes.

Cartilaginous "pads" also protect the vertebrae from touching each other and form the necessary space for the exit of nerves and blood vessels from spinal canal. The degeneration of these structures causes significant back problems and general health organism.

The peculiarities of their structure help the intervertebral discs to perform a shock-absorbing function. Inside is the nucleus pulposus, which is 90% water. Its molecules are able to hold and release liquid. At the moment of increasing load, the core accumulates water, becomes more elastic, calm state it gives up some of the liquid and flattens.

This structure is surrounded by a dense annulus fibrosus, which maintains the shape of the disk and is a protection for the internal contents.

IN childhood the core of the disc protrudes above the fibrous membrane, since it is maximally elastic and saturated with water. With growing up, the blood vessels that directly fed the intervertebral discs close, and from now on, trophism is carried out only by diffusion from the space surrounding the spine. The core loses its elasticity a little, the fibrous ring also thickens. After adolescence stops the growth and development of intervertebral discs.

With repeated physical exertion, smoking, atherosclerosis of the vertebral vessels, the diffusion of nutrients in the disc is significantly reduced, the entire nucleus is disorganized, and the water content decreases. "Drying out" of the core leads to the loss of gel properties and to a decrease in the hydrostatic resistance of the entire disk. Thus, the pathological circle closes - a decrease in the elasticity of the intervertebral discs provokes an increase in pressure on them and leads to even greater degeneration.

Degenerative diseases of the spine are most often observed in the cervical and lumbosacral region, where the static-dynamic load on the spine is the largest.

The intervertebral discs here acquire a fibrous structure, become more rigid, lose their differentiation into the nucleus and fibrous membrane. When squeezed, cracks begin to form in the outer ring; nerve endings and blood vessels that are normally absent there. Violation of the integrity of the fibrous ring leads to a gradual extrusion of the nucleus outward with the formation of a hernia.

Degenerative changes in the spine mostly occur gradually, as part of the aging process. But they can also accelerate under certain conditions:

back injury, especially the lumbosacral and cervical;
genetic predisposition;
metabolic disorders, overweight body;
infectious diseases;
overload of the spine in sports or during hard physical labor;
exposure to toxic substances;
occupational hazards (vibration), bad habits(tobacco smoking);
flat feet;
posture disorder.

Diagnostics

In the study of patients with diseases of the spine, the method of MRI, CT, X-ray, ultrasound and densitometry is used.

Osteochondrosis is determined by the index of bone mineralization on densitometry.

MRI picture of the cervical spine in normal conditions and with multiple herniated cervical discs

Degeneration intervertebral discs is usually best seen on an MRI.

The initial stages are associated with regressions of the blood vessels that feed the discs. Constant pressure when sitting or standing, playing sports leads to displacement of the movable part (core) relative to the fibrous ring, stretching the latter. Prolapse occurs - the fibrous ring is squeezed by about 0.02 - 0.03 cm.

At the second stage (protrusions), the protrusion increases to 0.08 mm. Bye outer shell remains intact, the nucleus can still be drawn back.

At the third stage, the fibrous ring ruptures, and the nucleus pulposus breaks out of it. This is clearly shown by the mr picture, and is also confirmed by the symptoms. The substance of the nucleus irritates the spinal nerve, causing pain in the lumbar spine (lumbago), chronic discogenic pain (radicular syndrome).

On an x-ray, osteochondrosis can be determined by the following signs:

a decrease in the height of the disk;
subchondral sclerosis;
marginal osteophytes on the anterior and rear surfaces vertebral bodies;
deformation of the vertebral processes;
subluxations of the vertebral bodies;
calcification of the prolapsed nucleus pulposus of the disc.

Treatment

The choice of therapy depends on many factors, in particular, on the cause of the disease, the condition and age of the patient, the presence of comorbidities. If the damaging factor is known (for example, severe physical exercise), then treatment begins with its elimination. Also, all patients are advised to sleep on their backs on a hard mattress and a low pillow. This relieves stress on the spine and unblocks the nerve endings and blood vessels. IN acute period prescribed bed rest, also to increase the space between the vertebrae, it is recommended to wear a special supporting collar or lumbar corset.

Positive effect of traction traction of the spine

Conservative therapies are used on early stages. Treatment includes the use of chondroprotectors, anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics. Remedial gymnastics is also extremely important, which helps to strengthen muscles and create additional support for the spine. To improve tissue trophism, massage, acupuncture, and manual therapy are useful. Also, using the methods of traction therapy (traction), it is possible to achieve retraction of hernias, an increase in the intervertebral space, decompression of nerve endings, and elimination of pain.

Medical treatment

Recovery cartilage tissue disks use preparations of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine (Don, Artron complex, Osteoartisi), collagen.
In pain syndrome, it is recommended to take analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen), preference should be given selective inhibitors COX2 (Meloxicam, Lornoxicam). They can be taken orally (tablets) or applied pointwise along the spine at the exit of the nerve roots (ointments with Diclofenac, as well as Chondroxide).
Medicines from the group of muscle relaxants are prescribed in the presence of reflex muscle spasm, pinching sciatic nerve(Mydocalm, Sirdalud).
For relaxation nervous system and relief of symptoms of ddzp are used sedatives and tranquilizers at night (Diazepam, Zopiclone). To maintain the function of nerve fibers prescribed vitamin preparations containing group B (Milgama, Neuromultivit).
Restoration of blood circulation around the nerve roots is achieved using peripheral vasodilators (Tental).
Decompression of vessels and nerves helps to achieve dehydration therapy - the removal of excess fluid from the body to relieve swelling (mannitol).
At very severe pain conduct a "blockade" of the nerve roots emerging from the spine. Locally administered Dexamethasone, Diprospan (corticosteroids that eliminate inflammation and swelling), Metamizole sodium (analgesic), Phenylbutazone, Meloxicam (NSAIDs), Procaine (local anesthetic).

Operations are most often planned, but can also be performed urgently in case of infringement of the plexus of the cauda equina and myelopathy phenomena

Severe pain and significant dysfunction of the spinal nerves are indications for surgery. During the operation, part of the degeneratively changed vertebrae is removed and the nerve roots are decompressed. Also, if necessary, weakened vertebrae are replaced with artificial ones or fusion of several segments to stabilize the spine.

Due to the active lifestyle of many inhabitants, the spine is subjected to stable and sometimes excessive loads. Sedentary work also plays its negative role. As a result, various diseases of the spine can be considered as one of the most common.

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine

Intervertebral discs can be exposed to destructive processes through various reasons: malnutrition, excessive nervous reactions, muscle strain, inflammatory diseases etc. All these factors lead to a violation metabolic processes which affects the condition of the intervertebral discs.

And if we take into account the signs of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine, it is worth noting that they are the result of the development of three key diseases: spondylarthrosis, osteochondrosis and spondylosis. By old age, such processes are observed in the vast majority of people.

Spondylarthrosis

This disease, in fact, is arthrosis of the intervertebral joints. Doctors have long confirmed the fact that degenerative processes in peripheral and intervertebral joints do not have fundamental differences. That is, spondylarthrosis can be defined as one of the varieties of osteoarthritis. It is for this reason that it makes sense to use drugs that belong to the chondroprotective series for its treatment.

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine in old age are most often caused by spondylarthrosis. In this condition, unlike discogenic pain, the sensations are bilateral. Their localization occurs paravertebral. The feeling of pain during extension and standing increases, and during walking and in the sitting position it subsides.

Osteochondrosis

In this case, we are talking about such a consequence of dystrophic processes as a decrease in height intervertebral disc. There are no inflammations. Bottom line similar disease is the development of segmental instability (the vertebrae slide backward during extension or forward during flexion), as well as a change in the physiological curvature of the spine. There is also a convergence of the vertebrae and, accordingly, the articular processes. The resulting excess friction leads to localized spondylarthrosis.

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine, expressed in the form of osteochondrosis, are an x-ray diagnosis, but not a clinical one. This process, in fact, is an inevitable factor in aging.

Spondylosis

As key feature this disease it is possible to determine the appearance of marginal bone growths. They are present on both the upper and lower edges of the vertebrae and appear as vertical spines on x-ray.

Clinical spondylosis is of minimal importance. The bottom line is that this disease can be characterized as an adaptive process. This means the following fact: degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine, expressed through osteophytes (marginal growths), ankylosis of the facet joints, fibrosis of the discs and thickening of the ligaments, lead to the immobilization of the spinal motion segment, which is problematic. As a result, there is an expansion of the bodies and the supporting surface of the vertebrae.

The main symptoms of degenerative changes

In diseases of this category, the symptoms manifest themselves the brighter, the stronger the destructive processes, which is quite logical. As the pathological process develops, the patient begins to feel heaviness and stiffness in the lumbar region. But if we consider the signs of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbar spine, as well as in other areas of it, then as a key symptom, one can determine palpable pain during walking, with prolonged sitting in one position, physical exertion and inclinations.

Wherein pain have a wave character: they appear quickly, and then decrease or completely disappear. The degenerative process progressing in the intervertebral discs can lead to serious problems. Therefore, having recognized the symptoms, you should not postpone a visit to the doctor.

It is worth noting the fact that degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine (any) develop in stages.

Signs of the initial stage

As mentioned above, diseases of the spine make themselves felt through pain. Moreover, the pain syndrome is so strong that a person is forced to limit his movements. This inevitably affects the quality of life and, of course, performance.

Second stage

The subsequent development of the disease has the following symptoms:

- "lumbago", which are felt in the lower part of the spine;

So-called goosebumps or tingling in the buttocks and limbs;

Significant mobility restrictions.

Also, this stage is characterized by the development of radicular syndrome. It's about about nerve root compression.

How to recognize the third stage

At this stage, degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine lead to circulatory disorders, the cause of which is compression of the radicular vessel. This process contributes to the development of ischemia.

In addition to such a symptom as ever-growing pain, the third stage can be identified by the following signs:

convulsions;

Pain in the perineum;

Numbness of the pelvis.

Thus, degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbar spine are a frequent occurrence due to constant and illiterate loads.

As for spondylarthrosis, in most cases it is also a consequence of overload. Under certain conditions, even bone formation (spondylosis) is possible. These diseases can develop both separately and in combination with each other.

If degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine progress, treatment, in fact, involves the same methods that are focused on restoring blood circulation, flexibility and mobility. And only in the case when traditional therapeutic measures do not help, surgical intervention can be performed.

As a result, it is worth noting that spinal diseases are too serious a problem to be ignored or treated on your own.

Doctor of the 2nd category, head of the laboratory at the medical diagnostic center (2015–2016).

The human body is often compared to cars: the heart is the engine, the stomach is the fuel tank, and the brain sets the whole device in motion. Where are the shock absorbers in humans? Of course, in places that experience increased stress: there are cartilaginous discs between the vertebrae, and in the knee joint there are as many as two “shock absorbers” - menisci. Lateral (external) and medial (internal). results degenerative changes menisci, although they will not stop the activity of the organism as a whole, but the mass discomfort delivered exactly.

What are degenerative meniscus changes?

Degenerative changes are anatomical damage to an organ resulting from trauma, atypical joint structure, or disease. Meniscus degeneration is most often the result of trauma, sometimes even unobvious: one bad rotation of the lower leg can cause damage to the cartilage disc, which is accompanied by severe pain.

Most often due to anatomical structure the medial meniscus undergoes degeneration. If the outer cartilage that dampens movement knee joint, does not have rigid fixation and shifts to any side if necessary, then the medial one is rigidly fixed in the joint, and its horns are in close proximity to the condyles. One sharp turn of the lower leg - and the meniscus does not have time to escape from the displaced process of the bone, the result is its damage or rupture.

Degenerative changes can be different:

detachment from the place of attachment;
rupture of the horns and body of the meniscus;
excessive mobility as a result of rupture of intermeniscal ligaments;
cyst - the formation of cavities filled with fluid inside the cartilage;
meniscopathy - dystrophic changes that develop under the influence of minor injuries, as well as a complication of gout, osteoarthritis, rheumatism, tuberculosis and a number of other diseases.

Characteristic symptoms

Tears, delaminations from the place of attachment often wear chronic and appear occasional appearance pain and a feeling of impediment in movement.

There is such a diagnostic test: go up and down a ladder or slope. With pathology of the meniscus, when moving down, the pain in the knee increases.

The chronic course is also characterized by secondary degenerative-dystrophic transformations in the medial meniscus, that is, those that have arisen due to other pathologies of the body or diseases. Often in such cases there are clicks and rolls * of the joint in motion after a long rest, sometimes there is pain in the knees. The increase in symptoms occurs gradually as the cartilage layer thins and salts or crystals accumulate in it. uric acid(the latter - with gout). In the absence of adequate treatment, the final stage of meniscopathy becomes contracture - a stable violation (restriction) of joint mobility.

* Rentals - sensations of pathological mobility, instability and displacement articular surfaces bones.

Common to all types of meniscus degeneration are the following symptoms:

pain,
swelling,
blockage of a joint in a flexed position or sensation foreign body in the knee
clicks and crunches,
swelling of the knees with a long absence of movement.

Causes of degeneration

The anatomical features of the location and structure of the menisci determine the high incidence of pathologies both among young people and among people of mature age. Most often, athletes, ballerinas, dancers suffer from ruptures, injuries and cysts - that is, people who are in constant motion and experience high loads.

More possible reasons:

dysplasia - abnormal formation of the knee joint;
gout, syphilis, tuberculosis, rheumatism and other diseases that can affect the joints;
sprains, as well as their incorrect formation;
flat feet (low depreciation of the foot is compensated by an increased load on the knee);
high physical activity;
excess weight.

Diagnostics

With acute injuries of the meniscus, there is usually no doubt - blockade of the knee in a characteristic position, pain and clicks during straightening allow you to establish correct diagnosis in 90% of cases.

It is not always possible to determine degenerative-dystrophic transformations during examination due to the absence of clear symptoms and, often, a positive reaction to special tests. In such cases, resort to instrumental methods research:

MRI allows you to get a three-dimensional image of all tissues of the knee: articular surfaces of bones, ligamentous apparatus and the joint itself.
During arthroscopy, an endoscope is inserted into the joint cavity through a miniature incision, with the help of which the state of tissues and synovial fluid is monitored (on the monitor).

Treatment Methods

Therapy for degenerative changes in the menisci depends entirely on the nature of the damage. Acute injury serve as a direct indication for the use of conservative methods of treatment:

First of all, the joint is punctured, eliminating its swelling and restoring mobility. Sometimes several procedures are required, since active exudation (release of inflammatory fluid) in the joint lasts up to three to four days.
Analgesics are prescribed, preference is given to narcotic drugs (Promedol and its derivatives), because other drugs in this case, as a rule, are not able to relieve the patient of pain.
Chondroprotectors provide the body with the necessary substances to restore the damaged area of the meniscus.
Anti-inflammatory drugs.
At the stage of rehabilitation auxiliary means physiotherapeutic methods are used - ozocerite, UHF, iontophoresis, shock wave therapy.
For 14 days, a splint is applied to the straightened leg, which ensures fixation of the joint in the required position.

In case of ruptures, surgical intervention is indicated: through two miniature incisions, instruments are inserted into the knee joint and the damaged area is sutured. Serious injury may cause the need to remove the cartilage lining of the joint and replace it with an artificial one. All surgical manipulations are performed only after the signs of inflammation have subsided.

Chronic dystrophies, joint dysplasia and abnormal development of the ligamentous apparatus require exclusively surgical treatment.

If the cause of degeneration is chronic diseases such as rheumatism and gout – along with surgical methods produce and treat the underlying disease (diet, immunocorrectors and other methods).

Degenerative transformations of the menisci is a fairly common pathology that requires immediate medical attention. The functioning of the joint in the future depends on the timeliness of treatment, and delays can cause the spread of dystrophic processes to other elements of the joint. Therefore, do not postpone the visit to the doctor, take care of yourself and be healthy!

Owner and responsible for the site and content: Afinogenov Alexey.

The spine is the main supporting structure of our body. Vertebral column performs following features: supporting, motor, innervation. In addition, it provides flexibility. This structure is quite complex (34 bone vertebrae connected by a cartilaginous layer), so it often happens premature aging fabrics. Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the tissues of the spine develop, which threaten osteochondrosis and severe pain.

Degenerative diseases of the spine (DSD) are common. Most often they are diagnosed in people over 30 years old. They call unpleasant symptoms, and in the absence of treatment, the likelihood of loss of working capacity, as well as disability, increases. Therefore, it is important to identify DZP in time and conduct competent therapy.

Basic information

Many patients are interested in the question of what degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine (DDIP) mean. This is a whole group of diseases in which cartilage and bone tissue is affected. They occur due to the fact that the intervertebral discs (IVD) lose their elasticity.

Reference. Usually, DDIP develops due to a passive lifestyle, excess weight, wrong posture. Due to the destruction of bones, ligaments, joints, metabolic processes and cell nutrition are disturbed. The vertebrae thicken, deform, provoke hernias, cracks, pinch the nerve endings. As a result, movement is limited, a person loses his ability to work, and in advanced cases becomes disabled.

To better understand how spinal pathologies develop, you need to study such concepts as degeneration and dystrophy.

Dystrophy of the intervertebral discs occurs due to the fact that their nutrition is disturbed (there is a lack of fluid, oxygen, nutrients, vitamins, minerals). The fibrocartilaginous formation does not have blood vessels, therefore, fluid and nutrients enter it only as a result of the exchange between the fibrous ring ( outer part IVD) and surrounding muscles.

With dystrophy, the structure of the intervertebral discs is disturbed, dehydration occurs, and their functionality is impaired. They thicken, lose their shape, depreciation function is disturbed. The bodies of the vertebrae, as well as their processes, become porous, sometimes covered with osteophytes (growths). Muscle volume decreases, after which they are unable to conduct a nerve impulse, contract or relax.

Degenerative changes are manifested by the replacement of healthy tissues with useless connective tissue, as well as by the deposition of salts. As a result, their functionality is impaired.

Normally, the cartilaginous tissue of the intervertebral disc absorbs fluid and releases it to the surrounding tissues. Therefore, it remains elastic and provides good cushioning. With scarring, the fibrous ring becomes more solid, then it is unable to absorb fluid. Lime deposits, calcifications appear on it, therefore its fragility and brittleness increase.

Reference. Degenerative-dystrophic changes (DDI) can be observed in the elbow, hip, ankle, shoulder joints, etc.

Types of DDIP

The following degenerative diseases of the joints and other parts are most often diagnosed spinal column:

Osteochondrosis is characterized by a decrease in the elasticity and strength of the intervertebral discs. In addition, their height is reduced.
In chronic osteochondrosis, against the background of IVD deformation, the fibrous ring breaks, and its contents (nucleus pulposus) bulge outward. So there is an intervertebral hernia. The nucleus pulposus compresses the nerve endings of the spinal cord, causing severe pain.
Arthrosis of the joints of the spinal column. Due to pathological changes in the bone tissue, the IVD height decreases, and the pressure on the facet (intervertebral) joints increases. Then the surface of the joints wears out faster and deforms.

Osteochondrosis of the lumbar is a common disease

Reference. Osteoarthritis often damages the knee and hip joints, and the spine less often. In the first case, the disease occurs as a result of injury or infection and is accompanied by damage to the menisci (cartilage formations in the knee joint).

With spondyloarthrosis, the facet joints become thinner and destroyed. Degenerative processes in the bone adjacent to the joint join arthrosis early, which threatens to restrict or completely immobilize the joint.
Spondylosis is a disease with a chronic course, in which spiny growths appear along the edges of the vertebral bodies.
With spondylolisthesis, one of the vertebrae is displaced anteriorly, posteriorly, to the right or to the left.
Spinal stenosis is chronic pathology, which is manifested by narrowing of the central spinal canal, as well as compression of the spinal cord and roots.

These degenerative diseases of the spine require timely and competent treatment.

There is such a disease as ankylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev's syndrome). This rare pathology more common in middle-aged men and provokes dangerous complications. The inflammatory process affects the intervertebral joints, which threatens the fusion of the joints. Left untreated, chances of injury increase hip bone, shoulder, knee, ankle, sacrum.

Reference. DDI of the lumbosacral spine is diagnosed more often, as this area is exposed to greater load than cervical or thoracic. Therefore, doctors often diagnose osteochondrosis L5-S1 (lesion between the fifth lumbar and the first sacral disc). With this disease, the likelihood of the formation of herniated discs, as well as paralysis of the legs, increases. Osteochondrosis in the L1-S1 segments is less common, it indicates damage to the discs throughout lumbar. These pathologies are characterized by a slow progressive and chronic course.

Causes

DZP are dangerous because they acquire over time chronic course. According to statistics, 85% of patients with this diagnosis develop constant pain in the back and limbs.

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the cervical spine (CS) occur for the following reasons:

Stretching of the muscles that flex the back due to long stay in a bent position.
decline muscle tone due to the fact that a person leads a passive lifestyle, for example, working at a computer or driving a car for a long time.
Pathologically formed vertebrae due to hereditary predisposition.

A little less often, degenerative changes occur for the following reasons: injuries of the cervical spine, metabolic disorders in intervertebral discs, diseases of the heart, blood vessels, hormonal imbalance, malnutrition, frequent stress.

DDI of the thoracic spine (TSS) is provoked by the following factors:

Sedentary lifestyle.
Prolonged alcohol abuse.
Smoking.

This leads to excess weight and muscle weakness.

The main reasons for the development of irreversible changes in the GOP:

Congenital pathologies of the spine, against the background of which blood circulation is disturbed.
Posture disorder.
Diseases associated with malnutrition of cartilaginous tissues.
Mechanical damage to the thoracic region.
Violation of the hormonal background.
Infection, inflammatory diseases that affect the spinal column.
Excessive physical activity, due to which microtraumas appear.

Pathological changes in the lumbar spine occur for the following reasons:

Passive lifestyle.
Injuries during childbirth or throughout life.
Excessive physical activity.
Hypothermia.
Inflammatory diseases of the spine (eg, arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis).
Age-related changes in the body, as a result of which the necessary components are washed out of the cartilaginous and bone tissues.
Improper diet, which leads to obesity.

Reference. As a rule, diseases of the musculoskeletal system are detected in patients who lead a sedentary lifestyle and are overweight. They experience disk deformation even with light household loads, as the muscles are weakened.

Symptoms

When the cervical calving is affected, pain appears in the indicated area, which can spread to the shoulders and back of the head. muscle spasm accompanied by limited mobility of the neck, so the patient's head tilts unnaturally.

When defeated cervical area spine pain can radiate to the shoulders and back of the head

Other signs of dystrophic changes in the cervical vertebrae:

Reference. Diseases of the spine associated with a violation of the statics of the cervical region are rare, these include: lordosis (discs slip and come forward), kyphosis (discs slide back), dislocations, osteophyte (growths in bone tissue). These pathologies are accompanied by headache, impaired mobility of the neck, dizziness, etc.

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the intervertebral discs of the thoracic region are manifested by the following symptoms:

pain in the back, chest, the space between the ribs;
restriction of mobility;
violation of the sensitivity of the limbs, as well as other parts of the body;
discomfort in the area of internal organs;
erectile disfunction.

Clinical manifestations of degenerative-dystrophic disorders of the lumbar segment:

dull or sharp pain in the lumbar region;
there is weakness in the legs;
it is difficult for the patient to bend and turn;
stool disorders, urination;
violation of the symmetry of the body;
swelling, redness of the skin of the lower back.

The severity of symptoms depends on the stage of the pathological process. Initial current disease erased, Blunt pain occurs only after physical activity. At stage 2, moderate degenerative-dystrophic changes occur: limitation of movements in the lower back, pain of a stabbing nature. Stage 3 is considered acute, as the pain intensifies, leg numbness and convulsions occur. At stage 4, the risk of paralysis of the lower extremities increases.

Complications

In the absence of competent therapy for dystrophic disorders of the SHOP, the likelihood of such complications increases:

Scoliosis (curvature of the spinal column).
Protrusion of the discs (damage to the fibers of the fibrous ring).
Paresis (decrease in muscle strength, limitation of movements).
Arthrosis (slow destruction of cartilage inside the joint).
Herniated disc.
Chondropathy (destruction of spongy bone tissue, which threatens with microfractures).

In the absence of competent treatment of degenerative-dystrophic lesions of the spine, the likelihood of scoliosis increases

DDI of the thoracic region does not appear at the initial stages severe symptoms. Painful sensations occur when the intervertebral canal narrows or the nerve endings are infringed.

Complications of DDI of the thoracic spine:

Arthritis (inflammation of the joints).
Arthrosis.
Chondropathy.
Thoracic sciatica (compression or irritation of the intercostal nerves).
Scoliosis due to weakening of the muscles of the back, chest, press.
Muscle limitation or paralysis.

Degenerative changes in the lumbar region threaten with the following consequences:

Hernia formation.
Chondropathy.
Limitation of mobility and sensitivity of the lower extremities.
Paralysis of the legs.
Disorders of the stool, urination.
Sexual dysfunction.

To avoid such complications, it is necessary to identify the first signs of DZP, conduct a thorough diagnosis and adequate treatment.

Diagnostic Measures

To identify degenerative-dystrophic changes in the cervical region, radiography is prescribed. To clarify the diagnosis, computed or magnetic resonance imaging is performed.

CT-signs of lesions of the SHOP:

vertebral deformity;
narrowing of the spinal canal;
compression of the nerve root;
calcification of soft tissues;
the presence of osteophytes, etc.

Reference. To diagnose dystrophic disorders of the GOP, an x-ray or myelography is prescribed (an x-ray examination of the liquor-conducting tracts of the spinal cord using contrast medium). To clarify the nature of the lesion, CT or MRI is used.

MRI picture of DDI of the thoracic region:

processes of the spinal column are deformed;
the height of the discs is reduced;
pathological growths appear on the surface of the bone tissue;
incomplete dislocation of the vertebrae.

Reveal DDI of the lumbar spine on early stages only a scheduled medical examination will help. But if there is pain, then this indicates that the disease is progressing.

First, the study is carried out by a neurologist, who then prescribes an x-ray, computed or magnetic resonance imaging. X-rays can detect pathology in late stage. Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the most informative, as it accurately indicates degenerative disorders.

MRI picture of the lesion of the lumbar:

destruction of the spinal disc by more than 50%;
lack of water in the disk ( dark spot on MRI);
accurate definition of protrusions, hernias;
erosion of the cartilage plate.

Electroneuromyography can detect nerve damage. To detect endocrine and infectious diseases conduct laboratory blood tests.

Treatment Methods

If a patient has noticed symptoms of DDSD (degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the spine), then he needs the help of a specialist. This means that the patient should contact a therapist, vertebrologist, neurologist or orthopedist.

Attention. Treatment of degenerative-dystrophic disorders should be comprehensive: medication, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, surgery.

To combat the disease, the following medicines are used:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are designed to relieve pain.
Muscle relaxants are prescribed to relax smooth muscles, eliminate spasms, swelling, and normalize blood circulation.
Novocaine blockades (supplying a low-concentration solution of novocaine into cellular spaces) are used to eliminate unbearable pain.
Steroid medications are taken if NSAIDs and other pain relievers are ineffective.
Vitamin and mineral complexes are used in the composition complex treatment to normalize metabolic processes, saturate tissues, as well as muscles nutrients.

Physical therapy is used in the composition complex therapy degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spinal column

It is recommended to treat degenerative-dystrophic disorders of the spinal column with the help of physiotherapy exercises. Exercise therapy improves blood circulation in the affected area, relaxes the muscles, and helps to saturate depleted tissues with nutrients. Special exercises normalize metabolism, accelerate blood flow to the lower back, help get rid of excess weight.

The preparation of the complex exercise is carried out exclusively by a specialist for each patient separately. You can do gymnastics only after the pain has subsided a little.

During the treatment of pathologies of the spine, acupuncture is sometimes used.

Physiotherapy is carried out when pain and inflammation are absent:

Massage accelerates the metabolism in the affected tissues, eliminates spasm.
By using manual therapy the doctor returns the vertebrae to their normal position.
Acupuncture is the insertion of thin, sharp needles into specific points to relieve pain.
Magnetotherapy is a treatment using magnetic field to relieve pain, inflammation, accelerate tissue regeneration.
Iontophoresis is the introduction of a drug through intact skin using galvanic current, which has an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunostimulating effect.
Ultrahigh-frequency therapy eliminates puffiness, stimulates blood circulation, relieves pain, spasm.

The question of the appointment of the operation is decided when conservative methods have proved to be ineffective. During the intervention, devices that support the spine are installed in the patient's body. This is necessary to relieve pressure from it, to stop the deformation of the intervertebral discs.

Surgical treatment is carried out with severe lumbar hernia when the disc extends beyond the spinal column. Then the nucleus pulposus is pulled out in the same way as body fat with liposuction, or burn out with a laser.

To avoid problems with the musculoskeletal system until old age, you need to protect your back from moisture, hypothermia, do not make sudden movements, avoid excessive stress, exercise and eat right. When the first symptoms of DDSD appear, it is urgent to seek medical advice. medical care and conduct comprehensive treatment.

Traumatologist-orthopedist of the highest category. Adult and children's specialist, Mgmu, 1998

Different parts of the spine take on the load of varying degrees of complexity. And a sedentary or hyperactive lifestyle can aggravate the situation and lead to the destruction of bone and cartilage tissue. Very often, such changes occur in the sacral and lumbar region, which leads to the appearance of a stable pain syndrome and limited skeletal mobility.

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbosacral region are understood as the result of prolonged mechanical destruction of the bone and cartilage tissues of the spinal column. Destructive changes are accompanied by deformation, loss of cartilage elasticity. Degenerative processes are accompanied by systematic pain in the event of complications in the form of pinched nerves and blood vessels.

The complexity of diagnosing the problem lies in the slow progression, due to which it is not always possible to identify the initial degenerative changes in the lumbosacral spine.

All destructive violations have common features, symptoms and causes. However, they can also be divided into the following types:

Similar pathologies are also diagnosed in other parts of the spine. However, due to the peculiarities of the mobility of the skeleton, it is the lumbosacral that is most often affected.

Risk factors and causes of destruction

Women suffer from diseases of this group much more often than men, since they have a muscular corset in lumbar region slightly less developed. Because of this, the spinal column lacks support and experiences a lot of stress.

In addition, the spine is a complex element of the skeleton, consisting of many vertebrae, vertebral discs and joints. The cartilage here plays the role of a shock absorber and, with a significant loss of moisture, wears out and becomes thinner, and can also protrude.

Among the main risk factors and prerequisites for the development of degenerative changes in the lumbar spine:

Increased physical activity with uneven distribution along the spinal column;
Sedentary lifestyle and weakness of the muscular frame;
Traumatic injuries of the spine, muscles and ligaments;
Overweight, obesity;
Hormonal disorders in the body;
Infectious pathologies;
Age-related changes in the skeleton, ligaments and muscles;
Bad habits;
Poor diet and lack of vitamins and minerals;
Poor environmental situation;

An important role in degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbar is played by hereditary factor. The presence of a genetic predisposition significantly increases the risk of diseases of the spine and its components. In addition, the basis of the problem can be laid in childhood, especially with poor nutrition.

Symptoms

In the early stages of the progression of the disease, they practically do not manifest themselves in any way; in some cases, fatigue is possible. Therefore, patients turn to doctors only when visible symptoms occur.

There are the following pronounced signs degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbar:

Pain of various types (stabbing, aching, burning);
Cold surface of the skin in the lumbar region;
Weakness in the lower limbs;
Difficulties in tilting and turning the body, the occurrence of pain;
Body asymmetry;
Significant mobility of the body, mainly in the morning;
The occurrence of pain syndrome with a long stay of the body in one position;
Difficulties in urination, stool disorders.

Symptoms of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbar and sacral spine appear gradually, depending on the stage of development of the disease.

There are four main stages:

The sooner dystrophic changes in the lumbosacral spine are detected, the greater the patient's chances of recovery. Significant tissue destruction and pinching is practically untreatable.

Other signs also help to identify diseases in the early stages:

Dryness and peeling of the skin;
chilliness;
Increased susceptibility to cold.

Modern diagnostic methods

Diagnosis of the disease takes place in several stages. First of all, the doctor forms an anamnesis, studies the patient's medical history and makes an initial conclusion. It is mandatory to conduct an external examination for visible changes, mobility, muscle strength. Palpation of the affected area is also used.

At the second stage, the following types of diagnostic studies are required:

It may also be necessary to consult specialists and other areas to exclude other possible pathologies organism.

Treatment methods for disorders

In practice, three main types of treatment of the lumbar spine are used: conservative, physiotherapy, surgery. In some cases, it is possible to use combinations of methods in therapy.

Medical treatment

The use of medicines in the form of tablets, injections, ointments and gels is necessary to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. For this, appoint:

Vitamin and mineral complexes are also additionally prescribed for the restoration and maintenance of cartilage and bone tissue.

Massage and therapeutic gymnastics

These measures are aimed at solving the following tasks:

Additionally, swimming, acupuncture, acupressure, physiotherapy (laser and electrophoresis).

Surgical intervention

On final stages progression of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbosacral region, conservative methods help only slightly alleviate the patient's well-being. As a rule, in such situations, surgery is chosen as the main method of treatment. The course of intervention depends on the specific type of destruction.

Treatment usually includes the following measures:

After the operation, the patient is shown proper rest and sleep, a specialized diet, wearing a corset, taking prophylactic medicines, physiotherapy(on final stages recovery).

Folk remedies

At acute diseases spine relieve pain and reduce inflammatory processes help recipes traditional medicine:

Apply traditional medicine recipes as an alternative professional treatment highly not recommended. Before use, you must consult a doctor.

Possible Complications

In the absence of proper treatment, serious complications are possible in the form of disc protrusion, growth of osteophytes to a significant limitation of mobility, paralysis of the limbs, hernias.

Elimination and alleviation of the course of these pathologies is much more difficult and does not always bring positive results. Therefore, it is important to start the therapy of destructive disorders of the spinal column at the early stages of their appearance.

Prevention

Preventive measures against degenerative changes in the lumbar spine should be carried out with young age especially if there is a genetic predisposition. For this are used:

It is important to monitor your posture and correctly distribute the load on the spine. If you experience discomfort in the back, you should contact an orthopedist or surgeon as soon as possible.

Conclusion

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the lumbar spine - complex various diseases affecting cartilage and bone tissues, joints, muscles and ligaments. The occurrence of these pathologies is most often associated with improper distribution of loads on the skeleton or in a sedentary manner life, in which supporting muscles atrophy.

That is why it is important not to go to extremes, to apply therapeutic gymnastics in practice and if the first signs of discomfort occur, consult a doctor for professional help.