Inflammation of the small and large intestines. Causes of development of diseases of the small intestine. Therapy for chronic form
Inflammatory diseases intestinal diseases (IBD) occupy the second place among gastrointestinal diseases. People suffer from them of different ages and gender. With IBD, inflammatory processes occur on the mucous membrane of different parts of the intestine. How does intestinal inflammation develop, symptoms and treatment of this disease with effective means? Read on to learn about the main causes of this disease and methods of diagnosing it.
Causes of intestinal inflammation
The intestine consists of 3 sections: duodenum, colon and small intestine. This organ is involved in digestion and the functioning of the immune system. When exposed to various negative factors, the death of mucosal cells in a weakened area of the intestine begins, which leads to increased blood circulation in this area and the occurrence of pain. Due to inflammation, the cells of this organ cannot secrete enzymes or absorb nutrients. Because of this, intestinal dysfunction occurs. IBD occurs due to the following reasons:
- Infection (bacteria, viruses, protozoa). IBD is often caused by: coli, shigella, salmonella, rotavirus, amoebic dysentery.
- Helminthiasis (infection with worms).
- Overeating and unhealthy diet, rich in fatty, fried, smoked, spicy food.
- Heredity. Lack of enzymes in the intestines is sometimes transmitted at the genetic level, as is the predisposition to IBD.
- Dysbacteriosis, disruption of normal intestinal microflora. This leads to the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and the occurrence of diseases of the mucous membrane of this organ.
- Poor blood circulation in the intestinal walls, atherosclerotic changes.
- Autoimmune processes in which the immune system produces antibodies against intestinal cells, which causes inflammation in this organ.
Symptoms
Basic knowledge on the topic of intestinal inflammation, symptoms and treatment of this disease will help you notice its development in time and seek help. This disease is divided into types according to the location of the outbreak: duodenitis (inflammation of the duodenum), enteritis (disease of the small intestine), colitis (disease of the large intestine), mesadenitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes), proctitis ( inflammatory process on the mucous membrane).
Depending on the duration of the course, IBD can be acute or chronic. If the cause of this disease is bacteria, viruses or protozoa, then it is infectious in nature and is called acute intestinal infection. When inflammation occurs due to other causes, the disease is classified as non-infectious. The main symptoms of IBD are similar in women and men. Symptoms:
- Pressing pain in the abdominal area, the location of which is difficult to determine. The cause of pain is spasm of the intestinal muscles.
- Nausea after eating.
- Vomiting after eating.
- Flatulence, indicating a lack of enzymes in the body.
- Problems with stool in the form of diarrhea occur with an acute intestinal infection, and with problems in the large intestine there may be constipation.
- Weight loss is often associated with inflammation of the small intestine and is the result of decreased absorption of nutrients.
- Anemia. It develops when there is a low level of hemoglobin in the blood, which occurs due to poor absorption of iron.
- Fever.
Which doctor should I contact?
If you have problems with the intestines, you need to consult a gastroenterologist. If a patient constantly feels discomfort and pain in the abdomen, then he should not look for a solution to this problem on his own, but would be better off visiting a doctor. At the appointment, the doctor will examine the patient and tell him the main points about the symptoms and treatment of this disease. Then he will refer the patient for additional examination, which will help establish the most accurate diagnosis. After this, the doctor will prescribe medication treatment, herbal preparations and give dietary recommendations.
Diagnosis of the disease in adults and children
To correctly diagnose the disease, a gastroenterologist often refers patients for additional examination. Using blood, stool and endoscopic methods, it is easy to identify and determine the source of inflammation. Additional examination will help the specialist establish a diagnosis and select the correct treatment regimen. In children, IBD manifests itself in the form of UC (nonspecific ulcerative colitis) and Crohn's disease. UC in infants is accompanied by diarrhea and traces of blood in feces Oh.
An older child who has been diagnosed with a nonspecific ulcerative colitis, often complains of cramps, abdominal pain and loose stool. Diagnosis of UC is carried out using rectal examination and palpation. Inflammation of the intestines in a child in the form of Crohn's disease, in which ulcers appear on the mucous membrane of the diseased organ, is manifested by frequent bowel movements and pain. Diagnosis in this case is carried out using colonoscopy, endoscopy, irrigoscopy, and palpation. Let's take a closer look at the laboratory and other methods used to identify IBD.
Clinical blood test
Blood test is mandatory laboratory examination, which is prescribed by a doctor to a patient if an inflammatory process in the intestines is suspected. According to those identified during this study ESR values and the content of leukocytes in the bloodstream, the gastroenterologist will determine the degree of the disease. Their elevated levels will indicate to the doctor the inflammatory process occurring in the body.
Coprogram
To establish the correct diagnosis of IBD, the patient is referred for a stool test. This examination will show whether the digestion process in the body is proceeding correctly. The coprogram will help identify a lack of enzymes from poorly digested food debris. Stool analysis can still reveal the presence of helminths, which may cause intestinal problems.
Bacteriological examination of stool
If an intestinal infection is suspected, a microflora culture is performed. Bacteriological examination of stool will help identify pathogenic bacteria in the intestines, identify these microorganisms, and determine their sensitivity to antibiotics. If there is an infection, the doctor, based on a stool analysis, will be able to prescribe effective drugs for the treatment of inflammation.
Fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy (FEGDS)
Examination of the stomach using an endoscope is prescribed in some cases to confirm the diagnosis of IBD. In this case, the probe is inserted into the patient’s body through the mouth. An endoscope is a fiber optic tube equipped with a camera and lighting. Using fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy, the mucous membrane of the stomach and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract are examined. If necessary, during such an examination, a part of the mucosa is taken for histological examination.
Colonoscopy
For IBD, a colonoscopy may be prescribed. This research method is carried out using a device that consists of a flexible tube with a diameter of 1 cm, a length of 1.5 m and an optical device. During a colonoscopy, the examination is performed by inserting an endoscope through the rectum. In this case, the anus is pre-treated with dicaine ointment. This examination method is used to assess the condition of the colon mucosa. Before colonoscopy, the examined organ is thoroughly cleansed of feces using an enema.
Video capsule endoscopy
Newest method intestinal examinations - video capsule endoscopy. When conducting this type of study, the patient swallows a special, disposable, sterile capsule, which, as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, takes many pictures. The doctor uses a computer to see the location of the video capsule in real time. Such a study of the intestinal tract provides accurate information about the condition of its mucosa. The video capsule is removed from the body during bowel movements a day later.
Treatment methods
After establishing accurate diagnosis, the doctor will prescribe effective therapy to eliminate IBD. Depending on the degree of development of the disease, various medications, enzymes, herbal teas. For treatment to be effective, a patient with IBD must follow special diet. In parallel with medications, folk remedies can be used for VKD, but only after consultation with a doctor.
Etiotropic therapy
For IBD, therapy is prescribed that is aimed at eliminating main reason diseases. If it involves damage to the body pathogenic bacteria, then the patient is prescribed antibiotics. For helminth infestation, antihelminthic tablets (albendazole, piperazine) are prescribed. If the cause of IBD is autoimmune, then immunosuppressants are prescribed for treatment.
Symptomatic therapy
To reduce the symptoms of pain, cramping and/or bloating, which are common in patients with IBD, symptomatic therapy is used. For this purpose, antispasmodics, antifoaming agents and other drugs are used in the form of tablets, suppositories, tinctures, which can temporarily alleviate the patient’s condition during the process of treating inflammation. So, to eliminate increased gas formation Espumisan is used, and no-shpu is used to relieve spasms. And after taking antibiotics, rehabilitation is carried out aimed at restoring the intestinal microflora special drugs.
Pathogenetic therapy
For successful treatment For this disease, it is necessary to relieve inflammation in the intestines. For this purpose, anti-inflammatory drugs and sorbents that bind toxins are used. Pathogenetic therapy IBD also includes medications that contain enzymes. Such drugs include Mezim, Pancreatin, the use of which helps reduce the load on the diseased organ of the digestive system.
Diet
Right organized meals in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases is of great importance. To quickly cure the disease, it is necessary to eat dishes that reduce the load on the mucous membrane of the diseased organ. Meals for IBD are fractional – 5-6 times a day. The patient's menu should be rich in proteins, and fats and carbohydrates should be reduced.
If you have IBD, it is recommended to include vegetables, fruits, lean meat, black bread, and low-fat dairy products in your diet. You cannot eat fried, smoked or spicy foods. It is better to boil or steam food for a patient with IBD. It is especially useful for this disease to eat foods rich in potassium and calcium. In case of IBD it is necessary to reduce daily use salt up to 6-8 g. A person with intestinal inflammation should drink 2 liters of water daily. Below is a list of recommended dishes and products for VZR:
- low-fat soups;
- vegetable decoctions;
- compotes;
- juices containing tanning components;
- dishes from veal, lean beef;
- chicken cutlets, meatballs, soufflé;
- fish dishes;
- cheese, cottage cheese with low fat content.
Folk remedies
Some plants have medicinal properties, which perfectly help fight intestinal inflammation of various natures. ethnoscience has many recipes for drugs to treat this disease. Many patients have experienced the healing effect of taking such natural remedies. The following herbal remedies will help cure IBD:
- Pour 200 ml of boiling water over the mixture made from 1 tsp each. herbs chamomile, sage, centaury. Insist. Take every 2 hours all day long, which is 8 times a day. Use the product for 3 months.
- Make onion juice by chopping the plant and straining the resulting pulp through cheesecloth. Drink the resulting product 1 tsp. before meals 3-4 times a day. This drug is good for constipation and colitis.
- Prepare herbal mixture from 60 g of buckthorn root, 10 g of fennel and anise, 20 g of licorice root. 1 tbsp. l of mixed dry plants, pour 200 ml of boiling water. Leave for 1/2 hour. Take 200 ml in the morning and evening.
Where to treat intestinal inflammation
To recognize IBD by initial stage and quickly get rid of this disease, it is necessary to consult a gastroenterologist for advice if there is constant discomfort in the abdomen. Where is this disease treated in Moscow and St. Petersburg? In the capital and other cities, qualified medical care is provided by gastroenterologists in public clinics, medical centers, private clinics.
Cost
Consultation with a specialist in medical centers will cost 1300-6000 rubles. Diagnosis of IBD using laboratory research medical tests costs between 250-1000 rubles. An endoscopic examination will cost 3000-4000 rubles. In some medical centers it is possible to call a doctor to your home and carry out tests without leaving your apartment. The price of such services ranges from 3000-6000 rubles.
Video
IBD brings many problems and severe discomfort to a person. Why does this disease occur, what are its symptoms? Interesting, educational video material will not provide answers to this and other questions about this gastrointestinal disease. Expert advice will help you figure out what effective ways used to get rid of IBD.
Thank you
Thin intestines- this is part digestive tract, which is located between the stomach and large intestine. The main processes of food digestion occur in it. IN small intestine The following departments are distinguished:
- Duodenum– the initial part of the small intestine, which follows immediately after the stomach. This name is due to the fact that its length is approximately twelve diameters of a finger. Anatomically and functionally, it is closely associated with the digestive glands - the pancreas and liver with the gallbladder.
- Jejunum- This middle part small intestine, located between the duodenum and ileum. Its name comes from the fact that during autopsies doctors usually find it empty. The jejunal loops are located in the left upper area belly, so pain in the intestines on the left are often associated with the pathology of this particular department.
- Ileum- this lower part of the small intestine, next after the jejunum, and in front of the cecum, from which it is separated by the bauginian valve (ileocecal valve). The ileum, compared to the jejunum, has a thicker wall, a larger diameter, and is richer in blood vessels. It is located in the lower right part of the abdomen, so pain in the intestine on the right can be a manifestation of diseases of the ileum.
Causes of pain in the intestines in pathologies of the small intestine
The main diseases of the small intestine that provoke pain in the intestine:- enteritis;
- Crohn's disease;
- duodenal ulcer;
- intestinal obstruction;
- intestinal dyskinesia;
- intestinal diverticula, or intestinal volvulus;
- intestinal dysbiosis;
- maladsorption syndrome;
- maldigestion syndrome;
- celiac disease;
- intestinal ischemia and infarction;
- tumors of the small intestine.
Pain in the intestines with enteritis
Enteritis is an inflammation of the small intestine. According to the localization of the inflammatory process in humans, inflammation of the duodenum (duodenitis), jejunum (jejunitis) and ileum (ileitis) are distinguished. Also, the inflammatory process in the small intestine often occurs in a generalized manner, or in combination with gastritis and/or colitis.Sharp pain in the intestines with acute enteritis
Acute enteritis develops when infectious diseases, food poisoning, allergic lesions, etc. Manifests this pathology the following symptoms:- sudden sharp pain;
- pain when palpated in the epigastric region;
- often vomiting and diarrhea;
- V severe cases symptoms of general intoxication of the body are observed, cardiovascular disorders and dehydration.
With chronic duodenitis, patients complain of:
- constant mild pain in the epigastric region, which is dull, aching in nature;
- rumbling in the intestines;
- a feeling of fullness and fullness in the upper abdomen that occurs after eating;
- nausea and sometimes vomiting;
- pain when palpated, which is determined deep in the epigastric region;
- weakness and diarrhea.
Bowel pain in Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a rather severe special case of enteritis, i.e. chronic inflammation gastrointestinal tract. Theoretically, this pathology can affect all parts of the gastrointestinal tract - from the oral cavity to the rectum. But it is mainly localized in ileum. Crohn's disease is characterized by damage not only to the mucous membrane, but also to all layers of the digestive tube. In addition, it causes inflammation of the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity, as well as the formation of ulcers and scars on the intestinal wall. The clinical picture for this pathology is very diverse, and greatly depends on the severity and duration of the course, as well as on the frequency of exacerbations.
"Intestinal symptoms" of Crohn's disease:
- abdominal pain, which often simulates acute appendicitis;
- nausea and vomiting;
- diarrhea, bloating;
- loss of appetite and weight.
- increased fatigue;
- weakness;
- increase in body temperature, often wave-like.
- stomatitis in the oral cavity;
- uveitis, keratitis and conjunctivitis in the organs of vision;
- arthritis and spondylitis in the joints;
- gangrenous pyoderma, angiitis and erythema nodosum on the skin;
- fatty degeneration and cirrhosis of the liver;
- inflammation of the excretory ducts and the formation of gallstones;
- pyelonephritis, cystitis, renal amyloidosis in the urinary system.
Pain in the intestines is a symptom of duodenal ulcer
One of the main manifestations of duodenal ulcer is pain. Painful sensations in this case, they can occur both in the epigastric and epigastric regions. In half of the patients, the pain syndrome has insignificant intensity, and about a third, on the contrary, complains of pronounced, excruciating pain, which they characterize as sucking, stabbing and contracting.If the ulcerative defect is located in duodenum, pain in the intestines appears no earlier than one and a half to two hours after eating. In addition, pain attacks in such patients often develop at night. They are called "hunger pains."
Often the development of acute ischemic lesions intestines are preceded by chronic circulatory disorders in the abdominal cavity, which are called angina abdominalis, by analogy with angina pectoris with angina pectoris. Just as with angina pectoris, with abdominal angina pain occurs with an increase in functional loads on the body. digestive system. Patients complain about cramping pain in the intestines after eating, which does not subside for several hours. This pain can cause fear before meals - patients try to eat less, or refuse to eat at all.
With chronic intestinal ischemia, patients complain of cramping abdominal pain, usually occurring half an hour to an hour after eating. The pain is localized in the epigastric region, but can spread throughout the abdomen. Pain sensations decrease or disappear altogether after taking analgesics, antispasmodics, and vasodilators. At the onset of the disease, constipation is usually observed due to a decrease in the amount of food taken. Subsequently, constipation is replaced by diarrhea, which is caused by impaired absorption of fats.
Pain in intestinal cancer and other tumor processes
Pain syndrome in small intestine cancer does not have a pronounced intensity. On early stages diseases, only sometimes mild, mild pain in the abdomen may occur, without specific localization. The symptom complex of the so-called “minor signs” comes to the fore here: - increased fatigue;
- weakness;
- loss of appetite;
- general exhaustion of the body.
Inflammation of the small intestine is defined in gastroenterology as a pathological process of damage to the mucous membrane of the small intestine, which is classified as. There are a huge number of reasons for the occurrence of enteritis. This may be a systematic malnutrition, and infectious processes, which affect the gastrointestinal tract. Also, on physiological state intestines may affect negative factors environment.
Causes of inflammation of the small intestine
Below we list the main causes of inflammation of the small intestine:
- Violation of food culture
What is meant by eating disorder? First of all, this food is not healthy. quality food– vegetables, fruits, steamed fish and meat, cereals, soups, and abuse of fast food (burgers, carbonated drinks, steaks, etc.).
This also includes abuse alcoholic drinks, as well as spicy, sour, excessively salty foods.
Overeating - consumption more food than is needed to fully saturate the body.
- Long-term treatment with certain medications
If a person takes antibiotics or other medications for a long period of time, the instructions for use of which indicate a side effect such as an effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, then a severe inflammatory process cannot be ruled out.
In this case, the patient must contact the attending physician who prescribed the medications and indicate the presence of side effects.
- Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
- Severe hypothermia
Any inflammatory process in the intestines begins with the irritation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, the person begins to feel a number of rather unpleasant signs and symptoms.
Symptoms of inflammation of the small intestine
The inflammatory process of the small intestine is always accompanied by a number of unpleasant symptoms. Therefore, a person can independently identify the disease and understand that he needs to see a gastroenterologist.
If your health has deteriorated significantly, you should urgently contact an ambulance, otherwise this condition may pose a threat to life and health.
The main symptoms of the inflammatory process include:
- Severe pain in the abdomen - as a rule, painful sensations are concentrated in the lower part;
- Vomit;
- Nausea;
- Painful;
- State of general weakness;
- Pathological malaise;
- A sharp increase in body temperature;
- Chills and fever;
- Risk of occurrence.
If you start to probe on your own abdominal cavity, you will hear the intestines “rumbling”. At laboratory analysis blood is diagnosed increased speed sedimentation of leukocytes, which indicates the presence of an inflammatory process in the body.
In women, a clear symptom of the inflammatory process of the small intestine is a violation menstrual cycle and sudden weight loss (in some cases, weight loss is reduced to minus 10 kg in a week or two).
If at least one of the above symptoms occurs, it is recommended to urgently consult a gastroenterologist.
The main stages of the inflammatory process of the intestines
Inflammation of the small intestine or enteritis manifests itself in humans in several stages, which differ in their origin, causes, and symptoms.
In particular, inflammation of the small intestine occurs in two stages - acute and chronic.
Let us describe the acute stage of enteritis. It usually manifests itself in such forms as:
- Viral;
- Allergic;
- Infectious;
- Toxic.
A person with developing acute stage initially complains of such unpleasant symptoms as: severe fever, gag reflex, nausea, increased weakness, malaise (it is difficult for the patient to move independently).
The main cause of the chronic stage of inflammation of the small intestine is increased abuse of spicy, fatty, sour foods, as well as alcohol consumption in a chronic painful form.
In the chronic stage of inflammation of the small intestine, the deterioration of well-being comes down to a feeling dull ache in the abdominal cavity.
Danger of enteritis
Gastroenterologists call inflammation of the small intestine extremely dangerous to human life and health. If you delay in seeing a doctor and do not carry out the necessary therapy, then this entire pathological process can play a cruel joke on a person.
Consequences of inflammation of the small intestine: internal (consequences – death), necrosis (death of intestinal tissue).
If the inflammatory process of the small intestine is ignored, it quickly progresses to the chronic stage.
Diagnosis of inflammation of the small intestine
To make a diagnosis of “inflammation of the small intestine,” a gastroenterologist must give a referral to:
- Stool analysis;
- General blood analysis;
- Take an X-ray of the intestine;
- Perform endoscopy of the postbulbar duodenum;
- Biopsy of the small intestine.
Treatment of small intestinal disease
If we talk about a full and intensive course of treatment, then the first thing is therapeutic diet. It is prohibited to eat fried and salty food, fast food, drink alcohol, and smoke. Recommended - plenty of warm drinks, and also, if necessary, therapeutic fasting.
Among the medications, it is necessary to highlight: Creon, Pancreatin; anabolic steroid drugs - Nerobol, as well as Retabolil. Biologically active drugs aimed at normalizing intestinal microflora - Bifikol, Lactobacterin, Bifikol. To normalize stool, doctors prescribe Bismuth, Calcium Carbonate.
Enteritis is an inflammatory process in the small intestine. It is divided into three sections: duodenum, ileum and jejunum. Accordingly, the name of limited inflammation is associated with their Latin name: duodenitis, jeunitis and ileitis.
Since most often the entire intestine becomes inflamed, the disease term “enteritis” is used in practice. The pathology occurs as acute and chronic enteritis with periods of exacerbations and remissions.
The disease affects people at any age. Children often develop an acute form, while adults develop a chronic form in combination with other digestive pathologies.
Causes
The acute form of enteritis is caused by:
- infectious pathogens (Vibrio cholerae, salmonella, staphylococcus, dysentery bacillus, entero- and rotaviruses);
- food allergens or side effects of medications;
- rich fatty foods;
- drinks containing alcohol;
- food poisoning (mushrooms, berries);
- household and industrial poisonings chemicals with lead salts and mercury.
Chronic enterocolitis occurs when:
- long-term poor nutrition people with a passion for fatty and spicy foods, alcohol;
- helminthic infestation and giardiasis;
- exposure to nicotine from smoking;
- long-term use of certain medications;
- industrial poisoning, irradiation;
- autoimmune diseases;
- hereditary diseases associated with the absence or deficiency of enzymes;
- surgical interventions and intestinal injuries.
The occurrence of enteritis is facilitated by intestinal atony (stagnation of feces), associated with low physical activity, adhesive process in the pelvis.
What do the symptoms of enteritis depend on?
Symptoms of enteritis and its treatment are determined by the form of the disease and severity.
As a rule, the acute form of enteritis is necessarily accompanied by inflammation of the stomach and colon. Gastritis and colitis with their own manifestations will be added to the disorders associated with the pathology of absorption and production of intestinal juice.
The chronic form accompanies long-term illnesses liver, biliary tract, pancreas. Separate primary symptoms from a secondary lesion is not possible, they are connected by one pathological process. This form of enteritis is characteristic of hereditary diseases of the digestive system and autoimmune disorders.
Accordingly, this form must be treated taking into account all the symptoms and disorders.
Clinical manifestations
Typical manifestations of the disease are symptoms of inflammation, impaired absorption and intestinal motility.
Symptoms of acute enteritis
Acute enteritis is characterized by:
- diarrhea - stool up to 10 or more times a day;
- recurring pain around the navel of a cramping nature;
- nausea and vomiting, mixed with food and bile;
- coating of the tongue with a white coating;
- bloating and rumbling stomach;
- temperature rise to high levels.
In severe cases, symptoms of dehydration, loss of electrolytes and vitamins in the body (dry skin and mucous membranes, weight loss, convulsions) come first.
General intoxication increases and manifests itself in severe weakness and headache.
Due to blood thickening, thrombotic complications are possible.
The cardiovascular system reacts with severe tachycardia, a fall blood pressure. In severe cases, a state of shock occurs.
Symptoms of chronic enteritis
Chronic disease manifests itself during periods of exacerbation; patients most often associate them with poor diet and stressful situations.
- Diarrhea is often associated with food intake and occurs after eating. Watery stool with particles undigested food.
- The pain around the navel is not cramping in nature, but rather aching.
- The stomach is constantly bloated and growling.
- Revealed on the tongue white coating with teeth prints.
- Due to impaired iron absorption, it develops Iron-deficiency anemia with characteristic dizziness and increasing weakness.
- Due to a lack of calcium in the blood, it is washed out of bone tissue, this leads to osteoporosis, increases fragility, and contributes to frequent fractures.
Signs of hypovitaminosis are expressed by early aging of the body, a sharp decrease in immunity, and frequent colds.
Weight loss is observed despite increased nutrition.
Treatment
Treatment of enteritis begins taking into account dietary restrictions. A diet for enteritis requires avoiding alcohol in all forms, excluding hot sauces, fatty meats, vegetables and fruits with coarse fiber. Table No. 4 is assigned. It is characterized by the use of dairy products, boiled meat and vegetable dishes, and the prohibition of black bread and confectionery.
The frequency of feedings increases to 5–6 per day. Portions are getting smaller. The loss of fluid through vomiting and stool must be taken into account, so it is allowed to drink up to three liters of water or rosehip decoction (if there are no contraindications related to heart or kidney diseases).
Treatment of acute enteritis
At acute form illness, the patient is hospitalized in a hospital, prescribed:
Antimicrobial drugs, broad-spectrum antibiotics in high doses for a course of at least seven days. Efficiency is judged by a decrease in temperature, reduction in diarrhea, improvement general condition. In severe cases, it is possible to replace the antibiotic or use two drugs at once.
To replenish water balance solutions of glucose and sodium chloride with the addition of potassium preparations and calcium chloride are administered intravenously. You can take Regidron internally.
To relieve intoxication, Hemodez and Reopoliglyukin are indicated.
To restore and compensate for deficiency, enzymatic agents are prescribed internally.
For a “fixing” effect, Smecta and Enterosgel are prescribed.
For severe pain, use antispasmodics, Almagel A.
Be sure to administer vitamins C, group B, intramuscularly if possible.
When treating acute enteritis, you should not get carried away with long courses of antibiotics. You need to keep an eye on your balance intestinal flora.
Treatment of chronic enteritis
Chronic enteritis takes a long time to treat. A diet for enteritis should be followed throughout your life. It is recommended to quit smoking. Drinking alcohol will regularly cause exacerbations; treatment in such a situation does not make sense.
Rarely indicated for a patient with a chronic form of the disease. antimicrobials, only with severe inflammation with a clear dependence on chronic infection.
Appointed:
- enzymatic preparations (Festal, Creon, Digestal);
- to improve intestinal motor function, reduce nausea and bloating, Imodium and Loperamide are used;
- probiotic preparations are recommended to preserve intestinal flora (Bifido- and Lactobacterin, Narine);
- long-term use of binders is indicated herbal remedies that eliminate diarrhea (bird cherry, oak bark, St. John's wort herb);
- complex vitamin-mineral preparations are used in sufficient doses over long courses.
To consolidate the effect of treatment in patients with chronic enteritis, it is useful Spa treatment in the area of Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki. Here are natural mineral springs have the entire useful range of bioactive substances and minerals to restore intestinal functions.
Found in all segments of the population. The mechanisms of disease are varied, there are acute and chronic lesions, infectious and autoimmune. Hence the approaches to therapy. - This is a labor-intensive process aimed at correcting numerous pathogenic factors.
To enlarge the picture, click on it.
The small intestine consists of three parts: duodenum, ileum and jejunum. Their main function is to digest food and absorb nutrients and water. As soon as absorption dysfunction occurs, the entire body suffers. Arises protein deficiency, hypovitaminosis, stool disorders, gas formation, periodic pain syndrome is possible. Because of wide range symptoms, arsenal medicines, used in the treatment of diseases of the small intestine, is quite large.
Symptoms of intestinal diseases
The most common is indigestion. It manifests itself as follows:
- stool disorder. The frequency of defecation reaches 5-6 times a day, the volume of stool is increased, and remnants of undigested food can be seen in it. With serious damage to the intestines, blood and mucus are present in the stool;
- the occurrence of rumbling intestines, bloating;
- pain. Painful sensations are located in the umbilical region, or slightly to the right. The pain is not acute, it is constant, dull, and decreases after the passage of gas. If intestinal motility is increased, the pain becomes stabbing in nature.
Except intestinal symptoms, are present and general signs diseases. As a result chronic disorder absorption of substances occurs artificial deficiency. Food enters the body, but is not absorbed. This causes the patient to lose weight against the background normal nutrition, the occurrence of hypovitaminosis, anemia. Shortage fat-soluble vitamins K, A, E, D leads to deterioration of vision, increased fragility of bones, disruption of the menstrual cycle in women and sperm count in men. Dry skin occurs, microcracks appear on it, and jams appear in the corners of the lips. With a deficiency of microelements, iron and calcium are not supplied. The hematopoietic system suffers and osteoporosis occurs.
If the intestinal disease is acute, the patient experiences only intestinal disorders. Due to the short duration of symptoms, deficiency of vitamins, nutrients and macroelements does not have time to occur.
There are many chronic diseases of the small intestine.
Chronic enteritis
There are frequent cases where intestinal lesions are provoked by ionizing inflammation, heavy metal salts and certain medications.
The mechanism of the disease includes four types of pathological processes:
- infection of the intestines with bacteria;
- violation of the protective mechanisms of the small intestine;
- decreased production of intestinal enzymes;
- disruption of proper intestinal motility.
Carbohydrate intolerance
Inherent in some people who, from birth, lack special enzymes that break down sugars. The most common deficiency is one of three enzymes - lactase, sucrase and trehalose. In the first case, patients are unable to digest milk. In case of sucrase deficiency, the patient cannot digest regular sugar. And if there is a trehalose deficiency, people cannot eat mushrooms without side effects.
Vascular lesions of the small intestine
With atherosclerosis, all the vessels of the patient are affected by plaques. Their lumen noticeably narrows, which means much less blood flows. The intestines are in a constant state oxygen starvation. The disease manifests itself as abdominal pain. They start in the central region and then spread to the entire abdomen. Occurs after eating for 30 minutes to one and a half hours. During this period, the intestines work at their maximum, and the need for oxygen increases. Pain when similar condition strongly expressed. Patients are afraid of their recurrence and refuse to eat. In addition to pain, intestinal disorders occur. This disease is very dangerous, since as atherosclerosis of the arteries progresses, their complete blockage can occur with further death of part of the intestine.
Allergic lesions of the small intestine
An excessive reaction of the body to foreign substances is called an allergy. On the skin, manifestations appear as itchy blisters, redness, or a small red rash.
The small intestine is also affected by allergies, especially food allergies. This is manifested by the occurrence of enteropathy. In simple words, the intestine “goes bald” due to the death of the suction villi. Useful material are not absorbed properly, stool upset occurs. Most common cause of allergies food products, medicines, vaccine serums and pollen.
Celiac disease
Otherwise the disease is called celiac enteropathy. It is caused by a hereditary deficiency of the enzyme that breaks down one of the protein components of cereals - gluten. In the absence of an appropriate diet, intestinal damage is persistent and severe.
Due to incomplete breakdown of proteins, toxic products are formed that harm the small intestine. The mucous membrane becomes thinner due to the destruction of the upper layers. The intestines become unable to fully cope with their function. The disease manifests itself as recurrent diarrhea. Patients are often underweight. Except intestinal disorders, general somatic symptoms are clearly expressed. There is anemia that is difficult to treat, bruising of the skin, excessive bleeding, mental disorders and bone pain. Under the guise of all these manifestations, gluten enteropathy may be hidden. Due to the abundance of symptoms, the disease is diagnosed late.
Whipple's disease
A rare infectious disease affecting the intestines, joints, circulatory system. In severe cases, it affects all human organs and systems. Caused by corynebacteria that can produce mucopolysaccharides that clog small lymphatic vessels.
Manifestations of the disease are numerous. In addition to fever, intestinal dyspepsia and malabsorption, all organs and tissues are affected.
Neoplasms of the small intestine
Benign formations predominate. They grow slowly, without disturbing the anatomy of the intestine, and have little effect on intestinal patency and human well-being.
Malignant neoplasms of the intestine grow rapidly and contribute to intoxication of the body. Cause intestinal and general manifestations. They can grow into neighboring organs. If cancer grows into the wall of the intestine, its lumen may narrow. Intestinal obstruction occurs with severe symptoms of poisoning of the body. The condition requires immediate medical attention.
Treatment of diseases of the small intestine
In case of allergic damage to the intestines, you should adhere to hypoallergenic diet. The attack is relieved with the help of antihistamines, such as suprastin, tavegil, fenkarol, loratadine, cetrin. If the allergy is accompanied by Quincke's edema or anaphylactic shock, you need to urgently administer adrenaline or glucocorticosteroids.
For celiac disease and other enzyme deficiencies, you need to stick to a diet and avoid foods that are not digested in the body. Compliance correct recommendations in nutrition makes the life and health of patients complete. The intestines are not exposed to pathological effects and remain healthy.
Whipple's disease is treatable long-term use antibiotics. Therapy continues for years. The choice of antibiotics should be selected by the attending physician, taking into account sensitivity to them.
Disease of the vessels supplying the small intestine is treated with vasodilator drugs. The choice is given to nitrates long acting. To stop education cholesterol plaques in the lumen of blood vessels, you need to take statins. These medications not only lower cholesterol levels, but also stabilize existing plaques.
Most often people suffer from chronic enteritis. Its treatment requires regularity and combination with proper nutrition. Chronic diseases intestines are treated for a long time, patients need to tune in to this.
Drug treatment of chronic enteritis
Suppression of the progression of dysbiosis, normalization of intestinal microflora is one of the most important aspects therapy. The question of how to treat such microflora disorders is not urgent. Bacterial drugs are prescribed. They include beneficial microorganisms. Normally they are in large quantities live in the intestinal lumen. Are used the following drugs: enterozermina, bactisubtil, lactobacterin, bificol, bifidubacterin. It is worth taking probiotics in courses. The first lasts three weeks. The drugs should be taken before meals twice a day, 3-4 standard doses. Then you need to stop taking the drug for a week and repeat the shortened course. The treatment regimen should be taken once a quarter to avoid exacerbation of dysbiosis.
The use of enzyme preparations helps to eliminate excessive gas formation, rumbling and frequent bowel movements. Pancreatic enzymes normalize absorption and digestion in the small intestine. The most common are pancreatin, mezim forte, creon, festal, panzinorm, pancitrate. With pronounced enzyme deficiency taking medications for a long time. Due to the lack of toxicity, they can be used for years. In people with light forms chronic enteritis The drugs are used in a monthly course. The drugs are taken with or immediately after meals at each meal. The dosage depends on the severity of the disease.
If there is excessive intestinal motility, you need to use drugs that normalize stool. These include enveloping and astringent agents. You can use bismuth preparations in powders 1 g 4 times a day, tannalbin 0.5 g 4 times a day, kaopectate 1 tbsp. l. Up to 6 times a day.
Imodium fights diarrhea well. A contraindication to taking the drug is acute infection.
Diet
- yesterday's bread, only dry biscuits;
- soups with cereals and vegetables. Cooking in low-fat broth is allowed;
- fish and meat low-fat varieties steamed or boiled;
- Vegetable dishes that do not increase gas formation in the intestines. You can eat potatoes, carrots, pumpkin, cauliflower, zucchini in the form of puree, casseroles, or baked. Ripe tomatoes can be eaten raw;
- cereals and pasta are not prohibited. It is undesirable to eat millet and pearl barley porridge;
- eggs;
- sweets;
- dairy products, including butter, cottage cheese and cheese;
- Recommended drinks include tea and weak coffee.
Non-drug treatment of chronic enteritis
Bowel treatment folk remedies has not lost its relevance. Many plants can have various effects on the intestines - anti-inflammatory, laxative or astringent.
Chamomile, mint and valerian will help eliminate spasms and a feeling of heaviness. To prepare the decoction you will need 6 tbsp. chamomile flowers, 2 tbsp. mint and valerian leaves. For every 4 tbsp. plants need a liter of water. The raw materials need to be filled with water, boiled for 15 minutes, then left to brew for an hour. The resulting decoction is taken after meals, 150 ml.
To suppress inflammation, you can use freshly squeezed potato juice. It should be taken before meals. It promotes healing of the intestinal mucosa and has an enveloping effect.
Eating a mixture of dried fruits helps with constipation. To prepare it you will need 200 g of figs and dried apricots, 400 g of prunes. All this should be mixed with honey and taken two hours after dinner, 1 tbsp. It should be noted that prunes have an independent laxative effect.
Also relax following products: pumpkin, ripe kiwi, beets.
With the help of aloe you can fight chronic constipation. The pulp of the leaves must be crushed and mixed with heated honey in a 1:1 ratio. You need to leave it for a day, then reheat it. Should be taken in the morning on an empty stomach an hour before breakfast.
An effective remedy for diarrhea is a decoction of oak bark. It has a pronounced astringent effect. You need to take half a glass 2 times a day.
With regular treatment with drugs and folk remedies, you will achieve success, and your intestines will thank you.
